Patent Application
20120175136
A. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to methods for capturing the CO2 produced by cement production plants, and more particularly with a method for capturing CO2 produced by cement production plants by integrating the process known as calcium cycle to the cement plant.
B. Description of the Related Art
The atmospheric pollution in one of the most serious problems caused by the general industry and has a great impact in our planet's ecosystem. Said problem is mostly caused by the CO2 emissions, which is a well know cause of the global warming.
Specifically, the cement production plants release huge quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of fuels used to heat the kilns where the transformation of limestone, clay, and iron ore which is generally called “raw meal”, into a cementitious material called clinker which is subsequently transformed into cement.
In order to carry out said transformation, the following steps must be performed: preheating the raw meal; calcining the raw meal in which the CO2 is removed from the limestone and finally, submit the material to a clinkerization process for obtaining the clinker.
Each step produces CO2 intensively in accordance with the following: in the first and third steps, the CO2 is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels and/or alternative fuels such as tires, industrial waste, wood chips, etc. used to generate the heat necessary for the preheating step and for the clinkerization of the raw meal, an in the second step the CO2 is produced by the calcining of limestone.
The chemical reactions producing CO2 which are carried out inside a cement kiln are the following:
Carbon combustion contained in the fuels:
C—F+O2→CO2
Calcium carbonate calcining contained in the limestone:
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
In a cement kiln, approximately, the 65% of the CO2 is produced by calcination processes; therefore, cement kilns are known to be very intensive CO2 producers.
In view of the devastating effects caused by the atmospheric pollution in our planet, the most evident being the global warming, it is necessary to found methods for capturing and eventually sequester the CO2. Said operation is also called carbon sequestration, in which the CO2 is captured before contacting the atmosphere.
The use calcium cycle based processes has been for instance described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,894, US2004129181 A1, US2006093540A1 or WO2006113673. All these documents disclose detailed aspect of the CO2 capture technique in relation with conventional exhaust gases cleaning.
In view of the above referred necessities, the applicant developed a method for capturing CO2 comprising the integration of the process known as calcium cycle to a cement plant in order to totally capture the CO2 produced by said cement plant and simultaneously raising the productivity of the cement plant. The above referred integration is carried out by using the cement plant raw materials and sub products in the calcium cycle plant and by using the calcium cycle plant sub products and residual energy in the cement plant.
The advantages of the synergy between the calcium cycle process and a cement production plant are very important, since in first place it is achieved the capture of CO2 produced by the cement plant, in second place the raw materials of the cement plant can be used as a make up in the calcium cycle process in third the discharge calcium oxide (purged stream) of the CO2 capture equipment can be used a raw material for the cement production, presenting the advantages that it will no longer liberate CO2 during the cement manufacturing process and in forth place, the energy produced by the exothermic reactions of the calcium cycle process can be used for producing steam for moving an electrical generator for producing electricity which may be used for covering the needs of the cement production plant.
It is therefore a main objet of the present invention to provide a method for capturing CO2 produced by cement production plants, comprising the integration of the process known as calcium cycle to the cement plant.
It is another main object of the present invention to provide a method of the above referred nature in which the raw materials and sub products of the cement plant are used by the calcium cycle and vice versa, thus raising the productivity of the cement plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of the above referred nature in which the energy produced by the exothermic reactions of the calcium cycle process can be used for producing steam for moving an electrical generator for producing electricity which may be used for covering the needs of the cement production plant.
These and other objects and advantages of the method for capturing CO2 produced by cement plants by using the calcium cycle the present invention will become apparent to those persons having an ordinary skill in the art, from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention which will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings
The method for capturing CO2 produced by the kilns of a cement production plant using the calcium cycle of the present invention, will now be described making reference to a common cement production plant and to its common production method, to the process known in the state of the art known as calcium cycle and to the accompanying drawings.
Conventional Process for the Production of Cement
Referring to
Once the raw material is finely grinded and homogenized, it is called raw meal, which is feed to the pre-heating section 20 of a cement kiln. Said section which is called pre-heater comprises typically a series of three to six interconnected cyclones.
The raw meal is feed to the entrance of the first cyclone 22 and flows downward aided by the gravity countercurrently to an upstream hot combustion gas current in order to preheat the raw meal and complete the first step in the production of the clinker.
The calciner 28 is located between the penultimate 24 and the last 26 cyclone, in which it is carried approximately a 90% of the limestone calcination reaction. The calcination is an endothermic reaction in which the heat is provided by the combustion of a fossil fuel 30 and/or an alternative fuel 32 in the presence of air and/or oxygen 31 which is feed to the base of the calciner 28. Said fuel may be in a solid form such as coal and petroleum coke, liquid such as fuel oils or gaseous such as natural gas. A part of said energy may be alternatively provided by alternative fuels such as tires, wood chips, industrial waste, etc.
Inside the calciner 28 it is carried out the second step in the production of clinker at a typical operation temperature of between 850 and 900° C.
The decarbonated raw meal is then feed to the last cyclone and then to an end of the rotary kiln 24 in which, it is carried out the clinkerization process, which is the last step for the production of the clinker.
The clinkerization process is carried out at a temperature of between 1500 and 1600° C., and the required energy is provided by the combustion of a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel or mixtures thereof in the presence of air and/or oxygen 35, including alternative fuels comprising the same alternative fuels previously described for the calciner 34. Said fuels are feed to the rotary kiln at the opposite end in which the decarbonated raw meal is feed.
The clinker 40 produced in the rotary kiln is cooled and feed to a mill in which it is mixed with gypsum and transformed into cement
Emissions of the Conventional Process for the Production of Cement
The flue gases from the calciner 28, and from the rotary kiln 34, which includes the CO2 produced by calcinations, flow upward countercurrently to a downward stream of raw meal. The gases that exit from the first cyclone 22 have a temperature of between 250 to 350° C. Said gases have high dust content, and therefore it is necessary to pass the gases trough a filter 44 in order to remove the dust. Said dust is known as Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) 45. In order to protect the filtering elements of filter 44, it is necessary to cool the gases to a temperature of less than 300° C. Said cooling is carried out by water or air injection 46. The cooled gases 48 flow to an induced draft fan (IDF) 50 which provides the necessary energy to the gases for flowing through the kiln 34 and the cyclones of pre-heater 20.
Normally the cooled and cleaned gases 52 exiting from the filter 44 are sent to a stack (not shown) and liberated to the atmosphere. Said gases have a content of between 15 to 30% of CO2 depending on the type of fuels used in the cement process.
The CKD 45 collected from the filter 44 is recycled to a raw meal silo 10. The recycled amount of CKD is of between 5 to 10% of the total amount of raw meal feed to the kiln. Said gases contain between 15 to 30% of CO2 depending on the fuels used in the cement process.
Adaptation of the Calcium Cycle to the Cement Production Plant
In accordance with the above, the method of the present invention comprises connecting to the cement plant, a calcium cycle plant for capturing the CO2 by feeding the combustion gases 52 exiting from the filter 44 by means of a forced draft fan 53 for producing a stream which is feed to a lower end of a first fluidized bed reactor 60 in the calcium cycle plant, in which the gases are contacted with a solid stream having a high CaO content coming from a second fluidized bed reactor 64.
In said first reactor 60 which is called carbonator, the CaO contained in the solid stream 62 reacts with the CO2 contained in the gas leaving filter 44 in accordance with the following reaction:
CO2+CaO→CaCO3
Said reaction is inverse to the calcination that is carried out in the cement plant. In accordance with said reaction, the CO2 contained in the gases is solidified by reacting with the CaO contained in the solid stream 62 and transformed into CaCO3.
Said reaction is exothermic and occurs at a temperature between 600 and 700° C., preferably at 650° C. In order to control the operating temperature of said first reactor 60, it is necessary to continuously remove the heat produced by the above referred reaction by means of a water cooling system comprised by a plurality of coils 66 contacting the walls of the first reactor walls 60 or by any other suitable heat interchanging apparatus or method. The reaction heat removed form said water cooling system is used to produce steam which alternatively may be used for moving an electric generator for producing electricity.
In such way, approximately, around 80% to 90% of the CO2 produced in the cement plant is transformed in CaCO3 and the remaining CO2 exits the first reactor as a gas.
Processing of the CaCO3 for Obtaining the Captured CO2
The gas and the solid exit the upper end of the first reactor 60 and are feed to a first cyclone 68 in which are separated. The gas 70 exiting said first cyclone 68 having a low CO2 content of between 1 to 8% and a temperature of between 600 and 700° C. is feed to a heat exchanger 72. The heat removed form said water cooling system is used to produce steam which alternatively may be used for moving an electricity generator to produce electricity.
The solid exiting from the first cyclone 74 comprising mainly CaCO3, is feed to the lower end of a second fluidized bed reactor 64 in which it is carried out the CaCO3 decarbonation in accordance with the following reaction:
CaCO3→CaO+CO2
The second reactor 64 is called decarbonator. The decarbonation reaction is an endothermic reaction which is carried out at a temperature of between 850 and 950° C., and therefore it is necessary to provide energy to said second reactor 64. Said energy is provided by the combustion of a fossil fuel or an alternative fuel in the form of a solid, liquid or gas 76. In order to avoid the introduction of nitrogen in the combustion gases, which will dilute the content of CO2 in the gases exiting from the second reactor 64, the combustion for the second reactor 64 must be carried out with oxygen which is feed by a stream 77. The gases 78 exiting from the second reactor 64 contain a major part of the CO2 produced by the cement plant and the CO2 produced by the combustion carried out in the second reactor 64, Typically the CO2 content in the gases 78 exiting from the second reactor 64 is of between 90 to 99%.
The stream 80 exiting the second reactor 64 is comprised by a gaseous stream containing mainly CO2 and a solid stream containing mainly CaO. Said solid-gas mixture exits from the second reactor 64 by an upper end 80 thereof and it is feed to a second cyclone 82 in which the solid and the gas are separated: the gaseous stream 78, containing mainly CO2 exiting the second reactor 64 at a temperature of between 850 and 950° C. and it is feed to a heat exchanger apparatus 84 in which its sensible heat may be alternatively used to produce steam for moving an electric generator.
The gaseous stream 78 exiting the second cyclone 84 has a CO2 content from 90 to 99% (dry base) which may be sequestered by its injection in oil recuperation wells (enhanced oil recovery -EOR-) or by using any other sequestering technologies such as the injection of CO2 in geological reserves located in the ocean as well as in the land. By such means, the cement plant CO2 emissions are reduced by a 80% thus reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.
Cycling of Solids Products in the Calcium Cycle, Make Up and Purge of Calcium Cycle Main Reactive
The solids stream 62 exiting the second cyclone 82 comprising mainly CaO, is feed to the lower end of the first reactor 60 so it can react with the CO2 contained in the gaseous stream 54 exiting the cement plant, thus closing a cycle.
The capacity of the CaO for reacting with the CO2 contained in the cement plant combustion gas begins to drop when the number of carbonation/calcinations cycles carried out in the reactors 60 and 64 increases, that is, when parameters such as the quantity of CaCO3 produced by the reaction drops below a predetermined parameter or when the temperature produced by said exothermic reaction begins to drop below 600° C. but preferably 650° C. In order to maintain the reactivity of the CaO flowing in the calcium cycle plant, to react with the CO2, it is necessary to continuously feed said system with a fresh stream of CaO and to continuously purge from the system approximately the same amount of CaO to maintain the balance.
The CaO is purged from the second cyclone 82 exit line connecting the first reactor 60 and said second cyclone 82. Said purge contains mainly CaO comprising decarbonated limestone, which may be feed to a last stage cyclone 26 of the pre-heater 20 and rotary kiln 34 without the need of calcination thus increasing the productivity of the cement kiln and lowering its energy consumption. The CaO purge is feed to a heat exchanger apparatus 87 to recuperate its heat to produce steam for moving an electric generator.
In a first embodiment of the present invention shown in
In a second embodiment of the present invention shown in
Alternatively, the purge stream could also be used in the cement manufacturing process as a raw material added in the raw meal milling step.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, shown in
The advantages of this third embodiment can only be seized when the calcium cycle plant is integrated to the cement plant.
The amount of fresh CaO to be added in the form of pulverized limestone, raw meal or CKD depends on several factors such as the cement plant production, energy consumption of the cement plant, type of fuel used in the cement and calcium cycle plants, percentage of oxygen in excess present in the calciner, operational temperatures of both calcium cycle plant reactors and amount of CO2 to be captured.
However, the amount of fresh CaO to be added continuously during a predetermined period of time may be quantified in an amount of preferably between 4 to 20%, of the amount of raw meal feed to the pre-heater during said predetermined period of time. In the same way, the amount of CaO purged from the system during said predetermined period of time may be quantified in an amount of preferably between 2 to 20,% of the amount of raw meal feed to the pre-heater during the same predetermined period of time.
The purge of pulverized CaO is used as raw material by feeding it directly to the last cyclone 226 of preheater 220 thru stream 290 thus increasing the productivity of the cement plant. Furthermore, by recuperating the heat produced in the first reactor, the heat from the gaseous streams leaving the two cyclones and the heat from the CaO purge stream, it is possible to generate the necessary electricity for covering the needs of the cement plant.
Alternatively, the purge streams from all three embodiments could also be used jointly in the cement manufacturing process as a raw material added in the raw meal milling step together with the fresh raw materials (limestone, clay, iron ore, etc.) in order to optimize the cycling process and the use of available sources of fresh CaO stream.
The fresh CaO to be added continuously can also be a mix of the three CaO sources described above (pulverized lime stone, pulverize raw meal or cement kiln dust). Typically, mixes of pulverized limestone and CKD, mixes of CKD and pulverized cement raw meal, mixes of pulverized raw meal and pulverized limestone and mixes all 3 sources together can be used as a fresh CaO stream. In this case, the composition of the purged stream may be different from that of the raw meal. Using the purged stream as a raw material for the cement manufacturing process thus requests an adapted dosage of the other fresh raw material (limestone, clay, iron ore, etc.) that can best be performed by adapting their respective contents before entering the raw meal mill together with the purged stream. Since the chemical compositions of all material streams entering the raw materials mill are know as part as the conventional cement process control, the present invention includes a step of controlling the chemical composition of the purged stream (typically by chemical analysis) in order to adapt all fresh materials streams entering the raw mill to ensure that the cement raw meal composition in constant and meets the chemical composition requirements imposed by the cement manufacturing process.
Finally it must be understood that the method for capturing CO2 produced by cement plants by using the calcium cycle of the present invention, is not limited exclusively to the embodiments above described and illustrated and that the persons having ordinary skill in the art can, with the teaching provided by the invention, to make modifications to the method for capturing CO2 produced by cement plants by using the calcium cycle of present invention, which will clearly be within of the true inventive concept and of the scope of the invention which is claimed in the following claims.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/005623 | 8/4/2009 | WO | 00 | 3/28/2012 |
