Patent Grant
8442110
The invention pertains to television systems, particularly digital headend content distribution systems.
Cable television systems have not yet achieved the promise of the 500 channel TV set, largely due to bandwidth constraints for delivering the channels to the subscribers over cable plant. Although a coaxial cable system may permit a cable system operator to provide, for example, 50 television channels, each 6 MHz wide, with a total bandwidth of 300 MHz, this total bandwidth is insufficient to permit an arrangement wherein each subscriber may have, in addition to these 50 channels, an additional 50 to 450 channels. Communication with a subscriber begins at the headend and proceeds over a communication path that involves one of a number of trunks, and then over one of a number of feeders, then over one of a number of taps. Each feeder may have, for example, fifty or more subscribers, and each trunk might serve a hundred or more feeders. The result is that 500 subscribers per trunk are not atypical. Thus merely to provide a private one-way information service, and nothing else, to each of these 5000 subscribers would require the trunk to carry 5000 different signals, each using about 6 MHz of bandwidth, and would alone require a trunk bandwidth of 30 (biz, which is nearly two orders of magnitude greater than provided by a typical coaxial cable system.
What is needed is a low cost, low bandwidth means for delivering content to cable television subscribers.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for providing low bandwidth and low cost content to cable television subscribers. The apparatus involves an inexpensive web content server which can be integrated with existing cable headends and which can deliver up to 50 discrete digital channels on a single 6 MHz bandwidth slot. The web content server includes an administrative tool which allows quick provisioning and configuring of existing channels. The web content server generates a set of browser instances with each browser instance cycling through its own unique set of web pages. The web pages may be stored locally on the web content server or located globally on the Internet or other wide area network (WAN) or local area network (LAN). The web server periodically captures digital images corresponding with the web pages displayed by each browser instance and individually processes each as a discrete digital channel. The digital channels are multiplexed onto a single 6 MHz analog channel. At the set top box or the TV itself each image stream corresponding with each browser instance is presented to the subscriber as a separately selectable channel. The content may be used to deliver any information currently available on the Internet, or generated locally as Web pages.
An embodiment of the invention teaches a method for providing interactive information content in an analog cable system having only a one-way communication path from a cable head end to a communication device, such as a set-top box that is associated with a television. A set-top box receives a plurality of interactive information content signals on at least one analog channel from the cable head end. In certain embodiments the interactive information content signals are data streams that sent over an analog carrier channel. The set-top box provides one of the interactive information content signals to the television for display. The interactive information content signal is a selection screen. A user can then use a user-input device, such as, a remote control to make a selection. In general, the user will select a key, such as a directional key and the remote control will provide the selection/directional signal to the set-top box. The set-top box then outputs a new information content signal based the received selection signal. In certain embodiments a map is sent from the cable head end to the set-top box and the set-top box uses the map to determine the next interactive information content signal to provide to the television. The interactive information content signals may be MPEG data streams and the set-top box may decode the data stream prior to providing the information content to the television. In one embodiment, the interactive information content is representative of a web page.
The map that is provided by the cable head end may be a coordinate map that relates locations of web links from displayed versions of the interactive information content streams with selection signals from a user input device. Thus, the set-top box can receive a directional signal and can determine which data stream should be decoded and displayed on the television. In embodiments, a stream may periodically have data updated for the web page wherein the data is sent from the head end.
In certain embodiments, all of the interactive information content signals are sent on a single analog channel in the cable television network. The selection screen may be one of the interactive information content signals wherein the set-top box will access the selection screen first.
In embodiments of the invention, a method is provided for regulating bandwidth usage in an output data stream transmitted on an analog channel from a cable head end. The output data stream comprises a plurality of input information content signals. For each input information content signal, a series of images are captured, compressed and formed into an input digital data stream. The input digital data stream is broken into packets and output to a multiplexer. The bandwidth of each input digital data stream in the output stream is regulated by associating the stream with a current bit allocation total. During each frame time a bit allocation increment is added to the current bit allocation total for each input digital data stream. When a data packet to be transmitted for an input digital data stream is received by the multiplexer, the data packet is stored. When the number of bits in the stored data packet is not more than the current bit allocation total for the input digital data stream, the multiplexer forwards the stored data packet for transmission in the output data stream on the analog channel and decrements the current bit allocation total for the given input digital data stream by the number of bits in the stored data packet. In this way, no individual input channel takes more than its share of the bandwidth in the output stream on the analog channel.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
The term “information content” shall refer to data that is displayable on a display device, such as, but not limited to web pages, and video content. The term “digital transport stream” refers to digital data that is transmitted from a head end to a set-top box for decoding and display. The digital transport stream may contain static content that is non-dynamic data, such as images or HTML pages that is broadcast either continually or periodically. Displayable data need not be included in the transmitted digital transport stream at all times.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for providing low bandwidth and low cost content to cable television subscribers. The apparatus involves an inexpensive web content server which can be integrated with existing cable headends and which can deliver up to 50 discrete digital channels on a single 6 MHz bandwidth slot. The web content server includes an administrative tool which allows quick provisioning and configuring of existing channels. The web content server generates set of browser instances with each browser instance cycling through its own unique set of web pages. The web pages may be stored locally on the web content server or located globally on the Internet or other wide area network (WAN) or local area network (LAN). The web server periodically captures digital images corresponding with each of the browser images and individually processes each as a discrete digital channel. Each digital channel is multiplexed onto a single 6 MHz analog channel. At the set top box or the TV itself each image stream corresponding with each browser instance is presented to the subscriber as a separately selectable channel. The content may be used to deliver any information currently available on the Internet.
Block 102 shows the basic software modules which make up the carousel server. The carousel core 104 handles the authoring, setup generation and control of a plurality of instances 108, 122 of a browser application, such as Internet Explorer®, Microsoft Corp. Redmond Wash. Each browser application follows its own “slide” carousel format as governed by an associated HTML master page (See
Browser instance 108 cycles through a carousel of web page(s) which includes web page 110 which displays snow and slope conditions from the home page of a ski resort selected by the content provider to be part of this channel, e.g. the “Snow Report” channel 150. This browser instance provides the content for digital channel 150.
Browser instance 122 generates a carousel of web page(s) which includes web page 124 which displays streaming video clips of the latest movie releases. The web page 124 is selected by the content provider to be part of this channel, e.g. the “Movie Review” channel 149. The images from each browser instance are captured by the carousel core at intervals which are programmed for each channel during channel authoring or setup. The carousel core provides compression of each image in a suitable image compression format. In an embodiment of the invention compression follows the Motion Picture Expert Group compression standard MPEG2. Each channel is output by the carousel core in compressed form as an elementary stream.
Typically the reload, capture or refresh interval for each channel is one or two orders of magnitude less than the image capture rate for a normal video stream in which 30 frames are captured every second. This greatly reduces the bandwidth requirements and allows more channels to be carried on a 6 MHz analog channel. In MPEG terminology, the MPEG compressor will typically only output “I” frames for each channel and will avoid creation of “B” or “P” frames. Elementary streams 112 and 126 corresponding with browser instances 108 and 122 respectively are shown.
In an embodiment of the invention each browser uses its own compressor component. In another embodiment of the invention a single compressor component constructs separate elementary streams from the encoded “I” frames corresponding to the images from each browser. This works because the encoded “I” frame are independent of adjacent “P” frames from the other channels.
The multiplexer 106 receives these elementary streams and converts them to transport streams which are subject to modulation in quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) module 140 and upconversion to radio frequency (Rf) in Rf uplink module 142. This multiplexed digital transport streams are injected via signal line 152 into the to directional coupler 154 with the “N” analog broadcast TV channels and are then inserted into the cable plant 166 via the forward laser 160 and circulator 164. The transport stream (TS) includes TS packets for each digital channel. The TS packets 114 and 120 are shown with payload corresponding with channel 150, the “Snow Report” channel. The TS packets 128, 130 are shown with payload corresponding with channel 149, the “Movie Review” channel. Each packet has a 4-byte header that includes a packet identification code (PID) and a payload. For packet 114 the header 116 and payload 118 are shown. The packets are of fixed-length, i.e. 188 bytes long. All packets carrying the same elementary stream have the same PID. A sequence number in the packet header ensures that the packets are decoded in the associated set top box.
Each transport stream also includes other TS packets that contain the program mapping table (PMT) for each program and the program association table (PAT) for the entire stream. The payload of the PAT packet contains the service numbers and corresponding PMT PID numbers for each program. The payload of the PMT packet contains the program clock reference (PCR) PID and elementary stream (ES) PID for the corresponding program (See
The subscriber side shows three subscribers each with an associated TV, remote control, and set top box combination which are coupled via node 168 to the cable plant. TV 182 couples to the cable plant via set top box 186. Remote control 184 is used to set the set top box 186 to the appropriate selection of either a digital or analog channel. In the example shown the user has selected the “Movie Review” channel 149. The set top box 186 periodically refreshes its image buffer with the “I” frames contained in the corresponding TS packets. One of those I frames corresponds with image 124 originally generated by the browser instance 122 in the carousel server on the cable headend. The contents of the image buffer of the set top box 186 are decompressed and displayed on the subscribers TV 182.
TV 176 couples to the cable plant via set top box 180. Remote control 178 is used to set the set top box 180 to the appropriate selection of either a digital or analog channel. In the example shown the user has selected the “Snow Report” channel 150. The set top box 180 periodically refreshes its image buffer with the “I” frames contained in the corresponding TS packets. One of those I frames corresponds with image 110 originally generated by the browser instance 108 in the carousel server on the cable headend. The contents of the image buffer of the set top box 180 are decompressed and displayed on the subscribers TV 176.
TV 170 couples to the cable plant via set top box 174. Remote control 172 is used to set the set top box 174 to the appropriate selection of either a digital or analog channel.
The practice of the current invention is not limited to a cable plant distribution 20 medium. Distribution from headend to subscriber could alternately be made by alternate wired mediums such as XDSL or via wireless mediums such as satellite.
In certain embodiments, the interactive information content 115A in the digital transport streams 100A may be subscription-based and therefore the digital transport streams 100A are encrypted. In such an embodiment, the set-top box 105A that is associated with a user's television 107A is at least capable of decrypting the digital data in the digital transport streams and decompressing the MPEG stream. The environment shown in
In certain embodiments, web content or other information content may be presented in a predefined format rather than as an instance of the web page in a web browser. For example, information from a web page may be acquired by the headend facility and formatted for display. This may be useful for providing access to news, sports, weather and other general information. Different content may be sent as different digital transport streams. In such an embodiment, a user would be limited to switching between the pages that are within the digital transport streams. As shown in
In other embodiments, the digital transport streams are associated with one of the analog channels that are broadcasting TV content. For example, while watching a football game, a trigger may be sent from the head end indicating that there is additional information content. When the set-top box receives this command, the set-top box overlays an indicator on the broadcast TV content indicating that there is additional information content, such as, team statistics. If the user sends a signal from the user input device indicating that the user would like to view the content, the set-top box will switch to the appropriate analog channel and decode the digital transport stream associated with the team statistics. In certain embodiments, the set-top box may not need to switch analog channels as the digital transport streams may be transmitted on the analog channel carrying the broadcast information. Thus, information content may be associated with television content. The set-top box determines which digital stream to switch to by mapping data that is provided to the set-top box by the headend. This mapping data is a look-up table that maps broadcast channels to digital transport streams.
In certain analog cable systems, the headend only transmits information content and does not receive upstream data from the set-top box of a user. In these analog cable systems, interactivity can still be achieved such that a user may make a selection based upon information displayed on the user's television and as a result of that selection, a new display screen with information content is presented on the television. As already suggested, the information content that is provided as digital transport streams to the set-top box may be web pages from the Internet or other pre-formatted information content. In the following discussion, the information content will be assumed to be web page, however it should be understood that this is done for convenience to the reader and other information content may also be used with this system for interactivity in a one-way cable system without deviating from the scope of the invention.
In order to provide interactivity in these analog cable systems, the interactive content is limited to the information content in the multiple digital transport streams broadcast on one or more analog channels. A user selects one of the 6 Mhz analog channels that have been assigned by the cable provider as an interactive channel. The user is then provided with a selection screen that allows the user to select information content. For example, the user may be capable of selecting between information content, such as news, sports, weather and traffic. This selection screen is included as one of the digital streams in the digital transport streams.
The set-top box is equipped with a processor that is capable of receiving commands from a user input device and for selecting one of the digital transport streams for decoding based on the selected command. Additionally, the processor includes code that allows for superimposing an indicator on the television 132B as shown in
The set-top box 142C receives a command from a user input device. For example, a remote control may transmit an IR (infra-red) signal to a sensor on the set-top box. A selection receiver module 144C, receives this signal and passes the signal on to a selection module 145C. The selection module 145C executes code that determines the digital transport stream to decode and forward to the user's television. After the digital transport stream is selected, the digital data from the stream is sent to memory 146C prior to providing the data to the decryption module (if applicable) 147C and the MPEG decoder 148C. The memory provides a buffer for the streaming data. The encryption module 147C and the MPEG decoder module 148C can use the memory 146C to store data through the decryption and decoding processes.
The selection module 145C also determines if a selection indicator needs to be superimposed on the image to be displayed of the digital transport stream. For example, as shown in
When the user changes the television to the interactive channel 153D, the selection module selects the digital transport stream containing the selection screen 150D and then the selection module either superimposes the rectangular indicator 152D or replaces code in the MPEG stream so that the indicator will appear on the television at a known location around a possible selection. The user can then move between the various selections by using the directional keys 154D on the input device 155D. The selection module receives these commands and causes the indicator to be redrawn on the television screen so that it appears to the user as if the user has moved the indicator from one possible selection to the next.
In one embodiment, information about the initial position of the selection indicator and the possible locations for the selection indicator are provided by the headend in one of the digital transport streams. Thus, the selection module receives data that provides mapping information and allows the selection module to determine where to place the rectangular indicator based on the commands forwarded from the selection receiver. In other embodiments, the position of possible selections on all of the screens is predetermined by the cable company, and therefore, the mapping information is stored in the set-top box and is accessed by the selection module. Mapping information may include coordinates on a television screen indicative of possible selections. For example, the mapping information may indicate that a rectangle should be initially drawn at position 100, 0 where the rectangle has a length of 40 and a width of 20 pixels with a line width of 2. The mapping information would also indicate that if a ‘select’ command is received, the set-top box should select digital transport stream 1. There would be similar information (location and associated digital transport stream) for each of the possible selections presented on the television. As shown in
When a user causes a ‘selection’ to be made by pressing a button (e.g. “enter’) on a remote control and the selection module determines which digital stream to decode, the selection module then accesses the decryption module. As the data from the selected digital transport stream is streamed into the memory, the decryption module will begin the decryption process. The decryption module performs the decryption algorithm on the data. Each set-top box may be provided with its own private key which is stored in non-volatile memory. Any known type of encryption and decryption scheme that is compatible with packetized data, such as an MPEG stream can be used (for example, asymmetrical key encryption). Once the data is decrypted the data is passed to the MPEG decoder. The MPEG decoder looks for a marker that indicates the beginning of a video frame, such as an I-frame. When the marker is found in a header, the decoder can begin decoding the video frames using standard MPEG decoding. The decoded video is then output to the television. The video may undergo a digital to analog conversion in a digital to analog converter prior to its transfer to the television. It should be understood that the digital data streams may not be encrypted and therefore the decryption module may not be necessary.
As previously stated, the digital video streams may be associated with a regular broadcast analog channel. When information content is associated with a broadcast, a trigger must be sent from the head end to the set-top box announcing that there is enhanced content. The set-top box is equipped to monitor a digital image stream associated with the analog channel of the broadcast for a trigger signal. When the trigger signal is identified by the set-top box, the set-top box makes an announcement to the television viewer indicating that there is enhanced information content. The announcement may come in the form of an overlay if the broadcast television signal is analog or replacement of a portion of data in a decoded MPEG I-frame if the broadcast television signal is composed of digital data broadcast on the analog channel frequency. For example, once the data of the MPEG I-frame is decoded, the upper right hand pixel data may be replaced by an indicator that there is enhanced data. The indicator may simply be a box that states “enhanced content available.” The enhanced content may include notification of upcoming events or programs, interactive advertising, news associated with the program, or even additional video content. The user may then select the enhanced content by pressing a request key and the set-top box will switch to the appropriate analog channel and decode the appropriate digital transport stream associated with the enhanced content associated with the broadcast channel.
In a different embodiment, a multi-angle video service may be provided. In this embodiment, only one-way communication is necessary. The multi-angle service is based on a one quarter of a screen resolution at a low frame rate, such as, 8 frames per second. The multi-angle views are provided as enhanced content, where each view is provided on a different digital transport stream. A user of such a system is notified by the set-top box that multi-angle viewing is available for a program. If the user selects multi-angle viewing by pressing a ‘select’ key on the user input device, the set-top box switches to a selection screen that allows the user to select between one of the four available views. Based upon the selected view, the set-top box switches to the appropriate digital transport stream and decodes and presents the digital transport stream on the user's television.
The NIC 300 couples to the Internet 134, to provide an alternate source for channel content. The multiplexer 106 couples with the uplink module 138 shown in
At the completion of the administrative phase the generation module 304 generates a number of browser instances 108, 122 and 334, corresponding to the number of channel records in the channel control table 600. Each browser is initialized at its own corresponding master HTML page (See
In the example shown browser instance 108 is initialized at HTML master page 208 shown in
The digital processing stage includes the image capture and conversion module 308 and MPEG compressor 310. The image capture and conversion module is directed by the controller to periodically capture each browser instance's associated carousel images and to convert these from RGB format to a YUV image which is the preferred image format for MPEG2 compression. The MPEG2 compression is the next phase of operation and is performed successively for each browser instance by the MPEG compressor 310. The bandwidth accorded to each browser instance is governed under the direction of the controller by the encode bitrate parameters 480 and channel bitrate parameters 478 for the corresponding channel which are stored in the channel table 600 (See
In an alternate embodiment of the invention the carousel server may be coupled with alternate communication mediums wired and wireless to deliver TV channels to subscribers. Alternate communication mediums include: subscriber line direct to the home or satellite direct to the home for example. In these embodiments the multiplexer output would be passed to the appropriate modulator for transport on the wired or wireless communication medium.
In
In
In
In
If a particular Channel Number (a.k.a. Carousel) is selected while within the Carousel View page 410, the Modify/Input Carousel page 412 is displayed. This page is the substantially the same page displayed when a user selects insert channel menu item 428 from the menu page 404. The difference between the two access paths to this page is that in the modify case the page form input elements display the parameters currently in the associated record in the channel table 600 (See
The Modify/Input Carousel page is shown in
These values define how the carousel core 104 will process the start URL field 470. If the HTML field 472 is TRUE, then the start URL field must contain a web page that defines which web pages are displayed and at what rate pages are updated and changed. If the field is FALSE, then the start URL field contains a web page that is updated or reloaded as defined by the reload and capture interval fields. Typically the reload, capture or refresh interval is one or two orders of magnitude less than the image capture rate for a normal video stream in which 30 frames are captured every second. This greatly reduces the bandwidth requirements and allows more channels to be carried on a 6 MHz analog channel. In MPEG terminology, the MPEG compressor will typically only output “I” frames for each channel and will avoid creation of “B” or “P” frames.
Where the page 412 is for an existing channel which is being modified the following information may additionally be provided: the current state of the carousel; the URL currently displayed, the # of unsuccessful loads of the URL, the time at which the carousel was started and the last refresh, capture and load times. Additionally, where more than one carousel is being operated in a clustered format the IP address of the master carousel may also be displayed. The Carousel status is updated at the bottom of screen for each command. The supported carousel States are as follows:
Inactive, Active, Crashed, Bad URL, Pending and Unknown. The submit icon 416 allows user entry of the parameters in the form 412 to the associated record in the channel table 600 shown in
In alternate embodiments of the invention additional administrative screens may be added for setting up various accounts and privileges to each of the above mentioned screens for users including content providers. Screens may also be added to handle multiple servers working in a clustered arrangement.
The embedded cyclic frame portion is formed from an HTML element identified as an “Iame” which is currently specifically supported by Internet Explorer® Microsoft Corporation Redmond, Wash. This element departs from the standard FRAME structure syntax. This in-line framing method (also called “floating frames”) is basically a method to embed other HTML documents within the framework of a regular HTML document structure with the level of placement control allowed by the MG element. In implementation and display it is created and treated much like the OBJECT element. The hypertext markup language (HTML) floating frame element 508 is embedded in the master page. The contents of the floating frame are cycled at a predefined time interval in round robin fashion between the web sites of the various ski areas selected by the content provider. The pages displayed list among other information the snow levels and ski conditions at each ski resort. The URLs for the web pages to be displayed sequentially are contained in a carousel array 500 which may contain any number 1-N of URLs. The page also includes three functions 502, 504, 506 written in a script language for cycling the URLS in the array 500 within the frame element 508. The script language shown is JavaScript® Netscape N.Y., N.Y. Other script languages may be used. The browser instance for the corresponding channel executes the script in the master HTML page 208 when the page is loaded thus cycling the image displayed in the I-frame portion 508 of the page 208 in round robin fashion among the various web sites represented by the URLS in the carousel array 500. This type of master HTML page allows controls the timing of uploading and display of each URL. As the corresponding URL is uploaded the generator and control module 304 of the carousel core 104 (See
The master page for the “Movie Review” channel shown in the browser instance 342 in
In other embodiments of the invention the HTML master page might be a persistent page with no cyclic page. Such a page might for example contain stock market data updated from time to time by the content provider. For the channel corresponding with this type of master HTML page the channel record value of HTML field 472 would also be set to Boolean “FALSE” indicating that the master page does not control the timing of page update and change. Instead the user would setup the channel record with the appropriate value for the reload interval in field 474. At the end of each reload interval the generator and control module 304 would cause the browser instance to reload the page and the image capture and converter 308 to capture the page after reloading.
Next in decision process 702 a determination is made as to whether a successful administrative login has taken place. This determination is made by the administrative module 302 (See
In process the 708 the generator 304 of the carousel server 102 determines which channels are to be activated from the parameters stored in the channel set up table 600 shown in
Next in decision process 712 the processes associated with image capture and compression are commenced. In decision process 712 a determination is made by the controller as to whether the next channel, i.e. the next active browser, is to be serviced. This decision can be made on the basis of interrupts generated by the browser instances running as independent “threads” or processes, when a new or refreshed HTML page is present in the corresponding browser or the decision can be made on the basis of a fixed round-robin sequence in which the controller services each of the browser instances. Next in process 714 the parameters for the channel to be serviced are obtained from the associated record in the channel setup table 600 shown in
Then in decision process 716 a determination is made as to whether the parameter in HTML field 472 of the associated channel record in table 600 is Boolean “TRUE” or “FALSE”. If the Boolean value is TRUE control is passed to decision process 730. In decision process 730 a determination is made by the controller 304 as to whether the browser instance which is being serviced has generated an interrupt or other indication that a new page has been loaded. If not, control passes to decision process 712 for the servicing of the next channel If however the channel being serviced has indicated via interrupt, or other application interface that a new page has been loaded then the control is passed to process 740 for capture of the image displayed in the inline frame element 508 of the corresponding master HTML page 208 (See
If alternately in decision process 716 a determination is made that parameter in the HTML field 472 of the corresponding channel record is Boolean “FALSE” then control is passed to process 718. In process 718 the value of the interval timer for the associated channel is determined. The timer allows the reload or capture interval for the associated channel to be continuously tracked. The simplest form of timer is a count down timer with the count down value re-initialized with each frame grab at the value for whichever of a reload or capture parameter for the associated channel is to indicated in fields 474-476 of the associated channel record (See
In decision process 722 a determination is made as to whether the record for the associated channel is one which calls for a reload interval in field 474 or a capture interval in field 476. If the channel is one which calls for a capture control is passed to process 728. A channel that requires a capture at a given interval is a channel which does not require reloading of the web page. This type of channel is appropriate where the corresponding web page(s) embed streaming video, Active X® or Power Point Microsoft Corporation, Redmond Wash., presentations. In process 728 the interval timer for the corresponding channel is reset with the capture interval value stored in capture field 474 of the channel record. Control is then passed to process 740 in which the image capture, i.e. frame grab for the associated channel is effected by the frame grabber 306 under the direction of the controller 304 (See
Alternately, if it is determined in decision process 722 that the associated channel is set up for reloading at a reload interval then control is passed to process 724. In process 724 the browser that is being serviced is directed by an API initiated by the controller 304 to reload the current page. Control is then passed to process 726 in which the interval timer for the corresponding channel is reset with the capture interval value stored in the capture field 476 of the channel's associated record in channel table 600 (See
In process 740 the image capture for the associated channel is affected by the image capture and conversion module 308 under the direction of the controller 306 (See
Alternately, if in decision process 818 the current bandwidth budget for the channel does not exceed the size of the PES packet in the corresponding buffer then control is passed to decision process 822, in which a determination is made as to whether a dummy “P” frame needs to be sent. That determination itself rests on one of two conditions: a) if a PES packet was sent in the previous frame interval a dummy “P” frame is sent or b) if the time elapsed since the last packet was sent for this channel exceeds that required for proper performance of the set top box then a dummy “P” frame is sent to keep the communication stream to the set top box or TV active for this channel. If a determination is made that no dummy “P” frame needs to be sent then in process 828 nothing is sent and control passes directly to decision process 832. Alternately, if a “P” frame is to be sent then in process 824 the bit budget for the channel is decremented by the size of the dummy “P” frame and control is passed to process 826 in which the corresponding dummy “P” frame is sent. Subsequently control is passed to decision process 832. In decision process 832 a determination is made as to whether more channels remain to be processed in this frame period. If so control passes to process 810 for selection of the next channel and subsequent processing in process 812. If no more channels remain to be processed in this interval then control returns to process 806 to await the start of the next frame period.
In multiplexor 106 (See
The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/158,895, filed Jun. 22, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part (“CIP”) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/848,812 filed on May 4, 2001 that claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application 60/202,338 filed on May 5, 2000, each of which applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4186438 | Benson et al. | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4903126 | Kassatly | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4975771 | Kassatly | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5093718 | Hoarty et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5172413 | Bradley et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5220420 | Hoarty et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5319455 | Hoarty et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5319707 | Wasilewski et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5371532 | Gelman et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5404393 | Remillard | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5422674 | Hooper et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5442390 | Hooper et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5485197 | Hoarty et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5487066 | McNamara et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5786527 | Tarte | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5812786 | Seaholtz | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5862325 | Reed et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5903816 | Broadwin et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5907681 | Bates et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5961603 | Kunkel et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5982445 | Eyer et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5999970 | Krisbergh et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6031989 | Cordell | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6049539 | Lee et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6167084 | Wang et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6182072 | Leak et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6205582 | Hoarty | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6266369 | Wang et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6317885 | Fries et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6389075 | Wang et al. | May 2002 | B2 |
| 6459427 | Mao et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6675385 | Wang | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6785902 | Zigmond et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6886178 | Mao et al. | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6941574 | Broadwin et al. | Sep 2005 | B1 |
| 20020026642 | Augenbraun et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20040128686 | Boyer et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20060095944 | Demircin et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0 477 786 | Apr 1992 | EP |
| 2004012437 | Feb 2004 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Ellis, M.S., et al., “INDAX: An Operational Interactive Cabletext System,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, vol. SAC—1, No. 2, Feb. 1983, pp. 285-94. |
| Frezza, W., “The Broadband Solution—Metropolitan CATV Networks,” Proceedings of Videotex '84, Apr. 1984, all pages. |
| International Search Report; dated Nov. 20, 2006; received Nov. 27, 2006; PCT/US2006/022533. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090041118 A1 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60202338 | May 2000 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11158895 | Jun 2005 | US |
| Child | 12248059 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09848812 | May 2001 | US |
| Child | 11158895 | US |
