Patent Grant
11466626
The present invention relates to a turbomachine for an aircraft, in particular the control of a turbomachine in order to provide the desired thrust as a function of the position of the aircraft pilot's control lever.
With reference to
The design of a turbomachine 100 requires a sufficient margin to be taken into account against the so-called pumping phenomenon. This phenomenon, which results from an excessive incidence of the airflow on the vanes of one of the compressors, leads to large and rapid fluctuations in the pressure downstream of the related compressor and can lead to a shutdown of the combustion chamber 113. It further causes severe jolts on the compressor vanes and can thus lead to mechanical damage. Therefore its occurrence should be particularly avoided. The operation of a compressor in use is generally represented by a diagram which expresses the pressure ratio obtained between the outlet and the inlet, as a function of the air flow rate passing through it; this diagram is furthermore parameterized as a function of the rotation speed of the compressor. In this diagram there is a pumping line which is the maximum compression ratio limit that should not be exceeded, so as not to risk the occurrence of a pumping phenomenon. In a known manner, a so-called operating line is defined, which associates compression ratios obtained as a function of the flow rate, when the turbomachine 100 is in stabilized operation. Positioning this operating line is left to the discretion of the designer of the turbomachine 100 and the distance of this operating line from the pumping line represents the pumping margin. It should be noted that compressor efficiency (compression work provided to the air, relative to the work provided to rotatably drive it) is, to a first approximation, better the closer to the pumping line. On the other hand, accelerations required by the pilot from a stabilized operation (transient phase) to obtain an increase in thrust result at the compressor in a deviation of the operating point occurring towards the pumping line.
Indeed, an additional fuel injection into the combustion chamber 113 causes an almost instantaneous rise in the compression ratio, even though there is no time for the rotation speed to increase due to inertia. The variation in enthalpy brought to the fluid by the combustion of the added fuel then generates an increase in the work provided by each turbine and, consequently, an increase in the rotation speed of the corresponding spool. This results at the compressor diagram in a return of the operating point to the operating line when the speed stabilizes again, at an operating point which corresponds to a higher flow rate than that of the previous operating point.
The designer of a turbomachine 100 should therefore try to optimize the placement of the operating line by placing it as high as possible, so as to benefit from better efficiencies for its compressors, while keeping sufficient distance from the pumping line to allow safe accelerations.
In order to avoid any pumping phenomenon, a turbomachine 100 comprises a regulation system implemented by an electronic unit. With reference to
The stabilized management module 31 provides a correction quantity to the selection module 34 as a function of the difference between the speed NH of the turbomachine 100 and the set point speed NHCONS. The set point speed NHCONS is proportional to the position of the control lever handleable by the aircraft pilot. Such a stabilized management module 31 is known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail.
The purpose of the transient intent detection module 32 is to detect a transient intent desired by the pilot. The transient intent detection module 32 determines a difference between the speed NH of the turbomachine 100 and the set point speed NHCONS. When the control lever remains in a constant position and the stabilized management module 31 is implemented, the actual speed NH of turbomachine 100 is stationary and equal to the set point speed NHCONS. If the pilot moves the control lever, the set point speed NHCONS varies instantaneously. On the contrary, the speed NH does not vary instantaneously due to the inertia of turbomachine 100 and the stabilized management module 31. Thus, the transient intent detection module 32 detects a transient intent when the difference between the set point speed NHCONS and the actual speed NH is greater than a predetermined threshold S2.
In the case of an acceleration request, if the speed deviation is greater than the predetermined threshold S2 (NHCONS−NH>S2), an acceleration request is detected. Similarly, in the case of deceleration, if the speed deviation is greater than the predetermined threshold S2 (NH−NHCONS>S2), a deceleration request is detected. When a transient phase is detected, the transient intent detection module 32 generates an activation signal, which is transmitted to the speed trajectory generation module 33 and the selection module 34 as illustrated in
In the case of an acceleration request, the speed trajectory generation module 33 determines a speed set point for acceleration (acceleration trajectory) NHTRAJACC. Similarly, in the case of a deceleration, the speed trajectory generation module 33 determines a speed set point for deceleration (deceleration trajectory) NHTRAJDECEL. As a function of the trajectory generated, the speed trajectory generation module 33 provides a correction quantity to the selection module 34.
Such a speed trajectory generation module 33 is known to those skilled in the art, in particular from patent application US2013/0008171 and patent application FR2977638A1, and will not be set forth in more detail.
In this example, when the selection module 34 receives an activation signal from the transient intent detection module 32, the selection module 34 selects the correction quantity from the stabilized management module 31 if no activation signal is received and selects the correction quantity from the speed trajectory generation module 33 in the case of receipt of an activation signal. Such a selection module 34 is known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail. The selected correction quantity is provided to the integration module 35. The integration module 35 determines the fuel flow set point QCMD by integrating the selected correction quantity.
The stop management module 36 limits the value of the fuel flow set point QCMD determined by integration module 35. In a known manner, the stop management module 36 implements a so-called C/P stop known to those skilled in the art, in order to protect the turbomachine against pumping. In this example, the stop management module 36 enables stop set points in acceleration and deceleration to be defined. Such stops are known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail.
The speed trajectory generation module 33 and the stop management module 36 enable an acceleration trajectory to be defined, which results in restricting the fuel flow set point QCMD in order to avoid pumping. Such a regulation system is known from patent application FR2977638A1 and will not be set forth in more detail. Incidentally, it is known to protect an engine against pumping during transients by taking into account an acceleration set point during regulation (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,782 and US 2003/0094000).
With reference to
When the pilot commands an acceleration of the speed NHCONS, the current speed NH increases slowly with a delay, given that the current fuel set point QCMD is limited by the maximum stop fuel flow QMAX determined by the fuel stop module 36. In practice, saturation of QCMD by QMAX is not systematic and depends on the intensity of the acceleration imposed by the predetermined acceleration trajectory NHTRAJACC and the margin available for pumping. If this margin is not compatible with the degree of acceleration required to follow the speed trajectories then this leads to a limitation of QCMD by QMAX—the current speed NH is not able to follow the acceleration trajectory NHTRAJACC. A limitation has been set forth within the scope of an acceleration request in relation to pumping but the same applies to a deceleration request in relation to the margin with respect to the turbomachine shutdown.
In order to improve the response time of a turbomachine during a transient phase (acceleration, deceleration, etc.), it has been provided to equip the turbomachine with an electric motor in order to provide additional electrical torque to increase the speed of the turbomachine without leading to a pumping phenomenon. To this end, it is known from patent application WO2016/020618, a turbomachine for an aircraft comprising an electric motor to take power from the low-pressure shaft and inject power into the high-pressure shaft.
One of the purposes of the present invention is to enable the electrical torque provided by the electric motor to be regulated optimally in order to optimize the response time of the turbomachine while ensuring sufficient pumping margin and limiting power consumption of the electric motor.
To this end, the invention relates to a method for controlling a turbomachine comprising a fan positioned upstream of a gas generator and delimiting a primary airflow and a secondary airflow, the primary airflow passing through said gas generator which comprises a low-pressure compressor, a high-pressure compressor, a combustion chamber, a high-pressure turbine and a low-pressure turbine, said low-pressure turbine being connected to said low-pressure compressor by a low-pressure rotation shaft and said high-pressure turbine being connected to said high-pressure compressor by a high-pressure rotation shaft, the turbomachine comprising an electric motor forming a torque injection device on the high-pressure rotation shaft, a method wherein a fuel flow set point QCMD in the combustion chamber and a torque set point TRQCMD provided to the electric motor are determined, the control method comprising:
By virtue of the invention, the second torque regulation loop makes it possible to act jointly with the first fuel loop when the latter is limited in its regulation, in particular, due to limitations to avoid pumping or shutdown of the turbomachine. Thus, the current speed of the turbomachine can reactively follow the trajectory set point. The operability of the turbomachine is thus improved.
In addition, the second torque regulation loop advantageously allows the pumping and shutdown limits of the turbomachine to be extended to allow better regulation of the fuel set point. In other words, the second torque regulation loop advantageously makes it possible to improve the first fuel regulation loop. Advantageously, the second torque regulation loop does not replace the first fuel regulation loop but supports it when operating limits are reached. This means that the fundamental principles of speed regulation are not disrupted, ensuring reliable regulation.
Preferably, the control method comprises:
Advantageously, the control method comprises a step of zero resetting the torque set point TRQCMD which is implemented continuously but is inhibited when the fuel set point regulation limits are reached. In other words, the electrical torque is not used continuously to avoid excessive power consumption. The electrical torque is injected onto the high-pressure shaft when the fuel set point regulation limits are reached (pumping, shutdown, etc.) to allow them to be extended. In other words, when injected, the electrical torque provides a regulation margin to the first fuel regulation loop. Once this margin has been obtained, the torque set point TRQCMD can be, in particular gradually, zero reset.
Preferably, the torque set point TRQCMD is gradually zero reset, preferably according to at least one reduction gradient. Gradual zero resetting is opposed to abrupt zero resetting, which would induce disturbances in the turbomachine speed. Gradual zero resetting according to a reduction gradient makes it possible to control the speed at which the second torque regulation loop decreases its influence in order to allow the first fuel regulation loop to regain its influence.
Preferably, the reduction gradient is a function of the response time of the first fuel regulation loop. In other words, the zero reset speed is optimal since it is determined as a function of the first fuel regulation loop. Thus, a decrease in the influence of the second torque regulation loop is directly compensated for by the first fuel regulation loop.
Advantageously, the control method comprises a step of doubly integrating the torque correction quantity ΔTRQCMD in order to determine the torque set point TRQCMD. Double integration is advantageous given that it ensures a permanent zero speed error and thus a predetermined acceleration or deceleration time.
Preferably, the torque set point TRQCMD is bounded between a maximum torque value TRQmax determined by the structure of the electric motor ME and a minimum torque value TRQmin determined by the structure of the electric motor ME.
The invention also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for executing the steps of a control method as previously set forth when said program is executed by a computer. The invention also relates to a medium for recording said computer program. The above-mentioned recording medium may be any entity or device capable of storing the program. For example, the medium may comprise a storage medium, such as a ROM, for example a CD ROM or a microelectronic circuit ROM, or a magnetic recording medium, for example a hard disk. On the other hand, recording media may correspond to a transmissible medium such as an electrical or optical signal, which may be carried by an electrical or optical cable, by radio or by other means. The program according to the invention may be downloaded in particular on an Internet-type network. Alternatively, the recording media may correspond to an integrated circuit into which the program is incorporated, the circuit being adapted to execute or to be used in executing the method in question.
The invention also further relates to an electronic control unit for a turbomachine comprising a memory comprising instructions from a computer program as set forth above.
The invention also relates to a turbomachine comprising an electronic unit as set forth above.
The invention will be better understood upon reading the following description, given only by way of example, and referring to the appended drawings in which:
It should be noted that the figures disclose the invention in a detailed manner in order to implement the invention, said figures may of course be used to better define the invention if necessary.
With reference to
With reference to
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
Still with reference to
In this example, the first fuel loop B1 also comprises a static pressure input to the combustion chamber PS3.
The structure and operation of each loop B1, B2 will now be set forth in detail.
First Fuel Regulation Loop B1
In a known manner, with reference to
As will be set forth later, the speed trajectory generation module 303 is also configured to generate a command for the control of this trajectory.
The stabilized management module 301 provides a correction quantity to the selection module 304 as a function of the difference between the speed NH of the turbomachine T and the set point speed NHCONS. Such a stabilized management module 301 is known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail.
The purpose of the transient intent detection module 302 is to detect a transient intent desired by the pilot. The transient intent detection module 302 determines a difference between the speed NH of the turbomachine T and the set point speed NHCONS. When the control lever remains in a constant position and the stabilized management module 301 is implemented, the actual speed NH of the turbomachine T is stationary and equal to the set point speed NHCONS. If the pilot moves the control lever, the set point speed NHCONS varies instantaneously. On the contrary, the speed NH does not vary instantaneously due to the inertia of the turbomachine T and the stabilized management module 301. Thus, the transient intent detection module 302 detects a transient intent when the difference between the set point speed NHCONS and the actual speed NH is greater than a predetermined threshold S3.
According to the invention, the transient intent detection module 302 also provides an indicator of acceleration transient request TopAccel and an indicator of deceleration transient request TopDecel. In the case of acceleration, if the speed deviation is greater than the predetermined threshold S3 (NHCONS−NH>S3), the indicator of acceleration transient request TopAccel is activated. This function is implemented in an acceleration sub-module 302a which is a comparator. Similarly, in the case of deceleration, if the speed deviation is greater than the predefined threshold S3 (NH−NHCONS>S3), the indicator of deceleration transient request TopDecel is activated. This function is implemented in a deceleration sub-module 302d which is a comparator. By way of example, the threshold S3 is 200 rpm.
When a transient phase is detected, the transient intent detection module 302 generates an activation signal, which is transmitted to the speed trajectory generation module 303 and the selection module 304 as illustrated in
In the case of acceleration, the speed trajectory generation module 303 determines a speed set point for acceleration (acceleration trajectory) NHTrajAccelCons. Similarly, in the case of deceleration, the speed trajectory generation module 303 determines a speed NH set point for deceleration (deceleration trajectory) NHTrajDecelCons. Such a speed trajectory generation module 303 is known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail. In addition, the generation module 303 is also configured to generate a correction quantity that allows the trajectory set point to be followed if necessary.
In this example, when the selection module 304 receives an activation signal from the transient intent detection module 302, the selection module 304 selects the correction quantity from the stabilized management module 301 if no activation signal is received and selects the correction quantity from the speed trajectory generation module 303 in the case of receipt of an activation signal. Such a selection module 304 is known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail.
The selected fuel correction quantity ΔQCMD is provided to the integration module 305. The integration module 305 determines the fuel flow set point QCMD by integrating the fuel correction quantity ΔQCMD.
The stop management module 306 limits the value of the fuel flow set point QCMD determined by the integration module 305. In a known manner, the stop management module 306 implements a so-called C/P stop, known to those skilled in the art. In this example, the stop management module 306 allows definition of stop set points in acceleration and deceleration. For this purpose, in the case of acceleration, the stop management module 306 allows definition of an indicator of saturation of the control of the correctors by the acceleration C/P stop TopButeeAccel. Similarly, in the case of deceleration, the stop management module 306 allows definition of an indicator of saturation of the control of the correctors by the shutdown C/P stop TopButeeDecel. Such stops are known to those skilled in the art and will not be set forth in more detail. Preferably, the stop management module 306 determines the stops as a function of the static pressure in the combustion chamber PS3 and the speed NH (high-pressure spool speed).
As previously indicated, such a regulation is optimal for limiting the fuel set point QCMD transmitted to turbomachine T but induces significant response times.
To eliminate this drawback, a second torque loop B2 is coupled to the first fuel loop B1 to determine an optimum torque set point TRQCMD. For this purpose, unlike prior art, the first fuel loop B1 communicates to the second torque loop B2 the various output indicators: TopAccel, TopDecel, NHTrajAccelCons, NHTrajDecelCons, TopButeeAccel, TopButeeDecel.
Second Torque Regulation Loop B2
The aim of the second torque regulation loop B2 is to use the electric motor ME sparingly. Thus, a torque set point TRQCMD is activated only when the trajectories are limited (TopButeeAccel or TopButeeDecel) and the deviation between the NHCONS speed set point and the actual speed NH indicates a need for activating the transient controls (TopAccel or TopDecel). In other words, a torque set point TRQCMD is only activated when the fuel set point QCMD is restricted within its operating range.
As will be set forth later, the electrical torque TRQCMD provided allows the operating point to be deviated from the operating limits and thus provides the control margin to adapt the fuel set point QCMD again. By virtue of the invention, the first fuel loop B1 and the second torque loop B2 are interchanged to improve operability of the turbomachine T (response time, etc.) while at the same time limiting power consumption by the electric motor ME.
With reference to
The command determination module 401 comprises:
The command determination module 401 comprises a deceleration sub-module 401d and an acceleration sub-module 401a which are respectively configured to calculate a torque command for acceleration (acceleration torque) TRQTrajAccelCmd and a torque command for deceleration (deceleration torque) TRQTrajDecelCmd.
In this example, the acceleration sub-module 401a calculates a correction quantity, of the second derivative type, for acceleration (acceleration torque) TRQTrajAccelCmd as a function of the speed NH set point for acceleration (acceleration trajectory) NHTrajAccelCons, and the current speed NH input. Preferably, the acceleration sub-module 401a is in the form of an integral dual-integrator type corrector that fulfills the following transfer function:
in which function:
The structure of such an acceleration sub-module 401a is known to the those skilled in the art. The structure and function of the deceleration sub-module 401d are analogous.
With reference to
The zero reset module 402 comprises a plurality of input indicators from the first fuel loop B1:
The aim of the zero reset module 402 is to zero reset the torque set point TRQCMD. As will be set forth later, zero resetting is not abrupt but gradual. The zero reset module is implemented continuously. Nevertheless, zero resetting is inhibited:
When the fuel set point QCMD of the first fuel loop B1 wants to deviate from the allowed operating range, the zero reset module 402 is not zero reset. Thus, the torque set point TRQCMD enables the operating point to deviate from the operating limits. zero resetting the torque set point TRQCMD is only initiated when regulation by the fuel set point QCMD is possible.
In other words, the second torque loop B2 acts synergistically with the first fuel loop B1. The second torque loop B2 supports the first fuel loop B1. In a stabilized speed, the torque set point TRQCMD is thus zero reset to limit power consumption and improve efficiency.
With reference to
In this example, the integration module 403 is a double integrator, in order to integrate the torque correction quantity ΔTRQCMD. This ensures a permanent zero speed error and thus a predetermined acceleration or deceleration time.
An example of an integration module 403 is represented in detail in
As illustrated in
Each calculation module 51, 52 comprises a zero reset RAZ input in order to gradually reduce the value of the torque set point TRQCMD.
Indeed, the additional or deficit mechanical torque set point TRQCMD has to be suppressed once the transient is over. Indeed, the torque used for a transient cannot be maintained because it no longer necessarily corresponds to a current need and would generate undesired excessive power consumption.
By way of example, in the case of deceleration, the second torque loop B2 imposes a resistive torque TRQCMD in order to allow the speed NH to drop according to the determined trajectory, the turbomachine T reaches idle speed at the end of the transient. If the resistive torque TRQCMD is maintained during deceleration on the stabilized idle phase, the fuel then required to maintain idle will have to compensate unnecessarily for this resistive torque which is no longer useful on this operation phase. Efficiency would then be penalized. This reasoning applies in an acceleration end phase as well as in a phase in which acceleration and deceleration alternate.
As illustrated in
Advantageously, the reduction gradient QKGS is predetermined as a function of the response time of the first fuel loop B1, the response time being obtained by test and simulation. Thus, the integration module 403 of the second torque loop B2 reduces its influence on the speed NH, which advantageously allows the first fuel loop B1 to adapt the fuel set point QCMD effectively, since the electrical torque being fed has allowed the operating point to deviate from the limits QMAX, QMIN. The compensation achieved by the first fuel loop B1 is natural and controlled.
In other words, the second torque loop B2 relieves the first fuel loop B1 during a transient. The torque set point TRQCMD is thus zero reset when the conditions for activating torque regulation have disappeared.
Suppressing the torque set point TRQ fed by the electric machine ME has to be simultaneously compensated for by adapting the fuel set point QCMD, otherwise a disturbance of the speed NH would be systematic. Advantageously, adapting the fuel set point QCMD is automatic and it is not necessary to calculate new indicators in the second torque loop B2 for the first fuel loop B1.
An example of implementation of a turbomachine control method wherein a fuel flow set point QCMD and an electrical torque set point TRQCMD are determined will now be set forth.
In this example of implementation, the pilot handles the control lever to increase the speed of the turbomachine T at a time t1=5 seconds as illustrated in
The first regulation loop B1 detects a speed transient via the transient intent detection module 302 and emits an indicator of acceleration transient request TopAccel. Similarly, the speed trajectory generation module 303 determines a speed set point for acceleration (acceleration trajectory) NHTrajAccelCons. As illustrated in
During the period P1-2, defined between times t1 and t2, the current speed NH is lower than the acceleration trajectory set point NHTrajAccelCons because the fuel set point QCMD is limited by the maximum fuel set point QMAX.
During this period P1-2, the torque set point TRQCMD gradually increases (by convention in
Also, during the period P2-3, defined between times t2 and t3, the first fuel loop B1 allows the fuel set point QCMD to be adapted so that the current speed NH will reactively follow the acceleration trajectory NHTrajAccelCons. As the fuel set point QCMD is deviated from the maximum fuel set point QMAX, the acceleration stop set point TopStopAccel is no longer activated. Also, zero resetting the torque set point TRQCMD can be implemented over the period P2-3. As illustrated in
At time t3, similarly to time t1, the fuel set point Qcmp is limited by the maximum fuel set point QMAX. The acceleration stop set point TopStopAccel is then activated, inhibiting the zero reset of the torque set point TRQCMD which increases again. At time t3, the torque set point TRQCMD did not have time to be cancelled. Similarly, over the period P3-4, defined between times t3 and t4, the current speed NH is lower than the acceleration trajectory set point NHTrajAccelCons because the fuel set point QCMD is limited by the maximum fuel set point QMAX. The torque set point TRQCMD gradually increases until time t4.
By virtue of the invention, the electric motor ME is used sparingly to allow optimum trajectory following, offering a margin of regulation for the fuel set point QCMD. The first fuel loop B1 and the second torque loop B2 are implemented synergistically to optimize following of the speed trajectory and thus improve operability of the turbomachine T.
It goes without saying that only some of these indicators could be used. Similarly, it goes without saying that other indicators could be used to refine torque set point regulation.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1859636 | Oct 2018 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/076660 | 10/1/2019 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/078720 | 4/23/2020 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050056021 | Belokon | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20080276620 | Ullyott | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20170226934 | Robie | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20180178920 | Swann | Jun 2018 | A1 |
| 20180372006 | Chalaud | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20210348569 | Djelassi | Nov 2021 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 990519 | Nov 2008 | EP |
| 1990519 | Nov 2008 | EP |
| 2962159 | Jan 2012 | FR |
| 2962159 | Jan 2012 | FR |
| WO 2016020618 | Feb 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016020618 | Feb 2016 | WO |
| WO-2021181027 | Sep 2021 | WO |
| WO-2022090173 | May 2022 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Search Report from French Intellectual Property Office on corresponding FR application (FR1859636) dated Jul. 1, 2019. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion on corresponding PCT application (PCT/EP2019/076660) from International Searching Authority (EPO) dated Dec. 11, 2019. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210348569 A1 | Nov 2021 | US |
