Patent Application
20240008481
The present invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing. In the method of this invention, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of a composition comprising pendimethalin is applied to the aquatic environment before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings. The method is particularly suitable for weed control in flooded rice fields.
Rice is the most important human food crop in the world, directly feeding more people than any other crop. Two rice species are important cereals for human nutrition: Oryza sativa L., the Asian rice, and O. glaberrima Steud., the African rice. O. sativa L. constitutes virtually all of the world's cultivated rice and is also grown in the United States, inter alia in the Central Valleys of California.
Weeds are a major challenge in rice production and can account to 59% yield loss with watergrasses (Echinochloa spp.) and up to 100% in dry-seeded systems in California (Brim-DeForest, W. B., Al-Khatib, A. and Fischer, A. J. (2017). Predicting yield losses in rice mixed-weed species infestations in California. Weed Science, 65, pp. 61-71). Major competitive watergrass species include barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides), late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) and Sprangletop (Leptochloa fusca).
Rice is a semi-aquatic crop that benefits from flooded soil conditions during part or all of the growing season. Rice production in the United States can be broadly categorized as either dry-seeded or water-seeded. In the dry-seeded system, rice is sown into a well-prepared seed bed with a grain drill or by broadcasting the seed and incorporating it with a disk or harrow. Moisture for seed germination is from irrigation or rainfall. Another method of planting by the dry-seeded system is to broadcast the seed by airplane into a flooded field, then promptly drain the water from the field. For the dry-seeded system, when the plants have reached sufficient size (four-to five-leaf stage), a shallow permanent flood of water 5 to 16 cm deep is applied to the field for the remainder of the crop season. Rice varieties are favorable that grow quickly as seedlings to compete with weeds and accelerate the application of a permanent flood that suppresses the growth of grassy weeds. Residual grass herbicides are also used to prevent the emergence of new weeds.
In the water-seeded system, rice seed is soaked for 12 to 36 hours to initiate germination, and the seed is broadcast by airplane into a flooded field. This is the predominant rice production system in California. Some herbicides are applied pre-emergence (applied to soil before flooding) and some applied at the date of seeding or early in the first few weeks of rice seedling growth. Controlling weeds at germination or when they are young reduces competition with the rice seedling, hastening the rice plant growth and canopy closure that helps suppress weeds. Weeds are also much easier to control when in the early stages of growth. Pre-emergence application have advantages to the grower in that they can be accomplished at the final stage of seedbed preparation by ground as opposed to an aerial application when the field is flooded.
Aerial application of pesticides is subject to regulation and restriction due to potential drift or movement, and some rice herbicide materials cannot be applied by air in California. In some cases, the herbicides are not liquid sprays but granules that disperse in the flooded paddy to control the weeds. This is of great advantage to prevent drift or movement of the herbicide from the target field. Maintaining a permanent flood supports the control of grassy weeds, especially in combination with selective grass herbicides. The aquatic weeds (e.g. sedges and rushes), however are favored by the permanent flood. The water-seeded system lends itself to the water infrastructure, delivery to the fields, and management in California.
The rice seedlings emerge through a shallow flood, or the water may be drained from the field for a short period of time to enhance seedling establishment. Lowering the water improves stand establishment by providing additional oxygen that enhances root growth and better anchoring the seedling against uprooting by wind and wave action. It also exposes weeds for contact herbicide applications. However, this promotes grassy weed growth, nitrogen loss, and increased water consumption and management. Herbicide use on rice can injure the rice plant and reduce plant growth, shorten the height, delay maturity and possibly reduce yield. Draining the field or lowering the water is used to lessen herbicide injury; however, this may not be possible because of water hold periods required for an herbicide, and water management and use efficiency. In recent years, due to environmental regulations, appearance of herbicide resistant weeds and phasing out of older herbicides, weed control in commercial rice production in California has become a primary production issue for growers.
Pendimethalin has been used as a preemergence herbicide to control weeds in dry direct-seeded rice. This active ingredient can also be used alone or with a tank mix partner for early post-emergence weed control in dry-seeded rice and for post-emergence weed control in water-seeded rice. In the latter two applications, however, the rice fields must be completely drained and free of standing water before application. This is because soil and weeds must be completely exposed to spray coverage and no flood water should be on the field at the time of application. Further, the use of pendimethalin is limited to the use after the rice seed has germinated. The reason for this limitation is that pendimethalin is a root inhibitor and is therefore toxic to germinating rice seed.
Nevertheless, there is still a need to control weeds (especially aquatic weeds) in flooded rice. It is also desirable to develop practices for preventing, delaying or managing herbicide-resistant weeds (especially herbicide-resistant aquatic weeds) in flooded rice. Further, there is still a need to control weeds (especially aquatic weeds) in flooded rice while at the time preventing or minimizing injury to and/or yield loss in the crop species.
Thus, an object of the present invention lies in the effective control of weeds (especially aquatic weeds) in flooded rice.
Another object of the present invention is to effectively control herbicide-resistant weeds (especially herbicide-resistant aquatic weeds) in flooded rice.
Yet another object of the present invention lies in the effective control of weeds (especially aquatic weeds) in flooded rice without injury to and/or yield loss in the crop species.
These and further objects are achieved by the method as described below.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings.
Pendimethalin is the common name of the herbicidal compound with the IUPAC name N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine and the Chemical Abstracts name N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (CAS RN 40487-42-1) that is described in the The Pesticide Manual, Fourteenth Edition, Editor: C. D. S. Tomlin, British Crop Production Council, 2006, entry 640, pages 805-806.
The term “herbicidally effective amount” denotes an amount of the active ingredient(s), which is sufficient for controlling unwanted plants, especially for controlling unwanted plants in cultivated plants and which does not result in a substantial damage to the treated plants. Such an amount can vary in a broad range and is dependent on various factors, such as the plants to be controlled, the treated cultivated plant or material, the climatic conditions and the specific composition according to the invention used.
The terms “plants” and “vegetation”, as used herein, include germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation.
The term “locus”, as used herein, means the area in which the undesirable vegetation or rice plants are growing or will grow.
The terms “controlling” and “combating”, as used herein, are synonyms.
The terms “undesirable vegetation”, “harmful plants”, “unwanted plants”, “weeds” and “weed species”, as used herein, are synonyms.
The term “aquatic environment”, as used herein, means any standing water in which a rice plant is growing and requires pre-emergent weed control such as, for example, a flooded rice field, a flooded rice paddy, a pond or a lake. Preferably, the aquatic environment is a flooded rice field, a flooded rice paddy, a pond or a lake, more preferably a flooded rice field or a flooded rice paddy and in particular a flooded rice field.
As used herein, ranges specifically include the values provided as endpoint values of the range. As used herein, ranges specifically include all the integer values of the range. For example, a range of 1 to 100 or from 1 to 100 specifically includes the end point values of 1 and 100.
Further embodiments of the invention are evident from the description, the examples and the claims. It is to be understood that the features mentioned above and still to be illustrated below of the subject matter of the invention can be applied not only in the combination given in each particular case but also in other combinations, without leaving the scope of the invention.
Surprisingly, it has been found that pendimethalin provides effective pre-emergence weed control when applied to an aquatic environment in which rice plants are cultivated such as, for example, a flooded rice field after germination of the rice seedlings.
Another advantage of this invention is that pendimethalin or a suitable composition or formulation thereof can be applied directly into or onto the water of an aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), such that the active ingredient becomes dispersed in the total water volume of the flooded rice field or paddy but also quickly settles into the seed zone, resulting in the active ingredient coming into contact with the weed seed and inhibiting germination. This result is all the more surprising because pendimethalin has hitherto only been applied to completely drained rice fields and commercial pendimethalin products were assumed to not settle into the weed germination zone due to an expected low sedimentation rate of the pendimethalin particles.
Furthermore, the method of the present invention provides effective control of common grass weeds occurring in flooded rice fields in e.g. California, United States, in particular various Echinochloa species (Echinochloa spp., e.g. common barnyardgrass) and bearded sprangletop (Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis) which are the most troublesome and difficult to control and could cause significant yield reduction if left uncontrolled.
Yet another advantage is that the method of this invention does not cause injury of the rice plants. This is because the rice plant has germinated and grown out of the stage where pendimethalin may damage the plant, but still be effective at controlling weed germination.
In a preferred embodiment, a composition comprising pendimethalin is applied.
Thus, a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings.
Preferably, pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of liquid droplets, microcapsules or solid particles, more preferably in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and most preferably in the form of microcapsules.
In still another preferred embodiment, a liquid or solid formulation comprising pendimethalin, each being optionally diluted with water, is applied. The term “being optionally diluted with water” as used herein means in each case that the respective formulation is present or applied either undiluted or diluted with water. Exemplary liquid formulations include emulsifiable concentrates (EC), capsule suspensions (CS) or suspension concentrates (SC), with emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and capsule suspensions (CS) being preferred and capsule suspensions (CS) being more preferred. Any of the aforementioned liquid formulations are normally intended for dilution with water before application. In certain embodiments, the aforementioned liquid formulations can also be applied neat without dilution with water such as, for example, the application of capsule suspensions (CS) by drones.
Exemplary solid formulations include granule products, for example water-dispersible granules (WG) and granules (GR), with granules (GR) being preferred. Water-dispersible granules (WG) are applied after disintegration and/or dispersion in water. Granules (GR) are ready to use for direct application to the aquatic environment without any further dilution or mixing step. The aforementioned and further formulation types are defined in the “Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system”, Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International.
The aforementioned formulations can be prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
Suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.
Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclohexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol. 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.
Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide. Examples of N-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.
Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of pendimethalin on the target. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxiliaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.
Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), inorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.
Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
Suitable colorants (e.g. in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidons, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
Examples for the aforementioned formulation types and their preparation are given below:
5-70 wt % of pendimethalin or a composition comprising pendimethalin and at least one further compound selected from the herbicides B (as defined herein) and safeners C (as defined herein) and 5-10 wt % emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon) ad 100 wt %. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.
In an agitated ball mill, 20-60 wt % of pendimethalin or a composition comprising pendimethalin and at least one further compound selected from the herbicides B (as defined herein) and safeners C (as defined herein) are comminuted with addition of 2-10 wt % dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0.1-2 wt % thickener (e.g. xanthan gum) and water ad 100 wt % to give a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.
iii) Capsule Suspensions (CS)
An oil phase comprising 5-70 wt % of pendimethalin or a composition comprising pendimethalin and at least one further compound selected from the herbicides B (as defined herein) and safeners C (as defined herein), 0-40 wt % water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt % acrylic monomers (e.g. methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by a radical initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules. Alternatively, an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt % of pendimethalin, 0-40 wt % water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer (e.g. diphenylmethene-4,4′-diisocyanate) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). The addition of a polyamine (e.g. hexamethylenediamine) results in the formation of polyurea microcapsules. The monomers amount to 1-10 wt %. The wt % relate to the total CS formulation.
50-80 wt % of pendimethalin or a composition comprising pendimethalin and at least one further compound selected from the herbicides B (as defined herein) and safeners C (as defined herein) are ground finely with addition of dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate) ad 100 wt % and prepared as water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
0.5-30 wt % of pendimethalin or a composition comprising pendimethalin and at least one further compound selected from the herbicides B (as defined herein) and safeners C (as defined herein) is ground finely and associated with solid carrier (e.g. silicate) ad 100 wt %. Granulation is achieved by extrusion, spray-drying or the fluidized bed.
The aforementioned formulation types i) to v) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1-1 wt % bactericides, 5-15 wt % anti-freezing agents, 0.1-1 wt % anti-foaming agents, and 0.1-1 wt % colorants.
In a preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin is applied. More preferably, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin is applied. Most preferably, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water is applied. In another embodiment, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water or a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water is applied. In another embodiment, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water is applied. In another embodiment, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water is applied. In another embodiment, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin is applied. In another embodiment, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water is applied. In another embodiment, granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin is applied.
In another preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, the composition comprising pendimethalin is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin. More preferably, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin. Most preferably, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water or a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin.
In still another preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin is applied. More preferably, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin is applied. Most preferably, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water is applied. In another embodiment, an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water is applied. In another embodiment, an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water is applied. In another embodiment, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin is applied. In another embodiment, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water is applied.
In yet another preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, the composition comprising pendimethalin is an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin. More preferably, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin. Most preferably, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin. In another embodiment, the composition comprising pendimethalin is a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water.
As an example of an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) that can be used in this invention, the product PROWL® 3.3 EC (BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, N.C., U.S.A.) may be mentioned. PROWL® 3.3 EC contains 37.4% active ingredient pendimethalin or 1.49 kg (3.3 lbs) active ingredient pendimethalin per 3.78 L (1 gallon) and 62.6% other ingredients such as aromatic naphtha as a hydrophobic organic solvent.
In the method of this invention, the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin is diluted with water and is applied as an emulsion obtained from diluting the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water. Typical dilution rates are in the range of 1 part by volume of the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) per at least 10 parts, preferably at least 15 parts, up to 500 parts by volume of water. In the resulting emulsion liquid droplets in which pendimethalin is suspended or dissolved in the hydrophobic organic solvent are emulsified in an aqueous continuous phase. The D50 of the liquid droplets in the emulsion is generally in the range of from 1 to 100 μm, preferably from 1 to 25 μm, more preferably from 1 to 10 μm and even more preferably from 5 to 10 μm.
In a preferred embodiment, the density of the liquid droplets in the emulsion at 20° C. is generally in the range of from 1 to 1.5 g/ml and more preferably in the range of from 1.1 to 1.4 g/ml.
In another preferred embodiment, the liquid droplets in the emulsion have a D50 in the range of from 5 to 10 μm and a density at 20° C. in the range of from 1 to 1.5 g/ml, preferably in the range of from 1.1 to 1.4 g/ml.
As an example of a capsule suspension (CS) that can be used in this invention, the product PROWL® H2O (BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, N.C., U.S.A.) may be mentioned. PROWL® H2O is an aqueous capsule suspension containing 38.7% active ingredient pendimethalin or 1.72 kg (3.8 lbs) active ingredient pendimethalin per 3.78 L (1 gallon) and 61.3% other ingredients.
In the method of this invention, the capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin is applied neat or diluted with water. In one embodiment, the capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin is applied neat (e.g. when applied by drones). In another embodiment, the capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin is diluted with water and applied as a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water. Typical dilution rates are in the range of 1 part by volume of the capsule suspension (CS) per up to 20 parts by volume, preferably up to 10 parts by volume and more preferably up to 8 parts by volume of water. The D50 of the capsules in the capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or the dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water is in the range of from 1 to 100 μm, preferably from 1 to 50 μm and more preferably from 5 to 20 μm. The density of the capsules at 20° C. is generally in the range of from 1.06 to 1.4 g/ml.
In the present invention, the D50 particle size values given represent the volume median particle size derived from measuring the particle size volume distribution using laser diffraction particle size analysis. The notation Dx means that X % of the particles (volume distribution) have a diameter value below a specified diameter D. For example, a D50 of 20 μm means that 50% of the particles (volume distribution) have a diameter of less than 20 μm. The volume median diameter can be determined, for example, by wet measurement using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus. More specifically, liquid droplets or capsules are dispersed in water and then the volume median diameter is measured using the apparatus. The laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus includes, for example, Master-sizer 3000 (manufactured by Malvern Instruments Ltd.).
As an example of granules (GR) that can be used in this invention, the product PENDULUM® 2G (BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, N.C., U.S.A.) may be mentioned. PENDULUM® 2G contains 2% active ingredient pendimethalin (or 0.45 kg (1 lb.) active ingredient pendimethalin per 22.68 kg (50 lbs) PENDULUM® 2G) and 98.0% inert ingredients.
The average particle size of the granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin is generally in the range of from 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably from 0.1 to 3.5 mm, more preferably from 0.2 to 1.5 mm and even more preferably from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. As methods for determining the average particle size of the granules, sieve analysis as described by CIPAC method MT 170—Dry Sieve Analysis of Water Dispersible Granules can be used.
The density of the granules at 20° C. is generally in the range of from 2 to 3 g/ml.
As methods for determining the density of the liquid droplets in the emulsion, the capsules or the granules, standard practices such as the pycnometer method or dynamic mechanical analysis (e.g. with a density meter DMA 4500 M from Anton Paar) as well as CIPAC method MT 3 can be used.
The application of the herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin to the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy) can be accomplished by any means that deliver the active ingredient pendimethalin to the water surface or directly into the water body of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy) such that pendimethalin becomes dispersed in the total water volume of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy) and settles into the weed germination zone.
In a preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied into the water or onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), more preferably onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy). Even more preferably, a herbicidally effective amount of an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin (more preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and most preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water) is applied into the water or onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), in particular onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy). Still more preferably, a herbicidally effective amount of an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin (more preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and most preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water) is applied into the water or onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), more preferably onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy).
In another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied by water-injection treatment, in-water treatment, or application onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), more preferably by application onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy). Even more preferably, a herbicidally effective amount of an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin being diluted with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin (more preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and most preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water) is applied by water-injection treatment, in-water treatment, or application onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), more preferably by application onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy). Still more preferably, a herbicidally effective amount of an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin (more preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and most preferably a herbicidally effective amount of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water) is applied by water injection treatment, in-water treatment, or application onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), more preferably by application onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy).
In yet another preferred embodiment, the method of this invention comprises spraying a herbicidally effective amount of an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water (preferably a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water), or broadcasting or adding a herbicidally effective amount of granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin into the water or onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy), more preferably onto the water surface of the aquatic environment (in particular a flooded rice field or paddy).
The application of a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin (preferably of an emulsion obtained from diluting an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) comprising pendimethalin with water, a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin, more preferably of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and most preferably of a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water) can be accomplished by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, granule applicators including aerial (unmanned drone, airplane and helicopter) applications methods and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art.
Application rates useful with the method described herein can be from 0.1 to 10 kilograms active ingredient (i.e. pendimethalin) per hectare (kg ai/ha), preferably from 0.2 to 8 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 0.5 to 5 kg ai/ha, even more preferably from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, yet more preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, still more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha. Additional examples of useful application rates include, but are not limited to, less than or equal to 10 kg ai/ha, less than or equal to 8 kg ai/ha, less than or equal to 5 kg ai/ha, less than or equal to 4 kg ai/ha, less than or equal to 3 kg ai/ha and less than or equal to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
The rice plant is selected from Oryza spp. such as Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima, most preferably Oryza sativa L. In another embodiment, the rice plant is selected from flooded dry-seeded, drill-seeded, wet-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice.
The method described herein are also suitable to control undesirable vegetation in herbicide-tolerant rice, in particular glyphosate-tolerant-, glufosinate-tolerant-, dicamba-tolerant-, phenoxy auxin-tolerant-, pyridyloxy auxin-tolerant-, aryloxyphenoxypropionate-tolerant-, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor-tolerant-, imidazolinone-tolerant-, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor-tolerant-, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor-tolerant-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor-tolerant-, triazine-tolerant-, and bromoxynil-tolerant-rice. Examples of commercialized herbicide-tolerant rice include quizalofop-P-ethyl-tolerant Provisia™ rice and imazamox-tolerant Clearfield® rice (both from BASF).
Although different varieties develop at different rates, and environmental factors strongly affect the duration of the different growth stages, the growth stages are well characterized, and defined on the rice in the BBCH monograph “Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants”, 2nd edition, 2001, ed. Uwe Meier, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land-und Forstwirtschaft). The BBCH scale provides a system for a uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of plants. The early BBCH principal growth stages for rice, i.e. 0 (Germination) and 1 (Leaf development) are shown in the table below.
In the method of this invention, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin can generally be applied at any pre-harvest stage after the germination of the rice seedlings. In a preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from the 2-leaf to the 9-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 12 to 19), more preferably from the 2-leaf to the 6-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 12 to 16) and even more preferably from the 4-leaf to the 6-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 14 to 16).
In another preferred embodiment of the method of this invention, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from the 2-leaf to the 4-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 12 to 14).
In another embodiment of this invention, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 2-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 12). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 3-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 13). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 4-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 14). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 5-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 15). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 6-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 16). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 7-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 17). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 8-leaf growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 18). In another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied at the 9-leaf or more growth stage of the rice seedlings (BBCH Code 19).
In yet another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
In still another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
In yet another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha.
In yet another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
In yet another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
In yet another preferred embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin or of the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha. The method of the present invention are suitable for controlling a large number of undesirable vegetation (harmful plants) including monocotyledonous weeds (in particular grasses, sedges and rushes) and dicotyledonous (broadleaf) weeds.
Exemplary monocotyledonous weeds that can be controlled by the method of this invention are selected from the genera Aegilops, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Chloris, Cyperus, Dactyloctenium, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Eriochloa, Leptochloa, Lolium, Panicum, Phalaris, Poa, Rottboellia, Setaria, Sorghum and Urochloa. Preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from the genera Cyperus, Echinochloa and Leptochloa. More preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa. In particular, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from the genus Echinochloa. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from the genus Leptochloa.
Specific examples of monocotyledonous weed species that can be controlled by the method of this invention are selected from Aegilops cylindrical (AEGCY, jointed goatgrass), Avena fatua (AVEFA, wild oat), Brachiaria platyphylla (BRAPP, broadleaf signalgrass), Brachiaria texana (PANTA, Texas panicum), Bromus commutato (BROCO, hairy chess), Bromus japonicus (BROJA, Japanese brome), Bromus secalinus (BROSE, cheat), Bromus tectorum (BROTE, downy brome), Cenchrus spinifex (CCHPA, field sandbur), Chloris barbata (CHRBA, swollen fingergrass), Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Cyperus eragrostis (CYPER, lovegrass sedge), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (DTTAE, crowfoot grass), Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA, large crabgrass), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO, jungle rice), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (ECHCM, rough barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Echinochloa walteri (ECHWA, water millet), Eleusine indica (ELEIN, goosegrass), Eriochloa villosa (ERBVI, woolly cupgrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU, Italian ryegrass), Lolium rigidum (LOLRI, annual ryegrass), Panicum capillare (PANCA, witchgrass), Panicum dichotomiflorum (PANDI, fall panicum), Panicum miliaceum (PANMI, wild proso millet), Phalaris canariensis (PHACA, canarygrass), Poa annus (POAAN, annual bluegrass), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (ROOEX, itch grass), Setaria faberi (SETFA, giant foxtail), Setaria pumila (SETPU, yellow foxtail), Setaria viridis (SETVI, green foxtail), Sorghum halepense (SORHA, Johnson grass), Sorghum x drummondii (SORSU, shattercane), Urochloa fusca (PANFA, browntop panicum) and Urochloa maxima (PANMA, guineagrass). Preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO, jungle rice), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (ECHCM, rough barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Echinochloa walteri (ECHWA, water millet), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), and Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop). More preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), and Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop). Even more preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), and Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop). Yet more preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a monocotyledonous weed species selected from Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), and Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop). In particular, the undesirable vegetation is Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass). In another particularly preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop).
Exemplary dicotyledonous or broadleaf weeds that can be controlled by the method of this invention are selected from the genera Abutilon, Amaranthus, Ammannia, Amsinckia, Anchusa, Bacopa, Barbarea, Bassia, Brassica, Calandrinia, Capsella, Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Cuscuta, Erodium, Heteranthera, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Lamium, Mollugo, Persicaria, Polygonum, Pontederia, Portulaca, Richardia, Schoenoplectiella, Senecio, Sida, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Stellaria and Tribulus. Preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a dicotyledonous or broad-leaf weed species selected from the genera Ammannia, Bacopa, Heteranthera, Pontederia, and Schoenoplectiella. More preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a dicotyledonous or broadleaf weed species selected from the genus Ammannia.
Specific examples of dicotyledonous or broadleaf weeds that can be controlled by the method of this invention are selected from Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH, velvet leaf), Amaranthus palmeri (AMAPA, Palmer amaranth), Amaranthus retroflexus (AMARE, pigweed), Amaranthus tuberculatus (AMATU, tall waterhemp), Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem), Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem), Amsinckia menziesii (ANSME, fiddleneck), Anchusa arvensis (LYCAR, small bugloss), Bacopa monnieri (BAOMO, Monnier water hyssop), Barbarea vulgaris (BARVU, bittercress), Bassia scoparia (KCHSC, kochia), Brassica nigra (BRSNI, black mustard), Calandrinia ciliata subsp. menziesii (CLNCM, redmaids rock purslane), Capsella bursapastoris (CAPBP, shepherd's purse), Chamaesyce maculata (EPHMA, annual spurge), Chenopodium album (CHEAL, common lambsquarters), Chenopodium leptophyllum (CHELE, slimleaf lambsquarters), Cuscuta europaea (CVCAU, large dodder), Erodium cicutarium (EROCI, redstem filaree), Heteranthera limosa (HETLI, duck salad), Ipomoea hederacea (IPOHE, morningglory), Lactuca serriola (LACSE, prickly lettuce), Lamium amplexicaule (LAMAM, henbit), Mollugo verticillata (MOLVE, carpetweed), Persicaria maculosa (POLPE, ladysthumb), Persicaria pensylvanica (POLPY, Pennsylvania smartweed), Polygonum aviculare (POLAV, prostrate knotweed), Pontederia vaginalis (MOOVA, monochoria), Portulaca oleracea (POROL, purslane), Richardia scabra (RCHSC, Florida pusley), Schoenoplectiella mucronata (SCPMU, rice-field bulrush), Senecio vulgaris (SENVU, common groundsel), Sida spinosa (SIDSP, prickly sida), Sinapis arvensis (SINAR, wild mustard), Sisymbrium irio (SSYIR, London rocket), Solanum nigrum (SOLNI, black nightshade), Stellaria media (STEME, common chickweed) and Tribulus terrestris (TRBTE, common puncturevine).
Preferably, the undesirable vegetation is a dicotyledonous or broadleaf weed species selected from Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem), Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem), Bacopa monnieri (BAOMO, Monnier water hyssop), Heteranthera limosa (HETLI, duck salad), Pontederia vaginalis (MOOVA, monochoria), and Schoenoplectiella mucronata (SCPMU, rice-field bulrush). More preferably, the undesirable vegetation is Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem) or Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem). In one especially preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem). In another especially preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem).
In another preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Aegilops, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Chloris, Cyperus, Dactyloctenium, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Eriochloa, Leptochloa, Lolium, Panicum, Phalaris, Poa, Rottboellia, Setaria, Sorghum, Urochloa, Abutilon, Amaranthus, Ammannia, Amsinckia, Anchusa, Bacopa, Barbarea, Bassia, Brassica, Calandrinia, Capsella, Chamaesyce, Chenopodium, Cuscuta, Erodium, Heteranthera, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Lamium, Mollugo, Persicaria, Polygonum, Pontederia, Portulaca, Richardia, Schoenoplectiella, Senecio, Sida, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Stellaria and Tribulus. More preferably, the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Cyperus, Echinochloa, Leptochloa, Ammannia, Bacopa, Heteranthera, Pontederia, and Schoenoplectiella. Even more preferably, the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Cyperus, Echinochloa, Leptochloa and Ammannia. In particular, the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa. Most preferably, the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genus Echinochloa. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genus Leptochloa.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is selected from Aegilops cylindrical (AEGCY, jointed goatgrass), Avena fatua (AVEFA, wild oat), Brachiaria platyphylla (BRAPP, broadleaf signalgrass), Brachiaria texana (PANTA, Texas panicum), Bromus commutato (BROCO, hairy chess), Bromus japonicus (BROJA, Japanese brome), Bromus secalinus (BROSE, cheat), Bromus tectorum (BROTE, downy brome), Cenchrus spinifex (CCHPA, field sandbur), Chloris barbata (CHRBA, swollen fingergrass), Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Cyperus eragrostis (CYPER, lovegrass sedge), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (DTTAE, crowfoot grass), Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA, large crabgrass), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO, jungle rice), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (ECHCM, rough barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Echinochloa walteri (ECHWA, water millet), Eleusine indica (ELEIN, goosegrass), Eriochloa villosa (ERBVI, woolly cupgrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU, Italian ryegrass), Lolium rigidum (LOLRI, annual ryegrass), Panicum capillare (PANCA, witchgrass), Panicum dichotomiflorum (PANDI, fall panicum), Panicum miliaceum (PANMI, wild proso millet), Phalaris canariensis (PHACA, canarygrass), Poa annus (POAAN, annual bluegrass), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (ROOEX, itch grass), Setaria faberi (SETFA, giant foxtail), Setaria pumila (SETPU, yellow foxtail), Setaria viridis (SETVI, green foxtail), Sorghum halepense (SORHA, Johnson grass), Sorghum x drummondii (SORSU, shattercane), Urochloa fusca (PANFA, browntop panicum) and Urochloa maxima (PANMA, guineagrass), Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH, velvet leaf), Amaranthus palmeri (AMAPA, Palmer amaranth), Amaranthus retroflexus (AMARE, pigweed), Amaranthus tuberculatus (AMATU, tall waterhemp), Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem), Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem), Amsinckia menziesii (ANSME, fiddleneck), Anchusa arvensis (LYCAR, small bugloss), Bacopa monnieri (BAOMO, Monnier water hyssop), Barbarea vulgaris(BARVU, bittercress), Bassia scoparia (KCHSC, kochia), Brassica nigra (BRSNI, black mustard), Calandrinia ciliata subsp. menziesii (CLNCM, redmaids rock purslane), Capsella bursapastoris (CAPBP, shepherd's purse), Chamaesyce maculata (EPHMA, annual spurge), Chenopodium album (CHEAL, common lambsquarters), Chenopodium leptophyllum (CHELE, slimleaf lambsquarters), Cuscuta europaea (CVCAU, large dodder), Erodium cicutarium (EROCI, redstem filaree), Heteranthera limosa (HETLI, duck salad), Ipomoea hederacea (IPOHE, morningglory), Lactuca serriola (LACSE, prickly lettuce), Lamium amplexicaule (LAMAM, henbit), Mollugo verticillata (MOLVE, carpetweed), Persicaria maculosa (POLPE, ladysthumb), Persicaria pensylvanica (POLPY, Pennsylvania smartweed), Polygonum aviculare (POLAV, prostrate knotweed), Pontederia vaginalis (MOOVA, monochoria), Portulaca oleracea (POROL, purslane), Richardia scabra (RCHSC, Florida pusley), Schoenoplectiella mucronata (SCPMU, rice-field bulrush), Senecio vulgaris (SENVU, common groundsel), Sida spinosa (SIDSP, prickly sida), Sinapis arvensis (SINAR, wild mustard), Sisymbrium irio (SSYIR, London rocket), Solanum nigrum (SOLNI, black nightshade), Stellaria media (STEME, common chickweed) and Tribulus terrestris (TRBTE, common puncturevine).
More preferably, the undesirable vegetation is selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa colonum (ECHCO, jungle rice), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya (ECHCM, rough barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Echinochloa walteri (ECHWA, water millet), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem), Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem), Bacopa monnieri (BAOMO, Monnier water hyssop), Heteranthera limosa (HETLI, duck salad), Pontederia vaginalis (MOOVA, monochoria), and Schoenoplectiella mucronata (SCPMU, rice-field bulrush).
Even more preferably, the undesirable vegetation is selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem), Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem), Bacopa monnieri (BAOMO, Monnier water hyssop), Heteranthera limosa (HETLI, duck salad), Pontederia vaginalis (MOOVA, monochoria), and Schoenoplectiella mucronata (SCPMU, rice-field bulrush).
Still more preferably, the undesirable vegetation is selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), Ammannia auriculata (AMMAU, redstem), Bacopa monnieri (BAOMO, Monnier water hyssop), Heteranthera limosa (HETLI, duck salad), Pontederia vaginalis (MOOVA, monochoria), and Schoenoplectiella mucronata (SCPMU, rice-field bulrush).
In another especially preferred embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is selected from Cyperus difformis (CYPDI, small-flower umbrella sedge), Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), and Ammannia coccinea (AMMCO, purple redstem), more preferably selected from Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa muricata (ECHPU, prickly barnyardgrass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), Echinochloa oryzoides (ECHOR, early watergrass), Leptochloa fusca subsp. uninervia (LEFUN, Mexican sprangletop), Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), even more preferably selected from Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass), Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass) and Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop).
In another embodiment, the undesirable vegetation is a herbicide resistant or tolerant weed species.
Exemplary herbicide resistant or tolerant weed species include, but are not limited to, biotypes resistant or tolerant to herbicides selected from the group consisting of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (HRAC Group A), acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (HRAC Group B), photosystem II (PS II) inhibitors (H RAC Groups C1, C2 and C3), DOXP synthase inhibitors (HRAC Group F4), and very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors (HRAC Group K3).
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied at an application rate of from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and the application rate is from 1 to 5 kg ai/ha, preferably from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha, more preferably from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and in particular from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and is applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 4 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 3 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules or solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of microcapsules and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein pendimethalin is present in the composition in the form of solid particles and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin being optionally diluted with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin, a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water or granules (GR) comprising pendimethalin and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
Another preferred embodiment of this invention relates to a method for controlling undesirable vegetation in an aquatic environment in which a rice plant is growing, said method comprising applying to the aquatic environment a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin before emergence of the undesirable vegetation and after germination of the rice seedlings wherein the composition is a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin or a dilute aqueous suspension obtained from diluting a capsule suspension (CS) comprising pendimethalin with water and applied from 5 to 15 days, more preferably 5 to 10 days and even more preferably from 7 to 10 days after the rice seeds have been sown or after the rice plants have been transplanted at an application rate of from 1 to 2.5 kg ai/ha and the undesirable vegetation is selected from the genera Echinochloa and Leptochloa.
In one embodiment of the method of this invention, a herbicidally effective amount of pendimethalin as the sole herbicidally active ingredient. In another embodiment, a composition comprising pendimethalin as the sole herbicidally active ingredient is applied.
In another embodiment, the method of this invention may comprise applying at least one further herbicide B (as defined herein). As used herein, the terms “at least one further herbicide B”, “at least one herbicide B” or “herbicide B” exclude pendimethalin. In yet another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin and at least one further herbicide B (as defined hereinafter) is applied.
In a preferred embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from the groups b1) to b15):
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from lipid biosynthesis inhibitors (group b1). These are compounds that inhibit lipid biosynthesis. Inhibition of the lipid biosynthesis can be affected either through inhibition of acetylCoA carboxylase (hereinafter termed ACC herbicides) or through a different mode of action (hereinafter termed non-ACC herbicides). The ACC herbicides belong to the group A of the HRAC classification system whereas the non-ACC herbicides belong to the group N of the HRAC classification.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from ALS inhibitors (group b2). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of acetolactate synthase and thus on the inhibition of the branched chain amino acid biosynthesis. These inhibitors belong to the group B of the H RAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from photosynthesis inhibitors (group b3). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based either on the inhibition of the photosystem II in plants (so-called PSII inhibitors, groups C1, C2 and C3 of HRAC classification) or on diverting the electron transfer in photosystem I in plants (so-called PSI inhibitors, group D of HRAC classification) and thus on an inhibition of photosynthesis.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase inhibitors (group b4). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of the protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase. These inhibitors belong to the group E of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from bleacher herbicides (group b5). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of the carotenoid biosynthesis. These include compounds which inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of phytoene desaturase (so-called PDS inhibitors, group F1 of HRAC classification), compounds that inhibit the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD inhibitors, group F2 of HRAC classification), compounds that inhibit DOXsynthase (group F4 of HRAC class) and compounds which inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis by an unknown mode of action (bleacher—unknown target, group F3 of HRAC classification).
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from EPSP synthase inhibitors (group b6). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase, and thus on the inhibition of the amino acid biosynthesis in plants. These inhibitors belong to the group G of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from glutamine synthetase inhibitors (group b7). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of glutamine synthetase, and thus on the inhibition of the aminoacid biosynthesis in plants. These inhibitors belong to the group H of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from DHP synthase inhibitors (group b8). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase. These inhibitors belong to the group I of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from mitosis inhibitors (group b9).
The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the disturbance or inhibition of microtubule formation or organization, and thus on the inhibition of mitosis. These inhibitors belong to the groups K1 and K2 of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from VLCFA inhibitors (group b10). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids and thus on the disturbance or inhibition of cell division in plants. These inhibitors belong to the group K3 of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (group b11). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of the biosynthesis of cellulose and thus on the inhibition of the synthesis of cell walls in plants. These inhibitors belong to the group L of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from decoupler herbicides (group b12). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the disruption of the cell membrane. These inhibitors belong to the group M of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from auxinic herbicides (group b13). These include compounds that mimic auxins, i.e. plant hormones, and affect the growth of the plants. These compounds belong to the group O of the HRAC classification system.
In another embodiment, pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin is applied in combination with at least one further herbicide B selected from auxin transport inhibitors (group b14). The herbicidal activity of these compounds is based on the inhibition of the auxin transport in plants. These compounds belong to the group P of the HRAC classification system.
As to the given mechanisms of action and classification of the active substances, see e.g. “HRAC, Classification of Herbicides According to Mode of Action”, http://www.plantprotection.org/hrac/MOA.html).
Examples of the at least one further herbicide B that can be applied in combination with pendimethalin or the composition comprising pendimethalin are selected from
In another embodiment, the method of this invention may further comprise applying at least one safener C (as defined herein). In yet another embodiment, the method of this invention may further comprise applying at least one further herbicide B (as defined herein) and at least one safener C (as defined herein). In yet another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin and least one safener C (as defined herein) is applied. In still another embodiment, a herbicidally effective amount of a composition comprising pendimethalin, at least one further herbicide B (as defined herein) and at least one safener C (as defined herein) is applied.
Safeners are chemical compounds which prevent or reduce damage on useful plants without having a major impact on the herbicidal action of the herbicidal active components of the present compositions towards unwanted plants. They can be applied either before sowings (e.g. on seed treatments, shoots or seedlings) or in the pre-emergence application or post-emergence application of the useful plant. The safeners C and pendimethalin and optionally the herbicides B can be applied simultaneously or in succession.
Suitable safeners are e.g. (quinolin-8-oxy)acetic acids, 1-phenyl-5-haloalkyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxylic acids, 1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-5-alkyl-1H-pyrazol-3,5-dicarboxylic acids, 4,5-dihydro-5,5-diaryl-3-isoxazol carboxylic acids, dichloroacetamides, alpha-oximinophenylacetonitriles, acetophenonoximes, 4,6-dihalo-2-phenylpyrimidines, N-[[4-(aminocarbonyl) phenyl]sulfonyl]-2-benzoic amides, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 2-halo-4-(haloalkyl)-5-thiazol carboxylic acids, phosphorthiolates and N-alkyl-O-phenylcarbamates and their agriculturally acceptable salts and their agriculturally acceptable derivatives such amides, esters, and thioesters, provided they have an acid group.
Examples of preferred safeners C are benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, mephenate, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane (MON4660, CAS 71526-07-3), 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (R-29148, CAS 52836-31-4), metcamifen, 4-bromophenyl chloromethyl sulfone (BPCMS, CAS 54091-06-4) and agriculturally acceptable salts or derivatives thereof.
Especially preferred safeners C are benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, naphthalic anhydride (NAA), oxabetrinil, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane (MON4660, CAS 71526-07-3), 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (R-29148, CAS 52836-31-4) and metcamifen.
Particularly preferred safeners C are benoxacor, cloquintocet, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, fenchlorazole, fenclorim, furilazole, isoxadifen, mefenpyr, naphtalic anhydride, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane (MON4660, CAS 71526-07-3), 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (R-29148, CAS 52836-31-4) and metcamifen.
The herbicides B of groups b1) to b15) and the safeners C are known herbicides and safeners, see, for example, The Compendium of Pesticide Common Names (http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/); Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000 volume 86, Meister Publishing Company, 2000; B. Hock, C. Fedtke, R. R. Schmidt, Herbizide [Herbicides], Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; W. H. Ahrens, Herbicide Handbook, 7th edition, Weed Science Society of America, 1994; and K. K. Hatzios, Herbicide Handbook, Supplement for the 7th edition, Weed Science Society of America, 1998. 2,2,5-Trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine [CAS No. 52836-31-4] is also referred to as R-29148. 4-(DichloroacetyI)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane [CAS No. 71526-07-3] is also referred to as AD-67 and MON 4660.
The assignment of the active compounds to the respective mechanisms of action is based on current knowledge. If several mechanisms of action apply to one active compound, this substance was only assigned to one mechanism of action.
If the herbicides B and/or the safeners C as described herein are capable of forming geometrical isomers, for example E/Z isomers, it is possible to use both, the pure isomers and mixtures thereof, in the method according to the invention.
If the herbicides B and/or the safeners C as described herein have one or more centers of chirality and, as a consequence, are present as enantiomers or diastereomers, it is possible to use both, the pure enantiomers and diastereomers and their mixtures, in the method according to the invention.
If the herbicides B and/or the safeners C as described herein have ionizable functional groups, they can also be employed in the form of their agriculturally acceptable salts. Suitable are, in general, the salts of those cations and the acid addition salts of those acids whose cations and anions, respectively, have no adverse effect on the activity of the active compounds.
Preferred cations are the ions of the alkali metals, preferably of lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably of calcium and magnesium, and of the transition metals, preferably of manganese, copper, zinc and iron, further ammonium and substituted ammonium in which one to four hydrogen atoms are replaced by C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy-C1-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-C4-alkoxy-C1-C4-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, preferably ammonium, methylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, tris(isopropyl)ammonium, heptylammonium, dodecylammonium, tetradecylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium (olamine salt), 2-(2-hydroxyeth-1-oxy)eth-1-ylammonium (diglycolamine salt), di(2-hydroxyeth-1-yl)ammonium (diolamine salt), tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium (trolamine salt), tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, benzyltriethylammonium, N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium (choline salt), furthermore phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferably tri(C1-C4-alkyl)sulfonium, such as trimethylsulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(C1-C4-alkyl)sulfoxonium, and finally the salts of polybasic amines such as N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine and diethylenetriamine.
Anions of useful acid addition salts are primarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, hydrogensulfate, methylsulfate, sulfate, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogenphosphate, nitrate, bicarbonate, carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate and also the anions of C1-C4-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate.
Herbicides B and/or safeners C as described herein having a carboxyl group can be employed in the form of the acid, in the form of an agriculturally suitable salt as mentioned above or else in the form of an agriculturally acceptable derivative, for example as amides, such as mono- and di-C1-C6-alkylamides or arylamides, as esters, for example as allyl esters, propargyl esters, C1-C10-alkyl esters, alkoxyalkyl esters, tefuryl ((tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl) esters and also as thioesters, for example as C1-C10-alkylthio esters. Preferred mono- and di-C1-C6-alkylamides are the methyl and the dimethylamides. Preferred arylamides are, for example, the anilides and the 2-chloroanilides. Preferred alkyl esters are, for example, the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, mexyl (1-methylhexyl), meptyl (1-methylheptyl), heptyl, octyl or isooctyl (2-ethylhexyl) esters. Preferred C1-C4-alkoxy-C1-C4-alkyl esters are the straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkoxy ethyl esters, for example the 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-butoxyethyl (butotyl), 2-butoxypropyl or 3-butoxypropyl ester. An example of a straight-chain or branched C1-C10-alkylthio ester is the ethylthio ester.
In the case of dicamba, suitable salts include those, where the counterion is an agriculturally acceptable cation. For example, suitable salts of dicamba are dicamba-sodium, dicamba-potassium, dicamba-methylammonium, dicamba-dimethylammonium, dicamba-isopropylammonium, dicamba-diglycolamine, dicamba-olamine, dicamba-diolamine, dicamba-trolamine, dicamba-N,N-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine and dicamba-diethylenetriamine. Examples of a suitable ester are dicamba-methyl and dicamba-butotyl.
Suitable salts of 2,4-D are 2,4-D-ammonium, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, 2,4-D-diethylammonium, 2,4-D-diethanolammonium (2,4-D-diolamine), 2,4-D-triethanolammonium, 2,4-D-isopropylammonium, 2,4-D-triisopropanolammonium, 2,4-D-heptylammonium, 2,4-D-dodecylammonium, 2,4-D-tetradecylammonium, 2,4-D-triethylammonium, 2,4-D-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-tris(isopropyl)ammonium, 2,4-D-trolamine, 2,4-D-lithium, 2,4-D-sodium and 2,4-D-N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium (2,4-D choline). Examples of suitable esters of 2,4-D are 2,4-D-butotyl, 2,4-D-2-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-3-butoxypropyl, 2,4-D-butyl, 2,4-D-ethyl, 2,4-D-ethylhexyl, 2,4-D-isobutyl, 2,4-D-isooctyl, 2,4-D-isopropyl, 2,4-D-meptyl, 2,4-D-methyl, 2,4-D-octyl, 2,4-D-pentyl, 2,4-D-propyl, 2,4-D-tefuryl and clacyfos.
Suitable salts of 2,4-DB are for example 2,4-DB-sodium, 2,4-DB-potassium and 2,4-DB-dimethylammonium. Suitable esters of 2,4-DB are for example 2,4-DB-butyl and 2,4-DB-isoctyl.
Suitable salts of dichlorprop are for example dichlorprop-sodium, dichlorprop-potassium and dichlorprop-dimethylammonium. Examples of suitable esters of dichlorprop are dichlorprop-butotyl and dichlorprop-isoctyl.
Suitable salts and esters of MCPA include MCPA-butotyl, MCPA-butyl, MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-diolamine, MCPA-ethyl, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-isobutyl, MCPA-isoctyl, MCPA-isopropyl, MCPA-isopropylammonium, MCPA-methyl, MCPA-olamine, MCPA-potassium, MCPA-sodium and MCPA-trolamine.
A suitable salt of MCPB is MCPB sodium. A suitable ester of MCPB is MCPB-ethyl.
Suitable salts of clopyralid are clopyralid-potassium, clopyralid-olamine and clopyralid-tris-(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium. Example of suitable esters of clopyralid is clopyralid-methyl.
Examples of a suitable ester of fluroxypyr are fluroxypyr-meptyl and fluroxypyr-2-butoxy-1-meth-ylethyl, wherein fluroxypyr-meptyl is preferred.
Suitable salts of picloram are picloram-dimethylammonium, picloram-potassium, picloram-triisopropanolammonium, picloram-triisopropylammonium and picloram-trolamine. A suitable ester of picloram is picloram-isoctyl.
A suitable salt of triclopyr is triclopyr-triethylammonium. Suitable esters of triclopyr are for example triclopyr-ethyl and triclopyr-butotyl.
Suitable salts and esters of chloramben include chloramben-ammonium, chloramben-diolamine, chloramben-methyl, chloramben-methylammonium and chloramben-sodium. Suitable salts and esters of 2,3,6-TBA include 2,3,6-TBA-dimethylammonium, 2,3,6-TBA-lithium, 2,3,6-TBA-potassium and 2,3,6-TBA-sodium.
Suitable salts and esters of aminopyralid include aminopyralid-potassium, aminopyralid-dimethylammonium, and aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium.
Suitable salts of glyphosate are for example glyphosate-ammonium, glyphosate-diammonium, glyphoste-dimethylammonium, glyphosate-isopropylammonium, glyphosate-potassium, glyphosate-sodium, glyphosate-trimesium as well as the ethanolamine and diethanolamine salts, preferably glyphosate-diammonium, glyphosate-isopropylammonium and glyphosate-trimesium (sulfosate).
A suitable salt of glufosinate is for example glufosinate-ammonium.
A suitable salt of glufosinate-P is for example glufosinate-P-ammonium.
Suitable salts and esters of bromoxynil are for example bromoxynil-butyrate, bromoxynil-heptanoate, bromoxynil-octanoate, bromoxynil-potassium and bromoxynil-sodium.
Suitable salts and esters of ioxonil are for example ioxonil-octanoate, ioxonil-potassium and ioxonil-sodium.
Suitable salts and esters of mecoprop include mecoprop-butotyl, mecoprop-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-diolamine, mecoprop-ethadyl, mecoprop-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-isoctyl, mecopropmethyl, mecoprop-potassium, mecoprop-sodium and mecoprop-trolamine.
Suitable salts of mecoprop-P are for example mecoprop-P-butotyl, mecoprop-P-dimethylammonium, mecoprop-P-2-ethylhexyl, mecoprop-P-isobutyl, mecoprop-P-potassium and mecoprop-P-sodium.
A suitable salt of diflufenzopyr is for example diflufenzopyr-sodium.
A suitable salt of naptalam is for example naptalam-sodium.
Suitable salts and esters of aminocyclopyrachlor are for example aminocyclopyrachlor-dimethylammonium, aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl, aminocyclopyrachlor-triisopropanolammonium, aminocyclopyrachlor-sodium and aminocyclopyrachlor-potassium.
A suitable salt of quinclorac is for example quinclorac-dimethylammonium.
A suitable salt of quinmerac is for example quinmerac-dimethylammonium.
A suitable salt of imazamox is for example imazamox-ammonium. Suitable salts of imazapic are for example imazapic-ammonium and imazapic-isopropylammonium.
Suitable salts of imazapyr are for example imazapyr-ammonium and imazapyr-isopropylammonium.
A suitable salt of imazaquin is for example imazaquin-ammonium.
Suitable salts of imazethapyr are for example imazethapyr-ammonium and imazethapyr-isopropylammonium.
A suitable salt of topramezone is for example topramezone-sodium.
In the method of this invention, the weight ratio of pendimethalin to herbicide B is generally in the range of from 1:1000 to 1000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range of from 1:250 to 250:1 and particularly preferably in the range of from 1:75 to 75:1, wherein each herbicide B being an ester or a salt of an acid is calculated as the acid.
In the method of this invention, the weight ratio of pendimethalin to safener C is generally in the range of from 1:1000 to 1000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range of from 1:250 to 250:1 and particularly preferably in the range of from 1:75 to 75:1, wherein each safener C being an ester or a salt of an acid is calculated as the acid.
In the method of this invention, the weight ratio of herbicide B to safener C is generally in the range of from 1:1000 to 1000:1, preferably in the range of from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range of from 1:250 to 250:1 and particularly preferably in the range of from 1:75 to 75:1, wherein each herbicide B and safener C being an ester or a salt of an acid is calculated as the acid.
In the method of this invention, the weight ratio of the combination of pendimethalin and the herbicide B to the safener C is preferably in the range of from 1:500 to 500:1, in particular in the range of from 1:250 to 250:1 and particularly preferably in the range of from 1:75 to 75:1, wherein each herbicide B and safener C being an ester or a salt of an acid is calculated as the acid.
In the method of this invention, the application rate of the herbicide B (in case of salts calculated as the acid) is generally from 0.0005 kg/ha to 10 kg/ha, preferably from 0.005 kg/ha to 5 kg/ha and more preferably from 0.001 kg/ha to 2 kg/ha.
In the method of this invention, the application rate of the safener C (in case of salts calculated as the acid) is generally from 0.0005 kg/ha to 2.5 kg/ha, preferably from 0.005 kg/ha to 2 kg/ha and more preferably from 0.01 kg/ha to 1.5 kg/ha.
In the method of the invention, pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C can be applied jointly or separately.
In the method of the invention, pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C can be applied simultaneously or in succession.
Preferably, pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C are applied simultaneously to the undesirable vegetation. In another embodiment, pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C are provided as herbicidal composition as defined herein (e.g. a tank mixture containing pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C) being applied to aquatic environment.
In case of separate or successive application, the order of the application of pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C is of minor importance. It is only necessary that pendimethalin and, if present, the herbicide B and/or the safener C are applied in a time frame that allows simultaneous action of the active ingredients on the undesirable vegetation to be controlled and/or safened, preferably within a time frame of at most 14 days, in particular at most 7 days.
The following examples serve to illustrate the invention.
Pendimethalin formulations as detailed below were examined at various rates and timings for weed control, crop injury and rice grain yield on a water-seeded rice system. The following experiments were conducted at the Rice Experiment Station in Biggs, California, USA in a silty clay soil. They were conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The plot size was 10 feet (3.048 m) by 20 feet (6.096 m) with individual levees around each plot to prevent contamination of herbicide from plot to plot. The pendimethalin formulations chosen were all commercial products available from BASF Corporation, i.e. Prowl® H2O, a capsule suspension (CS) with an active ingredient concentration of 455 g/L, Prowl® 3.3, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) with an active ingredient concentration of 396 g/L and Pendulum® 2G, a granular (GR) containing 2% active ingredient. Each formulation was applied at 1, 2, and 3 lbs ai/A (1.12, 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha) at 5, 10, or 15 days after seeding (DAS).
M-206 rice was seeded at a rate of 120 lbs/A (134.5 kg/ha) on May 23, 2020 by airplane. This seeding rate which is below the normal rate at the grower fields (170-200 lb/A equivalent to 190.54-224.17 kg/ha) was used to allow more weed infestation in the field. The water was brought in the field a day before seeding and kept at a water depth of 4 inch (10.16 cm) throughout the growing season and only brought down later in the season for spraying additional herbicides. The water was shut off a month before harvesting. Additional herbicides (i.e. the combination penoxsulam+triclopyr) having no or limited activity on grasses, especially when applied at early tillering, were applied to all plots except the untreated for control of sedges and broadleaf weeds that were not controlled by pendimethalin. These were applied at 21 DAS, 40 DAS and 52 DAS respectively.
The CS and EC formulations were applied at 20 gallons/A (187.08 l/ha) with a 10 feet (3.048 m) two-man boom sprayer with a CO2 backpack at 30 psi (2.07 bar) with flat-fan 8003 nozzles at 3 miles per hour (4.83 km/h) sprayed into the water. The GR formulation was spread by hand in each respective plot. The additional herbicides were also applied with the spray boom.
Visual percent ratings for rice injury was collected as chlorosis, stunting, bleaching and stand reduction at 40 days after treatment (DAT). Rice stand and tiller count per square feet (0.0929 m2) was collected 75 DAS. Plant height was recorded at 108 DAS. Visual percent ratings for weed control was recorded at 56 DAT for individual weeds present which included, inter alia, Echinochloa spp., e.g. Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG, common barnyard grass) and Echinochloa oryzicola (ECHCR, late watergrass), and Leptochloa fusca, e.g. Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (LEFFA, bearded sprangletop), as the most important weeds. The untreated plots were used as the base or zero for visual percent ratings for both rice injury and weed control. Yield was determined at 14% moisture. An area of 21 square feet (1.951 m2) of rice was cut from the center of each plot and then to separate the seed from the stalk a thresher was used. The seeds were cleaned and the moisture was obtained and then weighed to determine yield. Data was analyzed with analyses of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) test (significance level p=0.05) using ARM software (GDM Solutions, Inc. 2020).
Echinochloa
Leptochloa
fusca
Very minimal chlorosis and bleaching on the rice was observed (data not shown in the Table 1 above). Some stunting was observed up to 40% early in the season but for the rice that survived there was no significant difference in plant height later in the season (data not shown in the Table 1 above). The majority of rice injury was from stand reduction ranging from 15 up to 95% reduction.
As can be seen from the Table 1 above, Prowl® H2O (CS) and Pendulum® 2G (GR) resulted in 15 to 81% and 27-75% stand reduction at 40 DAT respectively whereas Prowl® 3.3 (EC) had the greatest injury with up to 95% stand reduction at 40 DAT. In particular, lower stand reduction injury in the range of 15 to 18% was observed for Prowl® H2O (CS) at 1 lb ai/A (1.12 kg/ha). All treatments resulted with a significant yield compared to the untreated plot except all Prowl® 3.3 (EC) treatments at 5 DAS. The untreated experiment resulted in a zero yield because there was a heavy Echinochloa infestation that came early in the field this year. On average 21 Echinochloa were counted per square foot (0.0929 m2) and 2 rice per square foot (0.0929 m2) in the untreated (data not shown). This also may account for some rice stand reduction in the plots by competitive suppression. This along with a low seeding rate contributed to the lower rice counts and lower yields in the given year. A low seeding rate was used to allow for more weeds to be present in the field. On average the treatments at a rate of 1 lb ai/A (1.12 kg/ha) produced higher yields in all formulations compared with the higher rates 2 lb ai/A (2.24 kg/ha) and 3 lb ai/A (3.36 kg/ha). The highest rate of 3 lbs ai/A (3.36 kg/ha) of all formulations resulted in greater rice injury and only at the latest application timing (15 DAT) was a more acceptable yield obtained.
Prowl® H2O (CS) produced 60% higher yield than Pendulum® 2G (GR) and 93% higher yield than Prowl® 3.3 (EC) at 1 lb ai/A at 10 DAS. Pendulum® 2G (GR) at 2 lbs ai/A (2.24 kg/ha) at 15 DAS on average resulted in an 80% higher yield than Prowl® H2O (CS) and 81% higher than Prowl® 3.3 (EC). Treatment with Prowl® 3.3 (EC) only achieved better yields at a later application timing (15 DAT).
The Echinochloa weed control at 56 DAT on average resulted in the range of 58-82% control for Prowl® H2O (CS), 63-93% control for Prowl® 3.3 (EC)and 65-80% control for Pendulum® 2G (GR). The highest rate in Prowl® 3.3 (EC) gave the greatest weed control of all, but it came with the disadvantage of also greatly injuring the rice. The highest rate for Prowl® H2O (CS) and Pendulum® 2G (GR) did not give significantly higher weed control and were similar to the lower rates. Even with a great Echinochloa infestation, acceptable weed control was achieved. There was lower Leptochloa fusca pressure in the field. The Leptochloa fusca weed control at 56 DAT on average resulted in the range of 70-85% control for Prowl® H2O (CS), 77-95% control for Prowl® 3.3 (EC) and 73-85% control for Pendulum® 2G (GR). Acceptable weed control for Leptochloa fusca was also achieved. All other weeds present in the plots were controlled from 75 up to 100% accordingly after the additional herbicides were sprayed (data not shown).
In summary, Pendimethalin surprisingly demonstrated to be a useful tool for weed control in water-seeded rice systems. Among the formulations tested, Prowl® H2O (CS) and Pendulum® 2G (GR) proved to be more suitable for water-seeded rice than Prowl® 3.3 (EC). In this regard, Prowl® H2O (CS) and Pendulum® 2G (GR) produced acceptable yields and low rice injury at the low rate. Pendulum® 2G (GR) also produced acceptable yields at the second rate at later applications. Both of these formulations also achieved acceptable weed control for the target weeds.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20184391.9 | Jul 2020 | EP | regional |
| 21167591.3 | Apr 2021 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/067696 | 6/28/2022 | WO |
