Patent Application
20140287149
This application claims priority to European application 13160051.2 filed Mar. 19, 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in its entirety.
The present invention relates to the technology of turbomachines, especially gas turbines. It refers to a method for coating a component of a turbomachine according to the preamble of claim 1.
It further refers to a coated component for a turbomachine.
The use of gas turbines (GTs) for electrical power generation can be very different in their working modus. GTs can be either used in order to produce a constant amount of electricity over a long period of time, as so-called “base loaders”, or they can be used in order to level the differences between the electricity production of rather constant sources (Nuclear, GT base loaders etc.) with addition of the variations due to the increasing amount of non-constant renewable energy and the non-constant electricity demand. The second type of GT is a so-called “cyclic/peaker”.
Within the lifetime of a GT it is possible that a “loader” becomes a “peaker”. This change in working conditions leads to differences in solicitations and distress modes (i.e. boundary conditions) for the components in the turbine and especially the ones subjected to extreme temperature conditions. In the case of “loaders” they will need a larger creep and oxidation resistance, and in the case of “peakers” those component will need a better cycling resistance.
Furthermore, for each component, and locally on the component, the boundary conditions are different. Some areas are more prone to fatigue and some other areas to creep, oxidation/corrosion, erosion, etc. All those properties are strongly depending on a coating that is usually used to adapt the component to the actual operational boundary conditions. In order to answer the variations in properties needed it is therefore of strong interest to be able to produce coatings with flexibly and individually tailored properties.
Regarding ductility, an environmental coating can provide improved oxidation and corrosion resistance; however it can cause problems with the mechanical property of the parts due to the low ductility of those coatings, especially at low temperatures. One approach in order to improve the ductility of the coating is to obtain a predominantly gamma′ structure that is modified with platinum group metal in order to avoid the formation of the beta nickel aluminide phase (brittle at low temperature), as it is explained in document US 2010/0330295 A1.
Another approach presented in document US 2012/0128525 A1, which also tries to optimize the composition of the bound coat, is trying to increase the gamma to gamma′ transition temperature with the addition of Tantalum (preferentially without Re). Tantalum stabilizes the formation of a three phase system (beta/gamma/gamma′) with a high gamma/gamma′ transition temperature (higher than the coating service temperature) allowing to reduce the local stresses.
Document US 2010/0330295 A1 mentioned above also claims to provide a ductile coating in which a plurality of compositional gradient layers can be used to form the ductile and oxidation/corrosion resistant coating. In document EP 2 354 454 A1 it is claimed that in order to reduce the coating costs, a turbine blade could be coated at different locations with coatings having different oxidation resistance. The locations of the part with lower working temperature could be coated with a less oxidation resistant coating, and the hot spots with a more oxidation resistant coating. The second coating can be either another coating or a modification of the first one.
A metallic-ceramic material with gradient of ceramic concentration and oxidation protection element has also been proposed in document WO 98/53940 A1. The concentration of ceramic is increasing toward the surface of the material, giving a higher temperature and oxidation resistance close to the surface.
Two documents mention the use of reservoir phase including a core-shell structure. Document U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,362 B2 claims the addition of an aluminum-rich phase, which comprises a core containing aluminum and a shell comprising an aluminum diffusion-retarding composition. However, no oxide shell is mentioned. In another document, US 2009/0202814 A1, a reservoir phase is claimed where a core shell structure is used. The shell can consist of a metal oxide. The core can also be granularly designed.
In general, the use of separate powder feeders for each separate powder which can be of either homogeneous composition or a flexible composite powder, thermally sprayed simultaneously where the ratio of each powder can be changed online by changing the feeding rate have never been mentioned in the prior art.
Document EP 1 712 657 A2 discloses a cold spray method for sequentially depositing a first powder material and a second powder material onto a substrate at a velocity sufficient to deposit said materials by plastically deforming the material without metallurgically transforming the powder. It is described that such cold spray technology is also applicable when the powdered materials may be fed to the nozzle using modified thermal spray feeders. The main gas is heated to 315° C. to 677° C., preferably 385° C. to 482° C. to keep it from rapidly cooling and freezing once it expands past the nozzle. The net effect is a desirable surface temperature on the substrate.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,231 discloses a method of producing a segmented abradable ceramic coating system including a base coat foundation layer, a graded interlayer and an abradable top layer, where the interlayer is applied by a spray gun and comprises a compositional blend of the base coat foundation layer and the abradable top layer. The three layer approach provides a means of tailoring the long-term thermal insulation benefit provided by the initial layers and the abradability benefit provided by the top layer.
The current state of the art in terms of overlay coatings or bond coat is to use coatings with a given composition within a strict range. Therefore, when compositional changes need to be performed in order to locally vary the properties of a coating in the X-Y plane (i.e. in a different area on the component), or in Z direction (i.e. with the depth of the coating), several powder types are used, with different compositions and they are then sprayed in a stepwise manner, leading to multilayer coatings or the use of two distinct coatings (with different compositions) at two distinct locations.
The usual multilayer concept is leading to misfit and irregularities between the different coatings layers. Furthermore, if one or more of the layers are detached the coating loses the corresponding property.
The use of a modular composite coating concept (as disclosed with the present invention) has never been reported. In order to get more freedom for relatively fast compositional changes the usual method used is to prepare powder blends. This means that the composition of each blend is determined once the blend is produced; in order to change the composition, a new blend has to be prepared.
Furthermore, in the state of the art, the powder needs to be changed in the powder feeders, leading to a loss of time, a loss of powder and a lack of flexibility. Powder blends have the disadvantage of de-mixing; they can usually only be used when the different powders have a similar density and particle size distribution; and their preparation is time consuming. This means that many combinations of different materials (metallic and ceramic) or powder with different size distributions (finer powder with a powder with larger particle sizes) can hardly be prepared as a blend. This is also one of the main reasons why multilayer coatings are used where each powder is sprayed separately.
When a coating is sprayed, usually 2 (in HVOF systems, as disclosed for example in document EP 1 816 229 A1 or EP 1 942 387 A1) up to 4 (in certain APS systems) powder feeders are used. However, the current state of the art is to feed the same powder with same composition in all the powder feeders. Therefore, each time the coating composition shall to be changed the powder feeders need to be emptied, cleaned and filled with the new powder.
It would therefore be of great advantage to use separated powder feeders for each powder and perform a modular spraying, where the compositional changes can be programmed in a spraying program for the full component. On this way, a coating system could be sprayed at once without changes of powder or interruptions in the spraying process.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a coating system for a component of a turbomachine, which is individually adapted to the locally varying requirements of the component with respect to thermal, chemical and mechanical stress.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for applying such a coating system to a component of a turbomachine, which avoids the disadvantages of the known methods, is more flexible in its application, reduces the coating time and efforts, and allows tailoring a coating on a turbomachine component to particular needs of the component as a whole or a section or local area of such a component in particular.
It is further object of the invention to provide a turbomachine component with an individually optimized coating.
These and other objects are obtained by a coating system according to claim 1, a method according to claim 9 and a component according to claim 24.
The inventive coating system for a component of a turbomachine comprises at least two different base powders, whereby each of said at least two different base powders has an individual desired distribution within said coating system, and wherein each of said at least two different base powders is responsible for a specific property of said coating system. The base powders are selected from the group of metallic materials, ceramics, MAX phases, metallic glasses, inorganic glasses, organic glasses, organic polymers or combinations thereof. The specific property is selected from the group of physical, mechanical, chemical, microstructural properties or combinations thereof.
According to an embodiment of the inventive coating system at least one of said at least two base powders is a powder blend of two or more different powders having one of a different size distribution, composition or particle shape.
According to another embodiment of the inventive coating system at least one of said at least two base powders contains particles, which are agglomerated and sintered.
According to just another embodiment of the inventive coating system at least one of said at least two base powders contains particles, which have a core/shell structure.
Specifically, said core of said particles is agglomerated and sintered.
Specifically, said core and shell or shells of said particles have different chemical compositions.
According to a further embodiment of the inventive coating system the fractions of the different base powders within the coating system vary with the depth of the coating system.
According to even another embodiment of the inventive coating system the fractions of the different base powders within the coating system vary along the coating system in lateral direction.
The inventive method for applying a coating system according to the invention is characterized in that at least two different base powders are simultaneously sprayed onto a surface of said component by means of thermal spraying, wherein the base powders are either completely or partially molten during thermal spraying.
According to an embodiment of the inventive method said at least two different base powders are simultaneously sprayed by means of one spraying gun, which is supplied with said at least two base powders through respective powder feeding means.
According to another embodiment of the inventive method said at least two base powders are fed to said spraying gun through separate powder lines.
According to a further embodiment of the inventive method said at least two base powders are brought together before being fed to a spraying gun through a single powder line.
According to another embodiment of the inventive method at least one of said at least two base powders is a powder blend of two or more different powders having one of a different size distribution, composition or particle shape.
According to just another embodiment of the inventive method at least one of said at least two base powders contains particles, which are agglomerated and sintered.
According to even another embodiment of the inventive method at least one of said at least two base powders contains particles with a core/shell structure, whereby said core and shell or shells have different chemical compositions.
According to another embodiment of the inventive method said spraying gun is moved relative to said surface of said component during spraying, and said powder feeding means are each separately controlled during said movement of said spraying gun.
Specifically, each powder feeding means has a controllable feeding rate, and said feeding rate of each powder feeding means is controlled and/or changed in order to tune the ratio of the different base powders used.
According to another embodiment of the inventive method said spraying gun is moved along said surface of said component during spraying, and said powder feeding means are each separately controlled during said movement of said spraying gun, in order to achieve different compositions of the resulting coating in different areas of said component surface.
According to just another embodiment of the inventive method said spraying gun is used to deposit by spraying on said surface of said component a coating system of increasing thickness, and said powder feeding means are each separately controlled during said deposition process, in order to achieve different compositions of the resulting coating in different depths of said coating system.
According to even another embodiment of the inventive method two or more components are coated one after the other, that each powder feeding means has a controllable feeding rate, and said feeding rate of each powder feeding means is controlled and/or changed when going from one component to another in order to change the ratio of the different base powders used.
According to another embodiment of the inventive method the at least two different base powders are chosen in terms of melting temperature, and the thermal power during thermal spraying is used to tailor the microstructure of the resulting coating by having some phases completely molten and some only partially molten during thermal spraying.
According to another embodiment of the inventive method the resulting coating system is subjected to a specific and individually tailored heat treatment in order to obtain the targeted microstructure and resulting coating properties.
Specifically, said heat treatment is done at temperatures between 600° C. and 1300° C., and with at least one holding time step between 1 and 48 hours.
The component for a turbomachine according to the invention comprises a substrate, which is coated on a surface with a coating system according to the invention.
The present invention is now to be explained more closely by means of different embodiments and with reference to the attached drawings.
a-b shows the variation certain properties of modular coating in a three-powder-system (
a-e shows different powder fractions that can be used as base powder for a modular composite coating according to various embodiments of the invention;
a-b shows actual photographs of a modular composite coating according to an embodiment of the invention using a HVOF system with two powder feeders (one for each powder) with a phase ratio of 20%/80% (
a-e shows various examples of modular composite coatings using three different base powders.
The invention describes a method to produce and apply modular coatings, where the coating properties can easily be modified from one component to another, locally on the component or even through the depth of the coating by combining several powders, each powder being responsible for one or more specific features of the final coating.
The use of flexible powder system(s) and a novel coating manufacturing method are the basis to reach the described purpose. This flexible coating method allows reaching individually tailored coating microstructure and correlated mechanical and/or physical properties of the coating.
The concept of modular coating according to the present invention is based on three main points:
A possible configuration for a suitable powder coating systems is shown in
The thermal spraying of the powders is done by a spray coating system 17, which has a spraying gun 19 emitting a respective spray 20 directed on the surface to be coated. The spraying gun 19 is supplied with fuel and oxidizing media from a control unit 18, which media are necessary to generate a hot flame. Different powders P1, . . . , P4 are fed to the spraying gun 19 by means of individual powder feeders 21, 22 through powder lines 23. Each powder feeder 21, 22 comprises a respective powder reservoir 21 and a feeding device 22. The operation of the powder feeders 21, 22 and especially their feeding rates, are controlled by the control unit 18. The individual powders P1, . . . , P4 are fed to the spraying gun either separately, i.e. through separate powder lines 23 (powders P1 and P2 in
At least two or more powders can be used in order to produce a modular composite coating according to the invention. Each powder brings to the coating specific physical and/or chemical properties, bringing in each specific feature for the final coating which can be adjusted by varying the fraction of each powder in the composite coating (see
Examples of those physical properties are:
Examples of mechanical and/or chemical properties of the resulting coating are:
Examples of microstructural features are:
In
The composition of a conventional coating would appear on this diagram as a single point 24 (represented in
If one considers a modular coating with only two base powders (P1, P2) the compositional changes will be only two dimensional as presented in
It is clear that the compositional dimensions will increase with the number of base powders used for the modular composite coating.
The different powder fractions P1, . . . , P4 composing a modular composite coating according to the invention can have different chemical composition, size distribution, powder grain shape.
The different powders fractions can be:
Each individual powder fraction P1, . . . , P4 can either contain powder particles with a similar composition and size distribution, as shown in
The different powders P1, . . . , P4 can also have a flexible composition (also core/shell structure), particle shape and particle size distribution through the use of a composite powder concept.
The final powder system can be:
The composition of the flexible powder is tailored by changing the fraction of each single powder in the composite particles. The particle size of the flexible powder is tuned by changing the size of agglomerates before sintering the individual fractions to reach composite particles. Certain properties such as diffusion of the core, strength, etc. can be adapted by changing the core/shell structure, shell(s) thickness and shell(s) composition.
The modular spraying concept consists in using separated powder feeders (21, 22 in
The modular spraying concept can be used for various known thermal spraying methods, i.e. HVOF (High Velocity Oxy Fuel), VPS (Vacuum Plasma Spray), APS (Air Plasma Spray), SPS (Suspension Plasma Spray), flame spray, etc.
The feeding rate of each powder P1, . . . , P4 is changed online in order to tune the fraction of each powder in the X-Y plane (i.e. specific to different areas of the component) or in Z direction (i.e., dependent of the depth of the coating), or with a combination thereof. This allows producing compositional changes:
Examples of different possibilities of coating are presented in
All these changes can be performed on-line, with the following advantages:
The modular concept according to the invention also allows reaching a targeted microstructure of the coating by the combination of specific thermal spraying and heat treatment. The design of each powder fraction P1, . . . , P4 in term of melting point and the setting of the thermal power of the spraying gun 19 gives the possibility to determine if a complete or partial melting of each powder fraction P1, . . . , P4 is taking place in the flame. This makes it possible to tune the final shape of each phase in the coating (either round or lamellar).
An example of a modular composite microstructure is displayed in
A specific and individually tailored heat treatment can also be used in order to obtain the targeted microstructure and resulting coating properties. The lamellar structure of the coatings presented in
In kerosene fired 3rd generation HVOF systems, the powder is usually injected in radial direction into the flue gas by two injectors. The injectors are placed after the nozzle but before the barrel of the burner at an azimuth of Δ180°. In the modular coating concept according to the invention, n>2 injectors are used for powder injection. The arrangement of the n>2 injectors is arbitrary but preferably in Cn space group with respect to the axial direction.
Optionally, each injector can be connected to two powder lines by a Y-connection (see the powder feeders for P3 and P4 in
Each powder line 23 is connected to a powder feeder 21, 22, whereas each powder feeder 21, 22 can have its own powder type P1, . . . , P4. The feed rate of each powder feeder 21, 22 is set modular according to the coating requirements by a robot program as parameter (control unit 18). Adjusting the composition of the coating layer requires consideration of powder type dependent deposition efficiency. If possible, the total powder feed rate should be kept constant.
Improved pre-mixing of the two different powders of each powder injector can be achieved by an intermediate injector pipe (between the Y-connection and the final injection into the flue gas. With this configuration, the composition of the coating can be adjusted modularly according to requirements. Application of multilayer coatings, whereas for each layer an adjustment of the receipt parameter is done, enables the application of coating gradients or alternating multilayer coatings.
Similar approaches can be applied to HVOF systems having axial powder injection (such as 3rd generation gas fired, 1st and 2nd generation HVOF systems). Optionally, pre-mixing of all applied powders can be achieved by an intermediate powder pipe (35 in
Similar modular approaches can be applied to different thermal spray techniques such as APS, VPS and SPS. Here, the powder is usually injected into the free plasma plume outside the burner. The arrangement of the n>2 injectors is according Cn space group with respect to the axial direction. Optionally, each injector can be connected to two powder feeders by a Y-connection, as explained before. The feed rate of each powder feeder 21, 22 is set modular according to the coating requirements by the robot program as parameter. Adjusting the composition of the coating layer requires consideration of powder type dependent deposition efficiency. If possible, the total powder feed rate should be kept constant.
The first blade of a GT is prone to inhomogeneous temperatures and loads at different locations. Local hot spot and regions subjected to cycling loading are present on the blades. A typical case is that the trailing edge of a blade (15 in
The second example is a blade which is experiencing strong cyclic loading. This blade needs an improved cyclic resistance but also keep its oxidation/corrosion resistance. The weak link for cyclic resistance is usually the overlay coating for protection against oxidation and corrosion. Due to thermal gradient in the coating during transient operation this one is prone to crack formation and propagation in the base material. For instance, when the component is cooled down, high tensile stresses are formed in the coating surface, leading to crack initiation. In order to hinder this crack formation, a modular coating according to the invention can be used.
The third example concerns a component situated in the hot gas path of a turbo machine. This component or part of this component is produced using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. Due to the microstructural differences between cast material and SLM produced material, the latter shows exceptional LCF properties; however it is prone to increased diffusion mechanisms through the increased volume of grain boundaries. The particularly increased O2, Al and Cr diffusion is leading to reduced oxidation resistance compared to its cast counterpart.
A larger interdiffusion rate between metallic overlay coatings and the SLM made substrate material will also take place. The stronger diffusion rate from the metallic coating within the SLM material leads to faster consumption of the overall Al- and Cr-content within the metallic coating, reducing globally the oxidation resistance of the coating system.
In order to preserve the high LCF performances of the SLM made material, its microstructure should be sustained and combined with an improved oxidation resistant metallic overlay coating.
If the SLM made material forms only a section of the component, a modular coating according to this invention shall preferentially be used, in order to provide locally (adjacent to the region made of SLM material) an improved oxidation resistance and herewith an enhanced overall coating/part lifetime. In order to control the diffusion mechanisms between the coating and the SLM material, a compositional gradient can be created throughout the thickness of the coating using a modular coating as described within this invention.
The coating for the three previously mentioned examples would be made of the combination of three different powders:
Examples of a substrate 34 with modular composite coatings using up to three different base powders 30, 31 and 32 are shown in
a and
c shows a layered coating with a layer of pure base powder 30, an intermediate layer of pure base powder 32 and an upper composite layer with base powders 30 and 31.
d shows a coating with two base powders 30 and 31, and a gradient of base powder 31 along the depth of the coating layer (Z direction).
e shows a coating with two base powders 30 and 31, and a gradient of base powder 31 in the position on the component (in the X-Y plane).
The coating is applied through thermal spraying and the ratio of the three different powders in the coating is tuned on-line thanks to the use of separated powder feeders. With a larger amount of oxidation resistant phase (as schematically shown in
In order to achieve a coating with variable properties in the leading and trailing edge in accordance with Example 1, shown above, a modular spraying is used. When spraying the component, the quantity of oxidation resistant phase will be increased by increasing the feeding rate once the gun is spraying the trailing edge. When spraying the leading edge the feeding rate of the ductile phase is increased in order to increase the ductility of the leading edge. The same procedure will be additionally used for Example 3, where the quantity of oxidation resistant phase will also be increased in the regions made with SLM material for combined improvement of oxidation and LCF resistance.
In order to achieve the cycling resistance of the coating in accordance with Example 2, shown above, one has to make sure that the overlay coating for oxidation/corrosion resistance is not the one leading to a crack initiation. It is therefore needed that the coating has an improved ductility at its surface without decreasing the oxidation resistance of the coating. Therefore, a graded coating is produced in the thickness. The ductility of the coating is improved in the surface of the coating by adding more ductile phase and the oxidation resistance is increased close to the surface of the base material by adding oxidation resistant phase. During service, the surface of the coating is more resistance to crack formation and therefore improves the cycling life of the component, while the reservoir phase account for the lifetime of the coating and will provide a reservoir for oxidation/corrosion resistance slowly diffusing from the bottom to the top of the coating.
A compositionally graded coating can also be used for the purpose of Example 3. An increased amount of oxidation resistant phases, especially at the interface coating/SLM made base material will account for an improved oxidation resistance of the SLM made material by improving the long term oxidation protection of the metallic coating. Oxidation protective elements diffusing into the SLM material will be compensated by the reservoir, keeping a minimum level in the overlay coating and improving at the same time in the near SLM material surface the base material oxidation resistance. Similarly as for Example 2, the ductility of the coating is improved in the surface of the coating by adding more ductile phases, in order to keep the advantage of the improved LCF lifetime of SLM material and avoiding crack initiation at the coating surface resulting from cyclic operation.
The present invention has the following characteristic features and advantages:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13160051.2 | Mar 2013 | EP | regional |
