Method for adjustably restricting a body lumen

Abstract

An implantable device and method for adjustably restricting a selected body lumen such as the urethra of a patient to treat urinary incontinence. The device includes an expandable element or membrane such as a balloon attached pressure-tightly to a flexible conduit at its forward end and includes a rear port portion containing an elastic septum and flow connected to the expandable element by a first passageway. The conduit contains a second passageway which allows it to be slid along an elongated guide probe initially inserted surgically into a patient's body adjacent the body lumen which is to be adjustably restricted. A suitable flowable material is injected from a syringe source into the device rear port sufficient to expand the membrane element and restrict the body lumen to the desired degree. The syringe and guide probe are removed and the skin incision is closed over the rear port end of the implanted device. The rear port septum is located under but near the patient's skin so that if it becomes necessary to post-operatively increase or decrease the degree of body lumen restriction it may be easily accessed with the needle of the syringe.

Description

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The present invention pertains to an implantable device and method for adjustably restricting a body lumen such as the urethra by placing an expandable element having the form of a membrane or balloon adjacent to the body lumen. The invention also includes a device assembly and method for expansion of the expandable membrane element to cause displacement of the body tissue adjacent to the body lumen so as to adjustably restrict or coapt (close) the lumen. Expansion of the membrane element is accomplished by delivering a fluid material into a rear port of the implantable device remote from the expandable element but near the patient's skin, thus enabling post-operative adjustment with minimal surgical invasiveness.

Several devices for body lumen restriction to treat urinary incontinence are known and disclosed in the prior art, and have employed various means such as an outer tube for delivery of a detachable expandable membrane into body tissue. However, the known prior art devices do not provide any post-operative adjustability feature for introduction of new material into the expandable element to change the degree of restriction of a body lumen. These prior art devices have also proven to be of risk to the patient with respect to infection or migration back along the tract by which they were introduced through the body tissue. Such migration of the implantable device would render the treatment of incontinence ineffective and the device may even erode into the urinary tract causing infection and other severe complications.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,393 to Haber et al discloses a hypodermically implantable genitourinary prosthesis which provides a extensible, inflatable tissue expanding membrane to be located in proximal urethral tissues to add bulk to these tissues for overcoming urinary incontinence by localized increase in tissue volume. But the prosthesis does not include any means for post-operative adjustments. U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,479 to Haber et al discloses an instrument for dispensing and delivering material in an inflatable membrane for purposes of a genitourinary prosthesis within the tissues of a patient for overcoming urinary incontinence. However, the inflatable membrane isolated within the tissues is not attached to a conduit and a rear filling means provided immediately below the patient's skin for post operative adjustment or titration of restriction of the urethral lumen. U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,680 to Haber et al discloses an apparatus for hypodermically implanting a genitourinary prosthesis comprising an extensible containment membrane for retaining a fluid or particulate matter which is injected from an external source. But again the distensible membrane is isolated within the patients body tissues and is not connected to a conduit and rear port close to the surface of the skin for post-operative adjustment. Moreover, in an unadjustable device the patient is at risk for retention; where urine cannot be passed because the membrane was initially filled too much causing over restriction of the urethra. Such a condition could lead to kidney damage which would require major corrective surgery or at minimum use of self-catheterization to empty the bladder on a regular basis thus increasing the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,123 to Atala et al discloses a detachable membrane catheter incorporated into an endoscopic instrument for implantation into the suburethral region of a patient. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,475 to Atala et al disclose a directly visualized method for deploying a detachable membrane at a target site in vivo.

In all of these prior art devices, the expandable membrane is delivered to the desired location through an outer tube means. The absences of this requirement in the present invention allows the device to be smaller in diameter, thus allowing it to be delivered through a smaller less traumatic surgical tract.

Also, the present invention utilizes an expandable element attached remotely to a conduit to facilitate delivery or removal of fluid from the expandable element via a rear port which is in close proximity to the patient's skin.

In the present invention, the presence of the port located near the surface of the patient's skin affords the additional advantage of allowing the device to be easily removed through a small incision in the skin if, for instance, it was to become infected or malfunction, whereas all the prior art devices would require major surgery. Furthermore, the presence of the conduit and rear port left in the device delivery tract will serve to prevent backward migration of the expandable element along the tract, a problem which has been noted with prior art devices.

Ideally, if a patient's situation at some future time requires a desirable addition or removal of material to or from the expandable membrane to adjust the restriction and provide a resultant greater/lesser pressure and resistance on the urethra, it is desirable if material could be conveniently adjusted in the membrane. Therefore, the intent of the present invention is to allow a more normal voiding process while maintaining continence in the patient. This post-operative adjustment feature promotes normal voiding patterns for the patient, and appropriate vesicourethral pressure during voiding.

Post-operative adjustment could be done in a semi vertical or horizontal position with the bladder full after anesthesia is resolved and edema is minimal. Adjustment of the expandable element could be done by palpating the rear port which contains a septum for either filling or removing fluid to further titrate the volume of the expandable membrane. This will allow more natural voiding while maintaining continence for the patient.

Because the prior art has not disclosed the components of the present invention, if a physician were to undertake subsequent membrane size adjustments with the prior art devices the following steps would need to be accomplished to make the expandable membrane adjustable post-operatively:

(a) in vivo visualization of the membrane and delivery of a needle deep into the tissue site where the membrane implant resides; (b) access the inside of the membrane by puncturing it to add or remove material from the membrane, so as to increase or decrease patient urethral restriction; and (c) sealing the membrane so that subsequent loss of fluid does not occur.

Thus, an important medical need exists for an improved implantable device having an expandable membrane element that incorporates a permanently attached conduit and rear port which can be accurately delivered adjacent to a desired body lumen site in a patient, and to which suitable fluid material can be conveniently and reliably added or removed as required.

The primary purpose of the invention is to provide an adjustable implantable device which will restrict urine from involuntarily escaping from the bladder, thus establishing continence for the patient. This adjustable component can be done in a post-operative manner once the patient has resume daily activity via an evaluation to determine what activities cause bladder stress and observable incontinence.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides an implantable device for adjustably restricting a body lumen, and is suitable for treating both males and female persons and primarily those having stress incontinence. Involuntary loss of urine, for example, may occur when a person may sneeze, cough or laugh, in which the intraabdominal cavity pressure increases thus forcing urine out of the bladder and causes the person to become incontinent. This incontinent condition may exist especially with women who have had multiple child births due to the fact that the anatomy has often times been shifted and the urethra no longer has a normal anatomical position nor does the surrounding tissue have the muscle tone necessary to reliably support the bladder in its normal position.

It is an object of the present invention to overcome this incontinence problem by positioning an implantable device adjacent to at least one side of a patient's urethra so as to adjust liquid flow resistance in the urethra. This is accomplished by having the inner surfaces of the urethra contact each other and thereby provide sufficient flow resistance, so that when pressure is exerted on the bladder the urethra does not open and discharge urine. Moreover, whenever the bladder moves anatomically down because of lack of muscle tone of the pelvic floor, the urethra remains coapted, (i.e. stays closed) and urine does not flow out of the bladder and urethra and the patient is continent.

An important improvement provided by the present invention resides in the ability to access the implanted port element located close to the surface of the patient's skin and adjustably restrict the urethra. This is accomplished by controlling the volume of flowable material in the expandable element after it has been implanted in the patient. The post implantation urethral restriction is realized by the membrane element acting on tissue adjacent to the walls of the urethral lumen and forcefully closing the urethral lumen. Voiding of urine from the bladder only occurs when the intravesicular pressure over comes the resistance established by the expandable element.

Accordingly, this invention provides an implantable device which includes a forward expandable element which can have generally ellipsoidal or spherical shape attached pressure-tightly to an intermediate elongated flexible conduit element, which is flow connected to a rear port portion filling element. An important feature of the implantable device of the present invention relates to an expandable element or membrane which is accessible for subsequent adjustment in volume through the rear port portion located remote from the expandable membrane element and near but under a patient's skin. Another important feature of the present invention over the prior art device is the convenient adjustability of the forward expandable element for pressure and size while in vivo.

Although this invention is useful for both male and female persons, it is generally described as it relates to females and its effect immediately adjacent the urethra wall tissues. Use of the implantable device in females may take place by its being inserted through a small surgical incision made at one or two opposite sides of and in the same body plane as the meatis opening of the female urethra. Delivery of the device is effected by an elongated guide probe member inserted along either side of the urethra. After the delivery guide member is in position in the patient's body, the implantable device with its forward expandable membrane element in a deflated condition is delivered along the guide probe to near the bladder neck. The intermediate conduit element must be sufficiently flexible to permit delivery of the device along the guide probe member inserted into a outer passageway in the device.

Twists or coils in the implanted device connecting conduit tubing may permit the body tissue to grow around it and further anchor the device in the patient's body. The device connecting tubing has sufficient longitudinal stiffness in order to allow insertion over the guide probe and to minimize collapse and migration, and is made of a bio-compatible material such as silicone rubber. The septum element is usually a single element for each expandable element implanted, however, a single septum element could be used for providing fluid to more than one expandable element. The septum element is usually disc shaped and made of silicone rubber.

The device according to the invention is intended to work immediately adjacent to the urethral wall of a patient to create an increase in urethral coaptation and flow resistance. However, in the prior art devices any tissue change which may occur post-operatively such as a reduction in tissue edema associated with the procedure may cause a reduction in clinical effect because of the reduced coaptation and resistance after the swelling has subsided. Although some minor degree of adjustability is available at the time of implantation in the prior art devices, not until availability of the present invention is it possible to access the implanted device and adjust the membrane volume after implantation in a post-operative manner.

The present invention also provides an implantable device delivery assembly which is a significant improvement over the prior art, especially with regard to the mechanism and method of in vivo adjustability of the implanted membrane element as a convenience to both the patient and the physician. The equipment assembly for delivery and activation includes three essential members, which are--a location guide probe member for delivery of the implantable device and its placement in the body of a patient, and a source of suitable flowable material such as a syringe for injection of the desired flowable material into the implantable device rear port element.

In order for the implanted device to act on the urethra of a patient, it must be properly located in the patient's body tissue to permit the membrane element to act correctly upon the urethra and effect its coaptation. After the desired insertion site for the implantable device is located and it is delivered to that site, the implanted membrane element which is flow connected to the remote rear port through the connecting conduit is accessed via the rear port to deliver a flowable material causing expansion of the membrane. Because the rear port portion is placed just under the patient's skin, thereafter adjustment of the membrane pressure and size is relatively simple, by accessing the rear port septum for the addition or removal of flowable material into or from the membrane.

While this invention has utility by effecting urethral coaptation for both male and female patients, the mode of delivery of the device to the site makes it somewhat easier to use for females due to anatomical differences. The invention as described herein relates to its use for female patients. According to its method for use, a physician will initially make a small incision at either side of the meatis, i.e. opening of the female urethra. This incision(s) permits a delivery guide probe member to be inserted into the body tissue alongside of the urethra so as to define the path of later entry for the implantable device. Next, delivery of the device along the guide probe is made on either one or two opposite sides of the urethra, one placement at a time. Lastly, the implanted device with the expandable membrane element directed to each location is left in place, with access for adjustment of the membrane size being available through a remote elastic septum in the rear port away from the expandable membrane and located immediately under the skin of the patient.

In actual use, two of the devices are usually implanted on opposite sides of the urethra so as to effect a balanced urethral coaptation and resistance. If after implantation inflation of the expandable membrane is excessive, thereby creating a disproportionate urethral resistance by obstructing the patient and causing a bladder pressure higher than normal during voiding, damage to the bladder and kidney may ensue. Thus, a post-operative membrane size adjustment is available to reduce the patient's bladder pressure during voiding and maintain intravesicular pressure within normal limits.

In actual use, it is preferred to implant two individual devices with individual septums located on opposite sides of the urethra. Alternatively, the device may be so configured to have one septum serve both expandable membrane elements. The volume for the respective expandable membranes can be adjusted up or down by introducing or removing fluid through a syringe needle inserted into the septum. Suitable flowable materials for introduction into the expandable membrane include a saline liquid, a flowable gel, or a slurry of small particles such as silicone in a fluid carrier. Moreover, the flowable material may be made radiopague to facilitate fluoroscopic visualization for post-operative inspection. After implantation and a period of time has transpired allowing induced edema during the procedure to subside, the patient should be evaluated. At that time of evaluation, if the patient is not voiding in a normal manner, post-operative adjustments can be made via the rear port access. During the membrane adjustment procedure, the syringe needle is directed into the device septum to adjust the membrane with a flowable material. The needle is provided with a sharp non-coring end to allow the introduction of material into the membrane. A needle stop within the septum may also be provided to facilitate correct positioning of the needle and also reduce risk of piercing the needle completely through the septum. All of the components are either bonded or molded to one another prior to its implantation.

With the present invention, the membrane configuration is optimized for its intended purpose and the design of the septum is also optimized for post-operative adjustment of the membrane size. In the prior art, if post-operative adjustment was attempted the physician would have had to identify and locate the membrane deep within the tissue, puncture the membrane with an elongated needle and either remove or add fluid to decrease or increase urethral resistance effects respectively. But for the present invention, it is not necessary to puncture the membrane for size adjustment and therefore membrane integrity is maintained. Furthermore, for the present invention it is not necessary to visualize the expandable element to make in vivo adjustments because of the remote port located in close proximity to the patients skin in which adjustment can be made easily. All of the aforementioned features of the present invention contribute towards maintaining integrity of the expandable membrane and affording easy access to and adjustment of the expandable element in a post-operative manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

This invention will now be described further with reference to the following drawings:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the implantable device and its assembly with a syringe source for providing a flowable material to a forward expandable element according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the implantable device shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a guide probe member inserted into body tissue to an implant location adjacent a body lumen of a patient prior to insertion of the implantable device;

FIG. 5 shows the implantable device placed over the guide probe member and partially advanced to the desired location with the expandable element being deflated;

FIG. 6 shows the implanted device assembly after being expanded at the desired location in the body tissue of the patient so as to displace body tissue toward the body lumen for causing adjustable restriction of the body lumen.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7--7 of FIG. 6; and

FIG. 8 shows the implantable device rear port portion after being inserted near but below the skin of a patient.

DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

According to the present invention as shown by FIG. 1, there is provided an elongated implantable device 10, which includes a forward expandable membrane element 12 shown in its full expanded size, and is attached pressure-tightly to a central conduit element 14 having a rearward port portion 16 which communicates with the expandable element 12 through an inner passageway 15 (see FIG. 2). The conduit 14 has a pointed forward end 14a which extends slightly beyond the expandable element 12. A syringe 20 including a hollow needle 21 and a rear axially-movable plunger 22 is provided for adjustably injecting a suitable flowable material into the device 10 through the rear port portion 16 to expand the membrane element 12.

As further shown in FIG. 2 and 3, the central connecting conduit 14 contains two elongated lumens or passageways. The first lumen 15 provides an internal passage by which the flowable material is directed from a cavity 16a in the rear port 16 to expand the expandable element 12 such as a membrane or balloon. The conduit 14 is attached integrally to the port element 16 at its rearward end. The second lumen 17 extends from a front opening 17a to a rearward opening 17b and serves to receive an elongated guide probe (see FIG. 4) and effect delivery of the implantable device 10 to a desired location in the body tissue of a patient.

An important feature of the implantable device 10 having the first lumen 15 includes a first opening port 15a located in cavity 16a of the port portion 16 between an elastic septum 18 and the conduit 14 and is connected to the device first lumen 15, so that a flowable material can be infused therethrough, and a second port 15b serves to direct the working fluid to the expandable membrane element 12. During adjustment of the volume of the membrane fluid provided from a hollow needle 21 of syringe 20, is infused through the septum 18 and continues on through the conduit tubing 14 connected to the expandable membrane element 12. The port portion 16 preferably has a diameter greater than conduit 14 so as to accommodate the cavity 16a and elastic septum 18, which is retained securely by a clamp ring 19.

The entire implantable device 10 including the expandable membrane element 12 is formed of a biocompatible material such as silicone or polyurethane elastomer, and the device conduit 14 and port 16 may be formed as a unitary construction. Optionally, the membrane element 12, the rear port 16, and connecting conduit tube 14 can be molded as one piece. As shown in FIG. 2, the expandable membrane 12 is adhered at 13 to conduit tube 14 at its forward end by a suitable adhesive material.

The implantable device and assembly according to this invention includes three main members. The first member provided is an elongated guide in the form of a stiff solid elongated guide probe 24 (see FIG. 4) adapted for delivery of the implantable device 10 to the desired site in the body tissue of a patient as generally shown by FIGS. 4 and 5. Alternatively, the elongated guide member can be in the form of a flexible guidewire which has been initially delivered into the body tissue through a separate hollow stiff probe that has been inserted to the desired location in the body tissue. The second member of the assembly is the implantable device 10 which includes the expandable membrane element 12 and conduit 14 containing the two lumens or passageways 15 and 17 and having the rear port portion 16. In use, the implantable device 10 is guided to a predetermined location adjacent a body lumen in a patient's body after the elongated solid guide probe 24 is first surgically inserted into the body tissue of the patient to establish an initial pathway. The lumen forward end opening 17a of device 10 is then disposed over the rear end of probe 24 to guide the device 10 and deliver the expandable membrane 12 (in its contracted shape 12a) to the predetermined location in the body tissue adjacent to the lumen which is to be adjustably restricted. The diameter of passageway 17 is made slightly larger than that of the probe member 24 to permit the device 10 to slide easily over the probe member.

During actual use, a physician will first make a small incision in the skin 30 of the patient near the restrictable body lumen 32, and then by visualization means such as fluoroscopy the solid guide probe 24 is directed to the desired location, depending upon the anatomy of the patient. Thereafter, the device second lumen forward opening 17a of the conduit 14 with the expandable membrane 12 in its initial deflated or contracted condition or shape 12a, is slid over the rear end 24a of the delivery guide 24. The delivery guide slides through the second lumen 17 of conduit 14 and exits at rearward opening 17b. As illustrated in FIG. 2, opening 17b occurs between expandable element 12 and rear port portion 16. However it might be advantageous to locate opening 17b close to expandable element 12 or, alternatively, to have the lumen 17 extend through the rear port portion 16.

If desired, a detent or mark 33 may be provided on the solid probe 24 which when aligned with a feature on the device 10 such as rear port 16 will assure that the device 10 is appropriately placed at the correct depth in the patient's body tissue 30. It may be necessary to provide the device central conduit 14 in multiple lengths to facilitate placement of the septum 18 near the patient's skin. Alternatively, the conduit 14 effective length could be made adjustable by it having a helical shape similar to that of a coiled spring.

After implantable device 10 has been advanced over guide probe 24 so that the contracted member 12a is in the desired position adjacent to the body lumen 32, the body lumen 32 may be restricted to a desired degree by piercing septum 18 with the needle 21 of syringe 20 and injecting a flowable material through passageway 15 into the expandable element 12. The physician may determine the desired degree of restriction of body lumen 32 by means such as infusing fluid through the body lumen past the restriction and measuring the back pressure.

As illustrated by FIGS. 1 and 6, the source of flowable material is usually a syringe 20 with a hollow needle used to pierce the elastic septum 18, however alternate fluid containers with means for making a reversible connection to device 10 could be used. The flowable material may be, for example, a saline solution, a flowable gel, or a slurry of particles in a liquid carrier. It may be advantageous to make the flowable material radiopaque so that the degree of membrane inflation may be viewed by x-ray.

An alternative method of delivery of the device 10 could be to first withdraw solid probe 24 from the body tissue and then inflate expandable member 12. A further alternative would be to first place device 10 over the solid guide probe 24 outside the body and then insert them both into the body tissue as a unit. To facilitate this latter procedure, it may be desirable that there be some friction between solid guide probe 24 and the second lumen 17 in conduit 14.

After the implantable device has been properly positioned with the expandable member 12 located near the body lumen 32 and the septum in rear port 16 located near the skin 30, the device is injected with a flowable material from the syringe 20. Once filling of the expandable member is complete, the solid probe 24 is withdrawn from the device leaving the expanded membrane element in the body tissue. Then the skin incision 31 is closed over the port 16 by means such as a suture 34 as shown in FIG. 8.

As described, an essential feature of this invention relates to adjustability of the membrane expansion post-operatively. This adjustability is effected because the septum 18 is located remote from the expandable membrane element 12 but near and under the patient's skin. The port and septum is located by, for instance, manual palpation of the skin region and the needle of the syringe is inserted through the skin and septum so as to add or remove material from the expandable member, thus increasing or decreasing the restriction of the body lumen.

To assure proper sealing of the septum element 18, it is placed in compression within cavity 16a by providing a tight metal ring 19 which surrounds the port 16 and is smaller in diameter than the port. When the needle 21 of syringe 20 is withdrawn from the septum 18 after expansion or adjustment of the expandable element 12, there is positive sealing around the perimeter of septum 18.

FIGS. 4-8 generally illustrate the method or procedure for properly implanting the device 10 in the body tissue of a patient. As shown by FIG. 4, a physician after locating the body lumen such as a female urethra of a patient, first make a small incision 31 and inserts the guide probe 24 in the body tissue to a desired location adjacent the body lumen 32. This procedure is usually carried out under a local anesthetic with visual guidance, for instance under fluoroscopy by the physician. Next, the physician takes implantable device 10 and places it over the probe member 24, through the second lumen 17 per FIGS. 1 and 2, the probe 24 entering at forward opening 17a and exiting at the rear opening 17b. The device 10, for which connecting conduit 14 is sufficiently flexible, is advanced along the probe 24 into the body tissue 31.

After the desired location within the body tissue 30a has been reached, a suitable flowable material is introduced into the device 10 from a source such as the syringe 20 having hollow needle 21 inserted through septum 18 so as to at least partially expand the membrane 12, as shown by FIG. 6. Next the probe 24 is removed and the membrane 12 is expanded further to the desired enlarged size for restriction of the body lumen 30. The syringe 20 is removed from the device 10, after which the desired size of expanded membrane 12 is maintained by the elastic septum 18. Next, the patient's incision at 31 is surgically closed over the port 16 and septum 18 by sutures at 34.

Although this invention has been described broadly and in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be understood that modifications and variations can be made within the scopes as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. A method for variably restricting a body lumen in a patient, comprising:

guiding an elongate implantable device into body tissue of a patient to a location adjacent a body lumen to be restricted using an elongate probe member, the elongate implantable device having an expandable element located at its forward end and having a port portion provided at its rearward end, so that the expandable element is positioned adjacent to the body lumen;

providing a flowable material at the rearward end from a source into the port portion, so as to expand the expandable element to at least partially restrict the body lumen;

wherein the implantable device is guided over the elongate probe member; and

measuring restriction of the body lumen by infusing fluid through the body lumen past a restricted portion of the body lumen and measuring back pressure.

2. A method for postoperative adjustment of an implantable device, comprising the steps of:

locating a region of a patient's skin covering a rear port portion of the implantable device;

inserting a hypodermic needle into the region for communication of a flowable material with the rear port portion; and

adding or subtracting flowable material to adjust inflation of an expandable element of the implantable device to affect coaptation of a body lumen.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of inserting comprises the step of inserting the hypodermic needle into a septum.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the flowable material includes one or more of a saline liquid solution, a gel, and a slurry of particles in a fluid carrier.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein adding or subtracting flowable material includes injecting a radiopaque material to facilitate fluoroscopic visualization.

6. The method of claim 2, including increasing restriction of the body lumen by adding flowable material to the implantable device.

7. The method of claim 2, including decreasing restriction of the body lumen by removing flowable material from the implantable device.

8. The method of claim 2, including measuring restriction of the body lumen by infusing fluid through the body lumen past a restricted portion of the body lumen and measuring back pressure.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein the expandable element expands into a spheroidal or ellipsoidal shape as it is inflated.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the expandable element resides in tissue adjacent a body lumen.

11. A method for variably restricting a body lumen in a patient, comprising the steps of:

guiding an elongate implantable device into body tissue of a patient to a location adjacent a body lumen to be restricted using an elongate probe member, the elongate implantable device having an expandable element located at its forward end and having a port portion provided at its rearward end, so that the expandable element is positioned adjacent to the body lumen;

providing a flowable material from a source into the port portion, so as to expand the expandable element to at least partially restrict the body lumen; and

measuring restriction of the body lumen by infusing fluid through the body lumen past a restricted portion of the body lumen and measuring back pressure.