Patent Grant
11826816
The present invention concerns the installation of blind fasteners. More specifically, this invention relates to a blind fastener installation system whereby a blind fastener is installed for the purpose of joining several metal sheets together, and a quality control inspection of the assembly is carried out.
It is common practice to join two or more sheets using a blind fastener, i.e. a fastener that requires access to only one side of the sheets to be joined. Such connections can be made using a blind rivet with a core bolt inserted into a sleeve, or using blind nuts installed via a threaded mandrel. The core bolt is shaped at one end to enable it to be gripped by a tool for pulling or screwing. The core bolt has at a second end, opposite the first end, a thread engaged with an internal tapping of the sleeve, or an enlarged diameter head relative to the diameter of the core bolt, engaged with one end of the sleeve.
A blind connection is typically formed by inserting the blind nut or rivet into a pre-drilled bore hole in the sheets to be joined. A tooling grips the first end of the core bolt or mandrel and pulls or screws said core bolt or mandrel while holding the blind nut or sleeve against an accessible face of a sheet metal. The differential force exerted on the sleeve or nut causes a physical deformation of the sleeve or the blind side of the nut, creating a second bearing surface on the blind side commonly referred to as the “bulb”.
The core bolts or mandrels typically include a shear groove designed to fracture when the pulling or torques applied exceed a certain level. Examples of such rivets or mandrels are described in document FR3016417, document FR1377442 or document EP1731773A2.
The side of the assembly where the bulb is formed is not accessible making it impossible to visually determine whether the bulb has properly formed, if it is of sufficient diameter, if it is in contact with the blind side, and whether it has formed a suitable shape.
A defective blind fastener installation may not ensure the proper joining of the sheets since the bearing surface of the bulb against the blind face is insufficient, or non-existent, or because the two walls of the bulb are not in abutment with each other.
The various defects relating to the bulb may include:
In all cases, an improperly formed bulb shape, or one that is not fully “seated” against the blind face compromises the strength of the assembly, particularly because the pre-load applied in the assembly is non-existent or insufficient.
To ensure the proper installation of a blind fastener, it is common practice to use tools equipped with sensors capable of detecting signals coming from the tooling during the installation of the blind fastener, followed by the processing of said signals through various algorithms to deduce, by comparison with predefined curves or values, the status of the fastener installation. The signals are frequently converted into force-displacement curves, in which the pulling force is plotted on the y-axis while the displacement of the core bolt or mandrel is plotted on the x-axis.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 7,503,196 provides instructions for the comparison of a force-displacement curve to an envelope of force-displacement curves obtained empirically through numerous tests. If the measured curve “breaks out” of this envelope, then it is concluded that the fastener installation is defective. The disadvantage of this process is that the envelopes cannot rule out all types of defects because the envelope would consequently be very large, nor can they rule out all types of installations (particularly installations with various configurations of structural thickness). This process also has the disadvantage of requiring a relatively long analysis time, since each point on the curve must be compared with maximum and minimum values over a certain range of displacement.
Document EP0970766 provides instructions for the comparison of only selected points of the force-displacement curve with empirically obtained force-displacement ranges. This method also does not guarantee that the blind fastener is properly installed because it is unable to rule out all types of defects.
Other algorithms focus on using the force-displacement curve in real time to stop a pulling force before it becomes too great and irreparably damages the fastener.
For example, Document WO2018178186A1 describes a method for controlling the quality of a process for assembling two components together by means of a blind nut, in which the force exerted by the tooling and the displacement of the tooling are recorded during the installation of the blind nut. This document provides instructions for calculating the derivative of the displacement relative to the force in a continuous or regular manner, and for interrupting the installation process as soon as the value of this derivative exceeds a predetermined value. This predetermined value is defined to indicate that the physical deformation of the sleeve is complete, as any further pulling force would cause an unnecessary and significant increase in the force exerted by the tooling on the nut.
This real-time process, however, does not indicate the proper or defective quality of the nut installation. It only provides a clearer indication of when the pulling force should be stopped.
This is an obstacle for the use of blind fasteners in certain fields of application requiring a high level of reliability of the assemblies, for example in the fields of automotive or aeronautical construction.
There is therefore still the need for a quality control method of the blind fastener installation that can be performed in a comprehensive, reliable, and time-efficient manner.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a quality control method for a blind fastener installation to effectively determine the character of the defect of said blind fastener installation.
For this purpose, the present invention details the quality control method for the installation of a blind fastener comprising a sleeve and a core bolt, the blind fastener being inserted into a pre-drilled bore hole in a structure, and then locally deformed by means of a tool that pulls or screws the core bolt to deform the sleeve into a bulb on a rear side of the structure until a driving portion of the core bolt fractures indicating that the installation of the blind fastener is complete, with at least one force-displacement signal or torque-angle signal having been generated during the installation of the blind fastener. The quality control process comprises the following steps:
the installation is said to be defective if at least one result of the comparison does not meet the predefined condition.
The method ensures that a bulb has been properly formed, that the two walls of the bulb are in contact with each other, and that the entire surface of the bulb is in abutment with the blind side of the parts to be assembled.
According to specific embodiments of the invention, the method includes the following steps:
The invention also concerns a device for implementing the above-described installation quality control method, said device comprising processing means capable of identifying the at least two notable points of the at least one signal and estimating the at least first and second parameters.
The invention will be better understood upon reading the following description, given only as a non-limiting example, and made with reference to the drawings in which:
The driving portion 13, is intended to operate with an installation tool of the type shown schematically in
The tooling 300 comprises a body 310 with a bearing face 312, a housing 314 for receiving the gripping element 13 of the blind fastener 100, and a rotating drive shaft 316 driven by a motor 318, capable of driving the fastener 100 in the axial direction X by means of a ball screw or directly in rotation around the X axis.
The tooling 300 comprises four strain gauges 320 installed on the outer surface of the body 310, equidistant from each other, forming a Wheatstone bridge. Multiple gauges may be installed on the body. The strain gauges measure the bearing force exerted on the bearing face 312 on the collar 22 of the sleeve during the pulling force which is propagated into the body 310. Alternatively, the tooling may not include a strain gauge but instead comprises a current sensor for the drive mechanism. Regardless of the technology used, the signals emitted by the strain gauges, or the current sensor are representative of the pulling force F exerted on the fastener 100.
The tooling further includes an angle sensor 322, capable of measuring an angular position a of the drive shaft 316.
The installation of the fastener 100 consists of the following main steps:
Other tooling can of course be used for the installation of the fastener 100. For example, a first tooling can be used to exert pulling force on the driving portion 13 and then a second tooling can be used to screw the core bolt 10 into the sleeve 20 and fracture the driving portion.
A blind fastener installation control device 400 will be described in relation to
The control device 400 preferably comprises an amplifier 330 capable of amplifying the electrical signals emitted by the strain gauges 320 and the angle sensor 322. The connection between the strain gauges 320, respectively the angle sensor 322, and the amplifier may be wired or wireless.
After amplification, the electrical signals are preferably filtered by filtering devices 332 with a bandwidth corresponding to the frequency range of the received signals.
Processing devices 334 are configured to process the electrical signals, after amplification and filtering. These processing devices are configured specifically to calculate parameters during the pulling and screwing steps, specifically to identify certain pulling or torque and displacement values from the signals received.
Comparison devices 336 are further configured to compare the parameters to a predefined value or range of values. Depending on the result of this comparison, the deformation of the threaded sleeve is considered to have a proper or defective quality.
Transmitting devices 338 are further configured to transmit a signal informing whether the installation of the blind fastener 100 is proper or defective, following the pulling step, or the screwing step. This information signal can be a sound signal, or a visual signal presented on a screen to an operator, on a screen fitted to the tooling 300, or a signal transmitted through a communication protocol, directed to a computer equipment or device of an industrial production unit, for example an automated assembly line.
The control device 400 may be incorporated in a remote computer, which may or may not be connected to the tooling 300 or integrated into the tooling 300.
The method for controlling the installation of a blind fastener 100 described above will now be described. The principle of the method lies in identifying the specific points of pulling force, torque and displacement, calculating parameters based on some of these specific points to check whether certain criteria are met, and comparing the results to a predefined condition, usually established by testing groups of fasteners, e.g. by diameter, in different configurations, e.g. in structures of different thicknesses, within the clamping range of the fastener and outside this clamping range, using different tools.
For this purpose, during the pulling step, the force signals emitted by the strain gauges 320 and the angle measurements a emitted by the angle sensor 322 are sent to the amplifier 330, each signal being sent at a frequency specific to the strain gauges and the angle sensor, which are preferably identical. The signals are then possibly filtered by the filtering devices 332. The processing devices 334 process the angle measurements to eventually transform them into displacement X—some angle measurements, however, can be processed without being transformed into displacement. The processing devices 334 sample the pulling force or torque.
The processing devices 334 thus allows the pulling forces F or torques C and angles α to be processed to create a pulling force or torque versus displacement curve.
According to studies conducted by the applicant, a blind fastener of the type comprising a core bolt and a sleeve, installed either by a pulling step followed by a screwing step, or by a screwing step alone, or by a pulling step alone, is properly installed if the following two criteria are met:
1. the bulb is properly formed and in contact with the rear face of the structure,
2. sufficient tension is applied in the screw.
Optionally, an additional criterion is to check that the screwing of the core bolt into the sleeve has been performed without rotation of the sleeve when the core bolt is threaded. Another optional criterion is to check that the head of the core bolt is in contact with the collar of the sleeve, when the core bolt of the blind fastener has an enlarged, usually countersunk, or protruding head.
A method for controlling the installation of a blind fastener of the above mentioned type in which the core bolt 10 is a screw comprising an external thread, thus comprising the estimation of at least one parameter allowing the evaluation of each of the aforementioned at least two criteria, and the comparison with a predefined condition which may be a threshold value (minimum or maximum) or an acceptable range of values. If any of the criteria are not met, then the installation is considered unsatisfactory.
For this purpose, the applicant has demonstrated that during the installation of the fastener in structures to be assembled, a signal representative of the displacement of the core bolt as a function of the pulling force and/or the torque exerted on said core bolt must be generated, then several characteristic points must be detected. It is preferable for the curve to be filtered to improve detection accuracy. For a fastener 100 detailed above, at least two points among the following seven characteristic points are to be identified:
For a blind fastener installed only by pulling force, the characteristic points to be identified will be among points B0, B1, B2 and B3. For a fastener installed only by screwing, the characteristic points to be identified will be among points C0, C1, C2, and C3 of the curve in
Thus, for a screwing-only type of fastener 100 detailed above, in which the core bolt is a screw comprising an external thread, at least two of the following four characteristic points are to be identified (
For each of the criteria, one or more parameters based on the values of these points can be used to check whether the criterion is met. In the following description, a non-limiting list of these parameters will be given as an example. Several parameters can be used depending on the level of detection that is desired. The greater the number of parameters used, the better the detection of defective installations.
In the example parameters below, ‘X’ indicates the absolute value of the core bolt displacement in mm, ‘A’ indicates the angle of rotation of the fastener in degrees, ‘F’ indicates the pulling force in N measured during installation, and ‘C’ indicates a torque in N.m measured during installation. When the core bolt is a threaded screw, the angle of rotation A of the fastener can be transformed into the displacement of the screw or sleeve when the screw is not moving by multiplying the angle of rotation A by the thread pitch of the screw (or sleeve, normally equal to the thread pitch of the screw).
Criterion No. 1—Bulb Formed and in Contact with the Structure
A parameter to check this criterion can be the measurement of the pulling force F1 at the buckling point B1, compared to a range of values that is a function of the force value of the pulling set point F3. For example, the pulling force F1 at the buckling point B1 is correct when it is between 70% and 95% of the force F3, as indicated by equation {1} below. The choice of value range depends on the geometry of the sleeve, its material, the hardness in the portion to be buckled and the tooling used. A value outside this range indicates improper buckling, this may be due to the hardness of the sleeve being below or above an acceptable hardness.
Another parameter may be the value of the slope of the curve portion 504 between the contact point of the sleeve B2 and the setpoint B3. The slope of this curve can be calculated as the ratio R1 between the difference in pulling force (F3-F2) between the setpoint B3 and the contact point of the sleeve B2, and the difference in displacement (X3-X2) between the setpoint B3 and the contact point of the sleeve B2. Alternatively, the ratio R1 can be calculated using the least squares method applied to the curve portion 504.
The ratio R1 is representative of the stiffness of the assembly once the bulb is compacted on itself and on the blind face of the structure, and the structural elements are plated between the collar and the bulb of the sleeve. When this ratio is less than a given value, this parameter indicates that the stiffness of the assembly is less than the expected stiffness, which may indicate an umbrella-shaped bulb, or a reversal of the collar 22, that does not allow for the proper clamping of the assembly. For an 8/32″ diameter OPTIBLIND™ fastener, the R1 ratio must be greater than 3,500 N/mm, for example, as indicated by equation {2}.
This threshold value was established statistically on two hundred installations, by distinguishing the proper installations from the deficient ones, and by calculating for each curve the value of the R1 ratio.
Another parameter may be the difference of the displacement X2 at the contact point of the sleeve B2 and the displacement X1 at the buckling point B1 compared to a displacement range of the difference of the displacement X3 at the setpoint B3 and the displacement X0 at the pulling start point B0. For example, the parameter range can be between 38 and 57%, as indicated by the equation {3}.
The values of the range can be different depending on the tooling used for the installation, for example, between 35 and 60% when the installation is performed by a robot.
Another parameter can be the difference in distance between the displacement X2 at the contact point of the sleeve B2 and the displacement X1 at the buckling point B1, depending on the expected diameter of the bulb. The displacement X1-X2 is representative of the reduction in length of the blind-side of the sleeve, linked to the screw by the engaged threads, and indirectly the diameter of the bulb formed. Indeed, if the expected bulb is, for example, equal to 1.5 times the diameter of the drill hole, then the theoretical geometric length reduction is equal to twice the formed bulb radius, minus the drill hole radius, as indicated by equation {4}.
For example, for an 8/32″ (6.32 mm) diameter OPTIBLIND™ blind fastener intended to be installed in a 6.35 mm drill hole, the difference in screw displacement between the contact point of the sleeve B2 and the buckling point B1 must be greater than 3.01 mm using equation {4}.
When this parameter is less than 3.01 mm, it means that the bulb has not reached its optimum diameter, either because the installed fastener has a lower clamping capacity than the thickness of the structure, or because the sleeve has not been able to deform for structural reasons, because the hardness of the sleeve is higher than the expected level, for example.
Another parameter can be to compare the difference in fastener angular displacement between the contact point of the screw S2 and the screwing start point S1 to a range of fastener angular displacement, using measurements from the angle sensor 322 without processing this measurement through the processing device 334. The angular displacement between S1 and S2 is an alternative to measuring the displacement between the pulling start point B0 and the setpoint B3—also possible, but more accurate. The angular displacement of the screw corresponds to a translational displacement of the screw. An angular displacement outside the expected range indicates that the screw has too much or too little travel relative to the thickness to be clamped, and therefore that the fastener is not adapted to the thickness to be clamped. An example for an 8/32″ diameter OPTIBLIND™ blind fastener is given by the equation {5}.
70% FB3<FB1<95% FB3 {1}
R1=(FB3−FB2)/(XB3−XB2)>3,500 N/mm {2}
38%(XB3−XB0)<(XB2−XB1)<57%(XB3−XB0) {3}
(XB2−XB1)>95%(1.5×drill hole diameter−diameter of the drill hole) {4}
1,800°<AfastenerS2−AfastenerS1<2,850° {5}
Criterion No. 2—Sufficient Tension is Applied to the Screw
One parameter to check this criterion may be to compare the torque C3 at the fracture point S3 to the expected torque range. If the fracture of the gripper element occurs below the lower limit of the range, the gripper element was probably fractured through a combination of bending and twisting, for example because the tooling was applied to the fastener in a direction other than the normal direction for the fastener. A consequence may be that the tension applied in the screw may not be the expected tension. If the fracture occurs above the upper limit of the range, it may indicate a problem in the installation tooling, or it may indicate that the shear groove does not meet the definition. An example of this parameter is given by equation {6}.
Another parameter may be to compare the difference in the fastener rotation angle between the fracture point S3 and the contact point of the screw S2 to a range of angles. Alternatively, the angle difference can be converted to displacement by multiplying the angle of rotation by the pitch of the screw thread. Indeed, at point S2, the head 11 of the screw normally abuts in or on the collar 22 of the sleeve—depending on the shape of the head, countersunk or protruding. The application of additional torque is not intended to move the screw, which is physically translationally prevented by the sleeve, but is intended to apply tension in the screw, until the force becomes greater than the level of force that the shear groove 12 can support. A displacement above or below a certain level indicates an installation problem or a fastening problem (material, shear groove etc.). An example is given by equation {7}.
Another parameter can be to calculate the slope of the torque-displacement signal between the fracture point S3 and the contact point of the screw S2 and compare it to a range of values. This slope is primarily representative of the elastic deformation of the screw. When the value of this slope is outside the expected range, it may mean that the screw has not deformed enough or has deformed too much in the longitudinal direction X. For example, an insufficiently formed bulb after the pulling step may still be deformed by the rotation of the screw, but the screw will not be stressed, and the slope will be below the lower limit of the range. An example is given by equation {8}.
Another parameter can be to compare the difference between the torque at the fracture point S3 and the average torque between the screw start point S1 and the contact point of the screw S2 to the expected force range. This parameter is representative of the frictional torque between the screw and the sleeve. Excessive friction torques can mean that much of the torque exerted on the screw is not used to apply tension in the screw, which can result in insufficient tension in the screw. An example is given by equation {9}.
Another parameter, alternative to the previous one, can be to compare the torque C2 at the contact point of the screw S2, or the average torque between the screwing start point S1 and the contact point of the screw S2, to a maximum threshold torque value, or to a range of torque values. A value below the lower limit may indicate the absence of a braking device between the screw and the sleeve, which in operation, may cause the screw to loosen. An example is given by equation {10}.
For example, for an 8/32″ diameter OPTIBLIND™ blind fastener, these parameters may be:
6.5 Nm<CS3<8 Nm {6}
70°<AfastenerS3−AfastenerS2<240° {7}
5 Nm/mm<slope(S3-S2)<30 Nm/mm {8}
5.8 Nm<CS3−CAverage(S1;S2)<8 Nm {9}
0.1 Nm<CS2<2 Nm {10}
Optional Criterion No. 3—the Screw Head is in Contact with Sleeve Head
The screw 10 of the OPTIBLIND™ fastener comprises a countersunk or protruding head 11, of enlarged diameter relative to the diameter of the shaft 15, which, when installed in or on the collar 22 of the sleeve, forms the fastener head. For this type of fastener, it is necessary to check that the head 11 of the screw is in contact with the collar 22 of the sleeve. These two elements being on the accessible side, the checking can be done by means of a camera, or by an operator with the use of a block once the fastener is installed.
It is also possible to measure the displacement of the screw 10 on the clamping area between points S1 and S2 and compare it to the displacement of the screw during the pulling step between B0 and B3. Although intuitively the two displacements should theoretically match 100%, a statistical analysis of these displacements can show that this matching is only partial depending on the type of tooling used. For example, for an 8/32″ diameter OPTIBLIND™ blind fastener installed with a hand tool, the screw head is in contact with the sleeve collar if the screw displacement over the clamping area between S1 and S2 is between 64% and 90% of the screw displacement between points B0 and B3 during the pulling step, as indicated by equation {11}:
64%(XB3−XB0)<(XS2−XS1)<90%(XB3−XB0) {11}
For the same fastener installed with a robot using another kinematics or installed using separate tools to apply the pulling and torques, the head of the screw is in contact with the collar of the sleeve if the displacement of the screw on the clamping area between S1 and S2 is between 46% and 74% of the displacement of the screw between points B0 and B3 during the pulling step.
Indeed, when the displacements are derived from conversions of rotation angles of the drive shaft and/or rotation angle of the fastener, when the tooling uses elastic means to compensate the displacements of the different elements of the tooling, the calculated displacements are not accurate displacements, they are approximations. Furthermore, the position of the screwing start point S1 may differ from the actual screwing start point depending on the signal processing and point detection algorithms used. The ranges indicated therefore correspond to the correction ranges of the above uncertainties.
Criterion No. 4 Optional—the Screw is Screwed into the Sleeve without Rotation of the Sleeve.
The OPTIBLIND™ fastener is unique in that there are no indentations or means of attachment using a tool on the front face of the collar. During the screwing phase, the rotation of the sleeve is prevented by the resistant friction generated between the contact surfaces of the sleeve 20 and the structure 200, the screw 11 being maintained in tension on the accessible side of the structure. This phenomenon is generally sufficient to prevent any rotation, except for example if the fastener is installed in a too large diameter drill hole, or if the bulb has not reached a sufficient diameter.
The fact that the driving portion breaks at the set force is not in itself sufficient to establish that the sleeve did not rotate during the screwing step and/or fracture point. A rotation may mean that the bulb is not sufficiently pressed against the rear face, or is pressed with some local contact defects, which may induce a loss of pre-load of the structure in operation. Conversely, a slight rotation is not necessarily a sign of defective installation, as the residual preload in the structure may be sufficient for the intended purpose.
If this criterion is used to control the installation of a blind fastener, a first method for detecting a rotation of the sleeve can be simply a visual one, for example a camera visualizing one or more marks on the collar of the sleeve, placed on the accessible side, during or after the installation. These marks can be applied to the collar of the sleeve during manufacture.
A second possible method is to calculate the derivative of the torque-displacement curve on the fractured part between points S2 and S3, and check that it is always positive. Indeed, a negative derivative indicates an unexpected decrease of the torque applied, which is a sign of rotation of the sleeve. Such a parameter would thus comply with equation {12}:
A preferred method is to calculate the derivative centered on at least two values between points S2 and S3, and preferably on at least five values, to avoid calculation errors due to the sensitivity of the angle sensor 322 which can induce locally false calculations.
Signal Processing
In the case of a “pull-torque” type blind fastener installation generating a signal covering both the pulling and screwing phases of the core bolt, the processing of the pulling and screwing signals may include three steps:
Obviously, in the case of an installation of a fastener installed through only pulling or only screwing, the separation of the two steps does not have to be made.
The step of processing signals from the first, or only, pulling phase may include:
Point B0 can be identified when the pulling force exceeds a certain threshold value, for example 200 N. This value is indeed sufficient to filter the bearing forces of the tooling on the collar of the sleeve.
Point B1 can be identified by studying the change in slope of the force curve, for example by calculating the derivative of curve portions 502 and 503, and then calculating the difference between a left sliding average over N points and a right sliding average over N points, where N is for example 5. Each of these averages generates a time delay whose difference is a no-delay image of the rate of change of the curve. A rolling average is then applied to filter out the difference. Point B1 is given at the zero-crossing of this curve or at its minimum, if the zero-crossing does not exist.
Point B2 can be identified by minimizing the slope of the portion of curve 504 before reaching the set force and intersecting this slope with the X-axis displacements. From the set point B3, the last points of the curve are scanned, and the slope of the line thus formed is calculated. The minimum of this slope gives the point B2.
Point B3 can be identified as the first overshoot of the set force, for example set at 12,400 N for an OPTIBLIND™ fastener of 8/32″ diameter.
The signal processing step of the second screwing phase may include:
When the blind fastener is installed only by screwing, the screw does not move in translation, only the tapped portion of the sleeve moves in the X direction towards the rear side when the bulb is formed. This displacement can be measured indirectly by measuring the angle of rotation imposed on the screw and multiplying this angle by the thread pitch of the screw. For example, a screw with a nominal thread size of 0.1900-32 as per AS8879 UNJF-3A, the thread has a pitch of 0.79 mm. Therefore, a 360° rotation of the screw indicates that the tapping of the sleeve has moved in translation by 0.79 mm.
Point S1 can be identified by looking for the maximum difference between the torque curve and a line through a point S1Max, corresponding to the largest displacement of a set of points defined as less than a minimum torque, and a point S1Min, corresponding to the smallest displacement of a set of points defined as greater than a maximum torque.
The S2 point can be identified by looking for the maximum of the difference between the torque curve and a line passing through a S2Min point corresponding to the smallest displacement of a set of points defined as being less than a minimum torque, and a S2Max point corresponding to the largest displacement of a set of points defined as being greater than a maximum torque.
Point S3 can be identified as the last torque reached before the fracture point.
In the following description, several examples of defective fastener 100 installations are shown. Table 1 gives a summary of the results for the twelve parameters used in seven examples. A parameter meeting the criterion is noted as “OK”, a parameter not meeting the criterion is noted as “NOK”.
In some cases of pull-and-screw fastener installations, the process allows you to determine that the installation is defective as soon as the pull step is completed. When the analysis is performed in real time, it is not necessary to screw the screw into the sleeve. It is more interesting for a user to remove the screw by means of the gripping element and then remove the partially deformed sleeve and proceed to a new installation with another fastener. When the analysis is performed after installation, it is not necessary to process the signal from the screwing stage.
In this example, a blind fastener 100 with a diameter of 8/32″ (6.32 mm) and a minimum grip capacity of 12.50 mm is installed in a structure with a 6.35 mm drill hole and a thickness of 11.90 mm. In this example, which represents an erroneous choice of fastener length—far too long relative to the thickness of the structure—
The choice of a fastener that is too long is detected by the parameter in equation {5}, which is greater than the upper limit of the expected force range, because the installation required the screw 10 to be screwed into the sleeve 20 over an angular range that is much greater than the angular range of a fastener of correct length.
In this example, an 8/32″ (6.32 mm) diameter blind fastener with a maximum grip capacity of 11.31 mm is installed in a structure with a 6.35 mm drill hole and 11.90 mm thickness. In this example, which represents an erroneous choice of fastener length—far too short for the thickness of the structure,
Two defects were detected during the pulling step, notably the parameter {4} relating to the external diameter of the bulb: the calculated value is lower than the expected value, which represents a defect linked to the choice of a fastener that is too short relative to the thickness of the structure to be clamped, having a deformable effective length of the sleeve that is insufficient for this thickness.
Since two parameters only use characteristic points of the pulling step, it would have been possible to stop the installation without calculating the other parameters.
In these examples, a blind fastener with a diameter of 8/32″ (6.32 mm) and a grip capacity of 10.91 to 12.90 mm is installed in a structure with a 9/32″ (7.14 mm) drill hole, i.e., larger than the fastener diameter, with a thickness of 11.90 mm.
The deformation of the sleeve during the installation of a fastener in an oversized drill hole is unstable, probably due to a lack of bearing of the bulb on the blind face of the structure and/or a lack of coaxiality between the fastener axis and the drill hole axis. Thus, depending on the extent of the defect, the parameters for detecting a defective installation are not all the same.
However, we note that in both examples, the buckling force FB′ is well above the expected force range of the parameter {1}.
Several parameters using only characteristic points of the pulling step indicate a defective installation. It would have been feasible to stop the installation without the need to calculate the other parameters.
In this example, a blind fastener with a diameter of 8/32″ (6.32 mm) and a grip capacity of 10.91 mm to 12.90 mm is installed in a structure with a 8/32″ (6.35 mm) drill hole, a thickness of 12.90 mm, and a slope of 10° on the rear side, i.e., greater than the recommended slope for installing fastener 100.
In this test, the slope led to defects in the formation of the bulb, which were identified by the parameters in equations {2} to {5}. It is also noted that the parameter in equation {9} relating to the tension applied in the screw is below the lower limit of the expected force range, presumably due to friction of the screw in the sleeve due to the sloping deformation of the bulb, which also rubs on the shaft 15 of the screw 10.
In this example, a blind fastener with a diameter of 8/32″ (6.32 mm) and a grip capacity of 10.91 mm to 12.90 mm is installed in a structure with an 8/32″ (6.35 mm) drill hole and a thickness of 12.90 mm, without bringing the collar 22 of the sleeve into contact with the countersink in the structure. It is therefore a defective installation.
Defects were detected during pulling step indicating a bulb formation defect. A characteristic defect of a lack of bearing of the bulb on the rear face is also indicated by equation {12}, showing a rotation of the sleeve during the screwing step, an axial play existing between the ends of the sleeve 20 and the front 210a and rear 220b faces of the structure.
In this example, a blind fastener with a diameter of 8/32″ (6.32 mm) and a grip capacity of 10.91 mm to 12.90 mm is installed in a structure with a 8/32″ (6.35 mm) drill hole and a thickness of 10.91 mm, without securing the head of the sleeve into the structure's countersink. It is therefore a defective installation.
Many parameters indicate a defective installation, relating to defects in the shape of the bulb, the tension applied in the screw, the rotation of the sleeve and of course, a lack of tension applied in the screw.
Table 1 below shows the results of the above examples:
(S1;S2) < 8 Nm
(dY_i)/d1
_
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2102451 | Mar 2021 | FR | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4163311 | Sigmund | Aug 1979 | A |
| 7503196 | Chitty | Mar 2009 | B2 |
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