Patent Application
20220056602
The present invention relates to an electrode comprising a metal deposit of zinc and silver, a process for preparing such an electrode, an electrolysis device comprising such an electrode and a method for CO2 electroreduction to CO using such an electrode as a cathode.
The formation of CO from CO2 emissions and its subsequent conversion to high-added-value chemical feedstocks is a route to many carbon-cycle-closing scenarii [1]. CO represents the most facile intermediate to produce from CO2 and can be transformed either at large scale by well-mastered thermochemical processes (Fischer-Tropsch reaction, Cativa process, phosgene synthesis, etc.) or at smaller scale for fine chemistry applications (hydroformylation, hydroxycarbonylation, etc.). Currently however, CO production relies almost entirely on fossil-fuel-reforming processes; endothermic reactions that require little energy input but are entirely unsustainable.
The past decades have witnessed the emergence of renewably-powered electrochemical CO2 reduction, which offers a sustainable and safer route to produce CO on-site with high flexibility at small to medium scales [2, 3]. To displace fossil-fuel-based processes, CO2 electrolyzers must not only be cost-competitive but also produce industrially-relevant CO tonnage.
To satisfy this demand, different electrocatalysts have been proposed, among which heterogeneous surfaces stand out for their stability and ease of application. Original work by Hori highlighted three metal surfaces with remarkable CO2-to-CO selectivity, Ag, Au and Zn [4, 5, 6]. Record activities are reported for Au and Ag, due to both their outstanding catalytic performance and amenability to nanostructuration [7, 8, 9, 10], which provides high electrochemically active surface areas (ECSAs). As such, these noble metals can satisfy the operational specifications for industrial application, but their implementation is rendered unrealistic by their high and fluctuating price and their limited overall availability, calling for the development of catalysts with low noble-metal content.
Zn is the only non-noble metal in the CO-generating class. However, in comparison to Au and Ag, few Zn-based catalysts have been reported [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
There thus exists a need for a more effective CO-generating system through CO2 electroreduction technologies satisfying the following parameters:
The present invention relates to an electrode comprising an electrically conductive support of which at least a part of the surface is covered by a metal deposit of zinc and silver,
wherein said metal deposit has a specific surface area greater than or equal to 0.1 m2·g−1 and/or comprises at least 1 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver, such as a phase Ag0.13Zn0.87, as well as to an electrolysis device comprising such an electrode.
The present invention also relates to a process for preparing an electrode according to the invention comprising the following successive steps:
The application of a current or a potential in step (iii) allows the electrodeposition of zinc and silver on the electrically conductive support and thus, the formation of the metal deposit of zinc and silver. According to a particular embodiment, the metal deposit of zinc and silver is removed from the initial electrically conductive support and applied to a second electrically conductive support.
The present invention also relates to a method for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into CO using an electrode according to the present invention and comprising the following steps:
a) providing an electrolysis device comprising an anode and a cathode, wherein said cathode is an electrode according to the present invention and thus comprises an electrically conductive support of which at least a part of the surface is covered by a metal deposit of zinc and silver, said metal deposit having a specific surface area greater than or equal to 0.1 m2·g−1 and/or comprising at least 1 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver, such as a phase Ag0.13Zn0.87;
b) exposing the cathode of said electrolysis device to a gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition, such as a CO2-containing aqueous catholyte solution or a gaseous CO2-containing composition;
c) applying an electrical current or a potential between the anode and the cathode in order to electrocatalytically reduce the carbon dioxide into CO.
The use of a cathode according to the invention comprising, as catalytic material, a metal deposit of zinc and silver (also called herein Ag-doped Zn electrode) allows CO2 electroreduction into CO. Said cathode proved to be highly active and CO selective, leading to a gaseous product containing at least 70%, notably at least 75%, such as at least 80%, in particular at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of CO. In particular, the cathode according to the invention can lead to CO2-to-CO selectivity as high as 96.5%, which could be sustained on average above 90% over 40 h and above 85% over 100 h of operation.
Partial CO catalytic current density at a given overpotential increases with Ag content, but levels off at −21.0 mA·cm−2 due to CO2-mass-transport limitations ensuing from low CO2 solubility at 1 bar of CO2. An increase of the CO2 pressure to enhance the aqueous CO2 concentration allowed this issue to be overcome and CO partial current densities as high as −286 mA cm−2 were achieved.
By “electrode” is meant, in the sense of the present invention, an electronic conductor capable of capturing or releasing electrons. An oxidation reaction occurs at the anode, whereas a reduction reaction occurs at the cathode.
By “metal deposit” is meant a material obtained by the deposition, more particularly the electrodeposition, of metal(s) on a support (e.g. electrically conductive support). Said metal deposit can then be maintained on the support used for its deposition or can be removed and applied to another support.
By “gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition” is meant a liquid or gas composition, in particular a flow of liquid or gas composition, comprising CO2 either dissolved in a liquid solution or as a gas. Any other reactant needed for the cathodic reaction may be present, such as a proton source, in particular, water in either liquid or vapor form, such as is described below.
By “electrolyte solution” is meant, in the present invention, a solution, preferably an aqueous solution, in which a substance is dissolved so that the solution becomes electrically conductive. This substance is named “electrolyte”. A “catholyte solution” is an “electrolyte solution” used at the cathode. A “anolyte solution” is an “electrolyte solution” used at the anode.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term “electrolysis device”, also called an “electrolyzer”, is intended to mean a device for converting electrical energy, in particular renewable electrical energy, into chemical energy.
By “membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer” is meant an electrolysis device comprising an ion exchange membrane, such as a proton exchange, anion exchange or bipolar membrane or any type of ion exchange membrane, with conducting cathode and anode materials attached on either side. Ions generated by each half reaction at each electrode flow from anode to cathode directly across the membrane and thus an aqueous electrolyte is not required for electronic conductivity in this configuration. Instead a gaseous CO2-containing composition can be used as substrate at the cathode whereas a source of electron in either liquid or gaseous form, such as water, can be utilized as a substrate at the anode.
By “gas-diffusion-electrode-based-electrolyzer” is meant an electrolyzer comprising a gas-diffusion electrode as the cathode, said gas-diffusion electrode being in contact with a catholyte solution on one side and with a gas (e.g. gaseous CO2) on the opposite side, the gas being able to flow through the gas-diffusion electrode to reach the cathode/catholyte solution interface. By “gas diffusion electrode” is meant an electrode made of a porous electronic conductor (e.g. a gas diffusion layer (GDL)), in particular a hydrophobic carbon-based material to which the metal deposit according to the invention is applied, through which gas (e.g. gaseous CO2) may flow.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term “electrically conductive support” means a support capable of conducting electricity.
Within the meaning of the invention, “immersed” in a solution/fluid means that the electrode is plunged into the solution/fluid at least partially.
By “phase of an alloy of zinc and silver” is meant a homogeneous phase comprising zinc and silver. The alloy phase can have for example the following composition: Ag0.13Zn0.87. The presence of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver and its/their amount can be determined by X-ray diffraction.
By “homogeneous phase” is meant a phase for which the composition is substantially the same in any point of the phase.
By “specific surface area” of the metal deposit is meant the specific surface area of the metal deposit determined by physisorption techniques and further BET analysis. More particularly, the specific surface area can be determined by BET analysis based on Kr-adsorption isotherms measured for instance on a BelSorp Max set-up at 77 K.
By “(C1-C6) alkyl” is meant a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like, preferably methyl or ethyl.
Electrode
An electrode according to the present invention comprises an electrically conductive support of which at least a part of the surface is covered by a metal deposit of zinc and silver,
wherein said metal deposit has a specific surface area greater than or equal to 0.1 m2·g−1 and/or comprises at least 1 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver, such as a phase Ag0.13Zn0.87.
The electrically conductive support can be the support used for forming the metal deposit (e.g. by electrodeposition) or another support. According to a particular embodiment, the metals, i.e. zinc and silver, are deposited on the support by electrodeposition for forming the metal deposit.
The electrically conductive support will comprise or consist of an electrically conductive material which may be a composite material consisting of several distinct electroconductive materials.
The electrically conductive material may be chosen in particular from a metal such as copper, steel, aluminum, zinc, silver, gold, iron, nickel or titanium; a metal oxide such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); a metal sulfide such as copper indium gallium sulfide, cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide; carbon in particular in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, boron-doped diamond, any form of gas diffusion layer (GDL) with or without microporous layer and with or without hydrophobic treatment, such as the addition of a polytetrafluoroethylene; a polymer intrinsically electrically conductive or made conductive by a coating with a film of conductive material (e.g. metal, semi-conductor or conductive polymer); a semiconductor such as silicon (e.g. amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon), lead halide perovskite or tin halide perovskite; and a mixture thereof.
In particular, the electrically conductive material may be chosen from a metal such as copper, silver, iron, steel, aluminum, zinc or titanium, for instance copper, steel, aluminum, zinc or titanium; a metal oxide such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); a metal sulfide such as cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide; carbon in particular in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, boron-doped diamond; a semiconductor such as silicon; and a mixture thereof.
This support may take any form suitable for use as an electrode, the person skilled in the art being able to determine the shape and dimensions of such a support according to the intended use. For example, it can be in the form of a sheet, a foil, a plate, a mesh, or a foam. It can be 3D-printed, in particular in the case of a carbon-based or metal-based or polymer-based support.
The surface of such a support is at least partially covered by the metal deposit. Advantageously, at least 5%, in particular at least 20%, especially at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, of the surface of the support is covered by the metal deposit. According to a particular embodiment, the entire surface of the support is covered by the metal deposit.
The metal deposit preferably has a specific surface area of at least 0.1 m2·g−1, notably at least 0.5 m2·g−1, for example at least 0.7 m2·g−1, such as at least 1 m2·g−1. In particular, the metal deposit has a specific surface area for example comprised between 0.1 and 500 m2·g−1, notably between 0.5 and 200 m2·g−1, in particular between 1 and 100 m2·g−1, preferably between 1 and 50 m2·g−1, for example between 1 and 30 m2·g−1, notably between 1 and 25 m2·g−1.
The metal deposit can comprise at least 1 wt %, notably at least 5 wt %, in particular at least 10 wt %, for example at least 20 wt %, such as at least 30 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver. The metal deposit can consist of 100 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and of the silver. The alloy of zinc and silver can be in particular an alloy of the following composition: Ag0.13Zn0.87. Thus, the metal deposit can consist of 100% Ag0.13Zn0.87 or a mixture of Ag0.13Zn0.87 and Zn, in particular with an alloy amount as defined above.
The presence of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver and its/their amount can be determined by X-ray diffraction.
The metal deposit advantageously has a thickness of between 1 μm and 500 μm, for example between 1 μm and 300 μm, such as between 1 μm and 250 μm, notably between 5 μm and 250 μm, preferably between 5 μm and 200 μm.
Such a thickness can be measured in particular by measuring a sample cross section by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), for example using a scanning electron microscope Hitachi S-4800.
The metal deposit will also advantageously have a porous structure.
The metal deposit will advantageously have a porosity with an average pore size of between 1 μm and 500 μm, in particular between 1 μm and 200 μm, notably between 5 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 20 μm and 100 μm.
The average pore size can be determined by means of images obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) or Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), preferably by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), for example using a scanning electron microscope Hitachi S-4800.
The electrode can also have been submitted to one or several additional treatments, at any stage of its preparation, in particular to modify its conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), its hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) and/or its ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), polybenzimidazole (PBI) or a mixture thereof).
Such an electrode is obtainable by the method detailed below and can be used for CO2 electroreduction to CO as mentioned below.
Preparation of the Electrode
The present invention relates also to a process for preparing an electrode according to the invention comprising the following successive steps:
Step (i)
The electrically conductive support can be the electrically conductive support present in the final electrode or another one.
The electrically conductive support will comprise or consist of an electrically conductive material which may be a composite material consisting of several distinct electroconductive materials.
The electrically conductive material may be chosen in particular from a metal such as copper, steel, aluminum, zinc, silver, gold, iron, nickel or titanium; a metal oxide such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); a metal sulfide such as copper indium gallium sulfide, cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide; carbon in particular in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, boron-doped diamond, any form of gas diffusion layer (GDL) with or without microporous layer and with or without hydrophobic treatment, such as the addition of a polytetrafluoroethylene; a polymer intrinsically electrically conductive or made conductive by a coating with a film of conductive material (e.g. metal, semi-conductor or conductive polymer); a semiconductor such as silicon (e.g. amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon), lead halide perovskite or tin halide perovskite; and a mixture thereof.
In particular, the electrically conductive material may be chosen from a metal such as copper, silver, iron, steel, aluminum, zinc or titanium, for instance copper, steel, aluminum, zinc or titanium; a metal oxide such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); a metal sulfide such as cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide; carbon in particular in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, boron-doped diamond; a semiconductor such as silicon; and a mixture thereof.
This support may take any form suitable for use as an electrode, the person skilled in the art being able to determine the shape and dimensions of such a support according to the intended use. For example, it can be in the form of a sheet, a foil, a plate, a mesh, or a foam. It can be 3D-printed, in particular in the case of a carbon-based or metal-based or polymer-based support.
The support can also have been submitted to one or several additional treatments, in particular to modify the conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with PTFE) and/or ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof) of the electrode.
This electrically conductive support will advantageously be cleaned and polished before steps (ii) and (iii) are carried out according techniques well known to the skilled person.
Step (ii)
The acidic aqueous solution containing ions of zinc and ions of silver to be deposited will more particularly be an acidic aqueous solution containing:
The total metal ions (i.e. zinc and silver ions) will be present in the solution advantageously at a concentration comprised between 0.1 mM and 10 M, notably comprised between 1 mM and 1 M, such as comprised between 0.05 M and 0.5 M, notably at about 0.2 M.
The ratio zinc ions/silver ions in the acidic solution will depend on the ratio zinc/silver which is desired in the final electrode. At a current density of −4 A·cm−2 applied in step (iii), the ratio between molar Ag content over the total amount of molar Ag and Zn in the final metal deposit is typically 2 times higher than the ratio between precursor Ag+ concentration over the total metal concentration of Ag+ and Zn2+ in the acidic solution.
The acid introduced into the aqueous solution may be any acid, whether organic or inorganic. It may be for example sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, formic acid or acetic acid, notably sulphuric acid. Preferably, it will not be nitric acid. This acid may be present in the acidic aqueous solution advantageously at a concentration comprised between 0.1 mM and 10 M, notably comprised between 10 mM and 3 M, such as between 0.1 M and 3 M, notably between 0.1 M and 2 M, notably between 0.5 M and 2 M, in particular between 0.5 M and 1.5 M, for example at about 0.5 M or 1.5 M.
The acidic aqueous solution is advantageously prepared using deionized water to better control the ionic composition of the solution.
The electrically conductive support will be totally or partially immersed in the acidic aqueous solution containing the metal ions to be deposited depending on whether a deposit over the entire surface or only a part of the surface of the support is desired.
In order to obtain a deposit on only a part of the surface of the support, it may also be envisaged to apply a mask made of an insulating material on the parts of the support that should not be covered with the metal deposit. In this case, the complete support, on which the mask has been applied, may be immersed in the acidic aqueous solution containing the metal ions to be deposited. This mask will be removed from the support after the metal has been deposited.
Step (iii)
In this step, the electrically conductive support will act as cathode, while the second electrode will act as anode.
The second electrode will advantageously be immersed in the acidic aqueous solution containing the metal ions to be deposited but may also be immersed in another electrolyte solution electrically connected to the first one. The use of a single electrolyte solution, namely the acidic aqueous solution containing ions of zinc and ions of silver to be deposited, remains preferred.
The nature of the second electrode is not critical. It is only necessary for carrying out electrodeposition by an electrolysis process. It may be for example a platinum or titanium electrode or even a carbon electrode.
The current or potential is applied between the electrically conductive support and the second electrode (a reductive current/potential) so as to have a current density equal or less than −0.1 A·cm−2, notably between −10 A·cm−2 and −0.1 A·cm−2, preferably between −5 A·cm−2 and −0.1 A·cm−2, preferably between −4 A·cm−2 and −0.5 A·cm−2.
The current or potential will be applied for a sufficient time to obtain the desired amount of metal deposit, notably for a duration comprised between 10 and 500 s, for example between 10 and 200 s, notably between 20 and 180 s, preferably between 30 and 160 s.
Electrodeposition will be carried out advantageously by a galvanostatic method, that is to say, by application of a constant current/potential throughout the deposition process.
When the current or potential is applied, several reduction reactions will occur at the cathode:
Mx++xe−→M
2H++2e−→H2
Similarly, an oxidation reaction will occur at the anode when the current or potential is applied. The nature of this oxidation reaction is not crucial. This may be for example the oxidation of water.
The method according to the invention allows the growth of Zn—Ag with a high surface area through seeding and hydrogen-evolution-assisted electrodeposition. Thus, the metal deposit can be prepared by one step of electrodeposition.
Once the current or potential has been applied, the electrically conductive support of which at least one part of the surface is covered with a metal deposit may be removed from the solution in which it was immersed. It should be cleaned, notably with water (for example distilled water), before being dried, notably under vacuum, or under a stream of inert gas (argon, nitrogen, helium, etc.) or even air.
The electrode thus obtained can then be submitted to additional treatments, in particular to modify its conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), its hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with PTFE) and/or its ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof).
According to a first embodiment, the electrically conductive support of which at least one part of the surface is covered with a metal deposit can be used as such as an electrode according to the invention. In this case, the electrode according to the present invention can be prepared by one step of electrodeposition and optionally further additional treatment step(s) as mentioned above.
According to a second embodiment, the obtained metal deposit of zinc and silver is removed (e.g. by mechanically detaching it from the conductive support) from the initial electrically conductive support and applied on a second electrically conductive support to form the electrode according to the invention, such as a porous electrically conductive support. This can be performed by any deposition technique such as the application of an ink (e.g. by dropcasting or spraying) onto the electrically conductive support. Such an ink will be prepared by any technique well known to the person skilled in the field of electrochemistry and will advantageously comprise a volatile solvent such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropanol or any other solvent, the powder obtained from the metal deposit removal and possibly an additional ionomer, such as a proton exchange membrane (e.g. Nafion™), an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof, to ensure optimal attachment and electrical conductivity between the electrically conductive support and the applied metal deposit. This may also be performed by electrophoresis in a composition containing organic or aqueous electrolyte and a suspension of the metal deposit. In this case the electrically conductive support is used as the electrophoresis electrode to which the suspended particles of metal deposit are electrostatically attracted to. Additional treatment steps of the electrode can be performed before, during or after the application of the metal deposit on the support, in particular to modify its conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), its hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with PTFE) and/or its ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof).
Electrolysis Device
The present invention relates also to an electrolysis device comprising an electrode according to the present invention, as defined above, which can be used for CO2 electroreduction to CO.
Such an electrolysis device will include a second electrode. One electrode will act as anode where oxidation will occur, the other electrode will act as cathode where reduction will occur.
Advantageously, this device will use the electrode according to the present invention as the cathode, in particular to convert CO2 into CO.
The anode may be any electrode traditionally used in the art as anode and with which the skilled person is well familiar. Such an anode will comprise an anodic catalyst which constitute the entire anode or which is applied on an electrically conductive support.
The anodic catalyst can be for example a metal such as copper, steel, iron, nickel, silver, gold, aluminium, platinum, cobalt, copper, iridium, ruthenium, nickel, titanium; a metal oxide such as iron oxide, iridium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, cobalt oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); or a mixture thereof.
The support can comprise any suitable electrically conductive material, optionally in the form of a composite material consisting of several distinct electrically conductive materials, which may be selected notably from carbon, notably in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, boron-doped diamond, any form of gas diffusion layer (GDL) with or without microporous layer and with or without hydrophobic treatment such as the addition of a polytetrafluoroethylene; a polymer intrinsically electrically conductive or made conductive by their coating with a film of conductive material (e.g. metal, semi-conductor or conductive polymer); a semiconductor such as silicon or perovskite; and a mixture thereof.
The anode may take any form suitable for use as an electrode, the person skilled in the art being able to determine the shape and dimensions of such an electrode according to the intended use. For example, it can be in the form of a sheet, a foil, a plate, a mesh, or a foam. It can be 3D-printed, in particular in the case of a carbon-based or metal-based or polymer-based support.
The anode can also have been submitted to one or several additional treatments, at any stage of its preparation, in particular to modify its conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), its hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with PTFE) and/or its ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof).
Such devices will include in particular other elements well known to the person skilled in the field of electrochemistry, such as one or more other electrodes (in particular a potential reference electrode), an energy source, a membrane, one or several ionomers, a supporting salt, a device allowing the flow of reagents, a device for collecting the gases formed, etc. However, the skilled person knows perfectly well how to make and implement such an electrochemical device.
In particular, the electrolysis device can be coupled to a source of electrical energy, such as an intermittent source of energy. It can be in particular a source of renewable electricity, more particularly an intermittent source of renewable energy, such as a photovoltaic panel or a wind turbine. However, any other source of electrical energy can be used.
Method for Converting CO2 into CO
The method according to the present invention for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into CO uses an electrode according to the invention and comprises the following steps:
a) providing an electrolysis device comprising an anode and a cathode, wherein said cathode is an electrode according to the present invention and thus comprises an electrically conductive support of which at least a part of the surface is covered by a metal deposit of zinc and silver, said metal deposit having a specific surface area greater than or equal to 0.1 m2·g−1 and/or comprising at least 1 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver, such as a phase Ag0.13Zn0.87;
b) exposing the cathode of said electrolysis device to a gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition, such as a CO2-containing aqueous catholyte solution or a gaseous CO2-containing composition;
c) applying an electrical current or a potential between the anode and the cathode in order to reduce the carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide.
Step (a)
The electrolysis device used in the method of the present invention comprises an anode and a cathode.
The cathode of the electrolysis device is an electrode according to the invention and comprises an electrically conductive support of which at least a part of the surface is covered by a metal deposit of zinc and silver, said metal deposit having a specific surface area greater than or equal to 0.1 m2·g−1 and/or comprising at least 1 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver, such as a phase Ag0.13Zn0.87.
The electrically conductive support can be the support used for forming the metal deposit (e.g. by electrodeposition) or another support. According to a particular embodiment, the metals, i.e. zinc and silver, are deposited on the support by electrodeposition for forming the metal deposit.
The electrically conductive support will comprise or consist of an electrically conductive material which may be a composite material consisting of several distinct electroconductive materials.
The electrically conductive material may be chosen in particular from a metal such as copper, steel, aluminum, zinc, silver, gold, iron, nickel or titanium; a metal oxide such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); a metal sulfide such as copper indium gallium sulfide, cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide; carbon in particular in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, boron-doped diamond, any form of gas diffusion layer (GDL) with or without microporous layer and with or without hydrophobic treatment, such as the addition of a polytetrafluoroethylene; a polymer intrinsically electrically conductive or made conductive by a coating with a film of conductive material (e.g. metal, semi-conductor or conductive polymer); a semiconductor such as silicon (e.g. amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon), lead halide perovskite or tin halide perovskite; and a mixture thereof.
In particular, the electrically conductive material may be chosen from a metal such as copper, silver, iron, steel, aluminum, zinc or titanium, for instance copper, steel, aluminum, zinc or titanium; a metal oxide such as fluorine-doped Tin oxide (FTO), or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); a metal sulfide such as cadmium sulfide or zinc sulfide; carbon in particular in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, boron-doped diamond; a semiconductor such as silicon; and a mixture thereof.
This support may take any form suitable for use as an electrode, the person skilled in the art being able to determine the shape and dimensions of such a support according to the intended use. For example, it can be in the form of a sheet, a foil, a plate, a mesh, or a foam. It can be 3D-printed, in particular in the case of a carbon-based or metal-based or polymer-based support.
The surface of such a support is at least partially covered by the metal deposit. Advantageously, at least 5%, in particular at least 20%, especially at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, of the surface of the support is covered by the metal deposit. According to a particular embodiment, the entire surface of the support is covered by the metal deposit.
The metal deposit has advantageously a specific surface area of at least 0.1 m2·g−1, notably at least 0.5 m2·g−1, for example at least 0.7 m2·g−1, such as at least 1 m2·g−1. In particular, the metal deposit has a specific surface area for example comprised between 0.1 and 500 m2·g−1, notably between 0.5 and 200 m2·g−1, in particular between 1 and 100 m2·g−1, preferably between 1 and 50 m2·g−1, for example between 1 and 30 m2·g−1, notably between 1 and 25 m2·g−1.
The metal deposit can comprise at least 1 wt %, notably at least 5 wt %, in particular at least 10 wt %, for example at least 20 wt %, such as at least 30 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver. The metal deposit can consist of 100 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and of the silver. The alloy of zinc and silver can be in particular an alloy of the following composition: Ag0.13Zn0.87. Thus, the metal deposit can consist of 100% Ag0.13Zn0.87 or a mixture of Ag0.13Zn0.87 and Zn, in particular with an alloy amount as defined above.
The presence of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and silver and its/their amount can be determined by X-ray diffraction.
The metal deposit advantageously has a thickness of between 1 μm and 500 μm, for example between 1 μm and 300 μm, such as between 1 μm and 250 μm, notably between 5 μm and 250 μm, preferably between 5 μm and 200 μm.
Such a thickness can be measured in particular by measuring the electrode cross section by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), for example using a scanning electron microscope Hitachi S-4800.
The metal deposit will also advantageously have a porous structure. The metal deposit will advantageously have a porosity with an average pore size of between 1 μm and 500 μm, in particular between 1 μm and 200 μm, notably between 5 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 20 μm and 100 μm.
The average pore size can be determined by means of images obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) or Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), preferably by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), for example using a scanning electron microscope Hitachi S-4800.
The cathode can also have been submitted to one or several additional treatments, at any stage of its preparation, in particular to modify its conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), its hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with PTFE) and/or its ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof).
The anode may be any electrode traditionally used in the art as an anode and with which the skilled person is well familiar. Such an anode will comprise an anodic catalyst which constitute the entire anode or which is applied on an electrically conductive support.
The anodic catalyst can be for example a metal such as copper, steel, iron, nickel, silver, gold, aluminium, platinum, cobalt, copper, iridium, ruthenium, nickel, titanium; a metal oxide such as iron oxide, iridium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, cobalt oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO); or a mixture thereof.
The support can comprise any suitable electrically conductive material, optionally in the form of a composite material consisting of several distinct electrically conductive materials, which may be selected notably from carbon, notably in the form of carbon felt, graphite, vitreous carbon, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, boron-doped diamond, any form of gas diffusion layer (GDL) with or without microporous layer and with or without hydrophobic treatment such as the addition of a polytetrafluoroethylene; a polymer intrinsically electrically conductive or made conductive by their coating with a film of conductive material (e.g. metal, semi-conductor or conductive polymer); a semiconductor such as silicon or perovskite; and a mixture thereof.
The anode may take any form suitable for use as an electrode, the person skilled in the art being able to determine the shape and dimensions of such an electrode according to the intended use. For example, it can be in the form of a sheet, a foil, a plate, a mesh, or a foam. It can be 3D-printed, in particular in the case of a carbon-based or metal-based or polymer-based support.
The anode can also have been submitted to one or several additional treatments, at any stage of its preparation, in particular to modify its conductivity (e.g. treatment with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, boron-doped diamond powder or a combination thereof), its hydrophobicity (e.g. treatment with PTFE) and/or its ionophilicity (e.g. treatment with an ionomer such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof).
The cathode and the electrolysis device can be as defined above (cf. ‘electrode’ and ‘electrolysis device’ parts above respectively). In particular, the cathode can be prepared as defined above (cf. ‘preparation of the electrode’ part).
Step (b)
The cathode of the electrolysis device will be exposed to a gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition such as a CO2-containing aqueous catholyte solution or a CO2-containing gas. This can be performed at atmospheric pressure or at a higher pressure, notably at a CO2 pressure from 100 to 100000 kPa, notably from 100 to 50000 kPa, such as from 100 to 20000 kPa, for example from 100 to 10000 kPa, notably from 100 to 8000 kPa, such as from 100 to 6000 kPa, for example from 100 to 5000 kPa, for example from 100 to 1000 kPa. This can also be performed at a temperature which is preferably from 10 to 100° C., notably from 20 to 100° C., such as from 50 to 80° C.
According to a first embodiment, the gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition is a CO2-containing aqueous catholyte solution. In this case, the cathode will be more particularly immersed in such a catholyte solution. More particularly, the part of the cathode covered with the metal deposit must be at least partially, preferably completely, immersed into the catholyte solution.
Preferably, the aqueous solution is saturated with CO2, notably by bubbling the CO2 gas directly into the solution.
The use of a higher pressure of CO2 allows the quantity of CO2 dissolved in the catholyte to be increased and thus improved the electroreduction of CO2 into CO.
Advantageously, the catholyte solution comprises a salt of hydrogen carbonate (HCO3−), such as an alkali metal salt or a quaternary ammonium salt of hydrogen carbonate. The alkali metal can be potassium, sodium or cesium, preferably cesium. The quaternary ammonium can have the formula NR1R2R3R4+ wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4, identical or different, preferably identical, are a (C1-C6) alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl. The quaternary ammonium can be in particular a tetramethylammonium or a tetraethylammonium. Preferably the salt of hydrogen carbonate is CsHCO3. It should be noted that the continuous CO2 bubbling in the catholyte solution allows the consumed CO2 to be regenerated.
The concentration of the salt of hydrogen carbonate advantageously is below 10 M, for example below 1 M, notably below 0.5 M. It can be comprised between 0.01 M and 0.5 M, notably between 0.05 M and 0.2 M. For example, it can be about 0.1 M.
The catholyte solution is advantageously prepared using deionized water to better control the ionic composition of the solution.
According to a second embodiment, the gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition is a CO2-containing gas, notably in the form of a stream, such as gaseous CO2, and more particularly a stream of gaseous CO2. In this case, the electrolysis device will be more particularly a gas-diffusion-electrode-based electrolyzer. In consequence, the cathode will advantageously be made of a porous electrically conductive support at least partially covered with a metal deposit according to the invention, and preferably submitted to a hydrophobic treatment such as by the application of a polytetrafluoroethylene layer. The cathode separates the catholyte solution from the CO2-containing gas, while allowing the flow of CO2 through it. More particularly, the part of the cathode covered with the metal deposit must be at least partially, preferably completely exposed to the catholyte solution. It will be also exposed to CO2 thanks to its diffusion through the porous structure of the cathode.
Preferably, the stream of gaseous CO2 will be flowed at a flow rate (expressed per cm−2 of electrode) from 0.1 mL·min−1·cm−2 electrode to 500 mL·min−1·cm−2 electrode, notably from 0.1 mL·min−1·cm−2 electrode to 200 mL·min−1·cm2 electrode, such as from 0.2 mL·min−1·cm−2 electrode to 100 mL·min−1·cm−2 electrode, preferably from 0.5 mL·min−1·cm−2 electrode to 50 mL·min−1·cm2 electrode. As mentioned above, a pressure of CO2 higher than atmospheric pressure can be used to increase the CO2 feed at the gas/cathode/catholyte interface.
Preferably, the catholyte solution will comprise an alkaline aqueous solution comprising a salt of hydroxide (OH−), such as an alkali metal salt of hydroxide. In particular the alkali metal can be potassium, sodium, lithium or cesium, preferably potassium or sodium. Alternatively, the catholyte solution may comprise a salt of hydrogen carbonate (HCO3−), such as an alkali metal salt or a quaternary ammonium salt of hydrogen carbonate. The alkali metal can be potassium, sodium or cesium, preferably cesium. The quaternary ammonium can have the formula NR1R2R3R4+ wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4, identical or different, preferably identical, are a (C1-C6) alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl. The quaternary ammonium can be in particular a tetramethylammonium or a tetraethylammonium. Preferably the salt of hydrogen carbonate is CsHCO3.
The concentration of the salt of hydroxide will advantageously be below 15 M, notably below 12 M, for example below 10 M. Preferably, it is not below 0.1 M, in particular not below 1 M. The concentration of the salt of hydrogen carbonate will be advantageously below 15 M, for example below 12 M, notably below 10 M, preferably not below 0.1 M, in particular not below 1 M.
The catholyte solution is advantageously prepared using deionized water to better control the ionic composition of the solution.
According to a third embodiment, the gaseous or liquid CO2-containing composition is a CO2-containing gas such as humidified CO2 and more particularly a stream of humidified CO2. In this case, the electrolysis device will be more particularly a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer. In consequence, the cathode will be advantageously a porous electrode, for example comprising a gas-diffusion-layer, a metallic mesh- or a foam as an electrically conductive support, which is at least partially covered with the metal deposit according to the invention and optionally treated with an ionomer, such as an anion exchange polymer (e.g. Sustainion™), a polyaromatic polymer (e.g. Fumion™), PBI or a mixture thereof, to improve conductivity. More particularly, the part of the cathode covered with the metal deposit must be at least partially, preferably completely exposed to the stream of humidified CO2.
Preferably, the stream of humidified CO2 will be flowed at a flow rate (expressed per cm−2 of electrode) from 0.1 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 500 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode, notably from 0.1 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 200 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode, such as from 0.2 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 100 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode, preferably from 0.5 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 50 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode.
The use of a pressure of humidified CO2 higher than atmospheric pressure will increase the CO2 feed at the electrode/membrane interface. CO2 pressure will be preferably from 100 to 100000 kPa, notably from 100 to 50000 kPa, such as from 100 to 20000 kPa, for example from 100 to 10000 kPa. The use of humidified CO2 at higher temperature will also favor the homogeneous moisture of the electrode and avoid liquid accumulation at the cathode. The temperature will be preferably from 10 to 100° C., notably from 20 to 100° C., such as from 50 to 80° C.
In the same way, the anode of the electrolysis device will be exposed to an anodic fluid that could be for example either under the liquid form (made of water for instance or an aqueous solution, preferably of non-expensive reactant(s) that can undergo oxidation as known by the skilled person in the field such as chloride anions) or in the gaseous form. The gaseous anodic fluid could be comprised of water vapor, or other non-expensive reactant(s) than can be oxidized such as methane. The fluid can be a stream or not.
Thus, the anode of the electrolysis device may be exposed to an anolyte solution (i.e. an anodic fluid in liquid form), such as an anolyte aqueous solution. More particularly, the anode will be immersed in this anolyte solution.
In this case, the anolyte aqueous solution can be an alkaline aqueous solution comprising a salt of hydroxide (OH−), such as an alkali metal salt of hydroxide. In particular the alkali metal can be potassium, sodium, lithium or cesium, preferably potassium or sodium.
The concentration of the salt of hydroxide will advantageously be below 15 M, notably below 12 M, for example below 10 M. Preferably, it is not below 0.1 M, in particular not below 1 M.
The anolyte aqueous solution can also be an acidic aqueous solution comprising a proton source, whether organic or inorganic. It may be for example sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, formic acid, carbonic acid or acetic acid, notably sulphuric acid or carbonic acid. Preferably, it will not be nitric acid.
The concentration of the salt of hydroxide will advantageously be below 15 M, notably below 12 M, for example below 10 M. Preferably, it is not below 0.1 M, in particular not below 1 M.
The anolyte aqueous solution can also comprise a salt of carbonate (CO32−), such as an alkali metal salt of carbonate. The alkali metal can be potassium, sodium or cesium, preferably cesium. Preferably the salt of carbonate is Cs2CO3.
The concentration of the salt of carbonate advantageously is below 15 M, such as below 10 M, such as below 1 M, notably below 0.5 M. Preferably, it is not below 0.01 M, in particular not below 0.05 M. It can be comprised between 0.01 M and 0.5 M, notably between 0.05 M and 0.2 M. For example, it can be about 0.1 M.
The anolyte aqueous solution can also comprise a salt of hydrogen carbonate (HCO3−), such as an alkali metal salt of hydrogen carbonate. The alkali metal can be potassium, sodium or cesium, preferably cesium. Preferably the salt of hydrogen carbonate is CsHCO3. It should be noted that the continuous CO2 bubbling in the catholyte solution allows regenerating the diffused bicarbonate anions.
The concentration of the salt of hydrogen carbonate advantageously is below 15 M, such as below 10 M, such as below 1 M, notably below 0.5 M. Preferably, it is not below 0.01 M, in particular not below 0.05 M. It can be comprised between 0.01 M and 0.5 M, notably between 0.05 M and 0.2 M. For example, it can be about 0.1 M.
The anolyte aqueous solution is advantageously prepared using deionized water to better control the ionic composition of the solution.
If a catholyte solution is also used, the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution may be the same solution so that the anode and the cathode are exposed to/immersed in the same solution. If the anode and cathode are not exposed to the same solution or if the cathode is not exposed to a solution, the cathode and anode chambers may be separated for example by an ion (e.g. proton) exchange, osmotic, bipolar or dialysis membrane or a porous ceramic in order to allow charges or solvent molecules to pass from one chamber to another.
An anolyte aqueous solution can be used in particular when a catholyte aqueous solution is also used or when the electrolysis device is a gas-diffusion-electrode-based electrolyzer.
The anode of the electrolysis device can also be exposed to an anodic fluid which is a gas and more particularly a gaseous stream. In particular, this gas can be water vapor; humidified carrier gas such as nitrogen or argon; non-expensive gaseous reactant that can be oxidized such as methane or a mixture thereof. Preferably, it will be made of humidified nitrogen.
In this case, the electrolysis device will be more particularly a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer. Advantageously, the anode will be a porous electrode such as a gas-diffusion-layer-supported electrode, a metallic-mesh-supported or a foam-supported electrode. More particularly, the anode is at least partially, preferably completely exposed to the gaseous stream.
Preferably, the gaseous stream will be flowed at a flow rate (expressed per cm−2 of electrode) from 0.1 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 500 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode, notably from 0.1 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 200 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode, such as from 0.2 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 100 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode, preferably from 0.5 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode to 50 mL·min−1·cm−2electrode.
The gaseous stream pressure will be preferably from 100 to 100000 kPa, notably from 100 to 50000 kPa, such as from 100 to 20000 kPa, for example from 100 to 10000 kPa. Indeed, the use of a pressure of gaseous stream higher than atmospheric pressure will allow the water feed to be increased at the electrode/membrane interface of a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer. The temperature will be preferably from 10 to 100° C., notably from 20 to 100° C., such as from 50 to 80° C. Indeed, the use of a gaseous stream at higher temperature will also favor the homogeneous moisture of the electrode and avoid liquid accumulation at the anode.
Step (c)
When the electrical current or potential is applied between the anode and the cathode of the electrolysis device, reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and optionally water (H2O) occurs at the cathode and oxidation reaction(s) occur(s) at the anode.
The nature of the oxidation reaction(s) will depend notably on the nature of the anolyte fluid and of the anode. The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) may occur according to the following half-reactions:
(1) Co2+H2O+2e−→CO+2OH−
(2) CO2+H2O+2e−→HCOO−+OH−
(3) 2H2O+2e−→H2+2OH−
In the framework of the present invention, reduction occurs mainly according to half-reaction (1), leading to a high selectivity for CO production and a minor production of H2 and formic acid (HCOOH). Thus, the gaseous product obtained by the CO2 electroreduction according to the invention contains at least 70%, notably at least 75%, such as at least 80%, in particular at least 85%, preferably at least 90% of CO.
The current applied between the two electrodes will depend on the cell potential. This current will vary depending on the applied potential, pressure of carbon dioxide, electrode composition and device set up in each of the above embodiments. The potential applied between the cathode according to the present invention and a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) as reference electrode can be more negative than −0.5 V vs RHE, for example between −0.6 V vs RHE and −3 V vs RHE, notably between −0.7 V vs RHE and −2 V vs RHE or even between −0.8 V vs RHE and −1.5 V vs RHE, or even between −0.8 V vs RHE and −1.4 V vs RHE.
The conditions of pressure and/or temperature can be as defined above for step (b).
Unless stated otherwise, electrodes were prepared on 1 cm2 Zn foil (GoodFellow, 99.99+%, 1 mm) successively polished by P1200, and P2400 emery paper followed by sonication in water before deposition. Each electrode was then immersed in a 1.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution of 0.2 M metal salts apportioned between X % AgNO3 and (100−X) % ZnSO4 with X % varying between 0% and 10% depending on the targeted Ag content and exposed to −4 A·cm−2 for 30 s (unless stated otherwise) using a three-electrode set-up with an Ag/AgCl (KC sat.) reference and Pt counter. In each case the electrode was immediately rinsed with milliQ water and air-dried after deposition. AgNO3 (99.9999%) and H2SO4 (99.8%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. ZnSO4.7H2O (99.5%) was purchased from Roth chemicals.
Imaging and Energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry (EDX) were performed on a SU-70 Hitachi FEGSEM fitted with an X-Max 50 mm2 Oxford EDX spectrometer. The imaging setup was 5 kV in order to observe surface features. Setup for quantitative analysis and mapping was 15 kV. Standards used as a reference for this voltage were purchased at Geller microanalytical laboratory (Boston, Mass.). Volume analysed at this voltage is approximatively a sphere with diameter of −700 nm. This value was calculated with Single Scattering Monte Carlo Simulation. Transmission electron microscopy images and chemical maps were acquired with a Jeol 2100F microscope operated at 200 kV. Chemical maps were acquired in STEM mode with the same microscope, equipped with Jeol system for X-ray detection and cartography. The elemental composition of the metallic electrodes was probed with ICP-AES in a ThermoFisher iCAP 6000 device after gently scratching the deposited powders from their Zn-plate support with a plastic blade and subsequently dissolving the metallic structures in 20% HNO3 (Sigma-Aldrich, 65%).
Surface areas were obtained from the analysis of Kr sorption isotherms measured on a BelSorp Max set-up at 77 K. Prior to the measurement, samples were treated under vacuum at 130° C. during at least 7 h. Surface areas were estimated using the BET model (Kr cross-sectional area 0.210 nm2). The specific surface area value derived from BET measurement, reported in m2·g−1 was converted, for convenience, to a physical surface area in cm2phys·cm−2geo by multiplying it by the mass of deposited electrode onto the 1 cm2 flat Zn support.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements were performed in Bragg-Brentano geometry using a BRUKER D8 Advance diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λKα1-1.54056 Å, λKα2-1.54439 Å) and a Lynxeye XE detector.
The electrochemically active (‘echem’) surface area available per cm2 of flat (‘geo’) electrode was determined using a double layer capacitance measurement technique. This capacitance is determined as the slope of the linear relationship between the widths of cyclic voltammograms obtained at a potential at which no faradaic phenomenon occurs and the scan rates used to perform the cyclic voltammogram. Such experiments were led in CO2-saturated 0.1 M CsHCO3 to which an 85%-iR-correction was applied, just after electrolysis in order to get the most realistic value of the operando electrochemically active surface area.
Electrocatalytic measurements were carried out using a Bio-logic SP300 potentiostat. A H-type cell was used with the two compartments being separated by a bipolar exchange membrane (AMV Selemion™, ACG Engineering) with an inter-electrode distance of 6 cm between the working and Pt counter and an Ag/AgCl reference (saturated KCl) placed at 0.5 cm from the working. 0.1 M CsHCO3 (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%) aqueous solution was used as both anolyte and catholyte, the latter being CO2-saturated preceding the experiment (CO2, Linde, HiQ 5.2) until the catholyte pH reach 6.8. During the electrolysis, CO2 was constantly bubbled at 20 mL·min−1 through a frit at the bottom of the cathodic chamber and generated gaseous products and excess CO2 were flowed to the gaseous inlet of a gas chromatograph for online measurement. Potentials are reported against the Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE) according to the relationship E vs. RHE=E vs. Ag/AgCl+0.197+0.059*pH.
H2 and gaseous CO2 reduction products were analysed by gas chromatography (GC, Multi-Gas Analyser #5 SRI Instruments), equipped with Haysep D and MoleSieve 5A columns, thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and flame ionisation detector (FID) with methaniser using Argon as a carrier gas. GC was calibrated by using a standard gas mixture containing 2500 ppm of H2, CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8, C4H8 and C4H10 in CO2 (Messer). The liquid phase products were quantified using ionic exchange chromatography (for oxalate −883 Basic IC, Metrohm) and NMR spectroscopy (Bruker AVANCE III 300 spectrometer).
The general conditions mentioned above for electrode preparation were used to generate a range of Ag-doped Zn electrodes fabricated by varying the precursor Ag+ concentration. The so-generated Ag—Zn electrodes will be referred to, hereafter, as Y %-Ag-doped Zn electrodes where Y % is the incorporated atomic % Ag determined by ICP-AES (rounded to the decimal) taken equal to 1.0%, 1.9%, 5.6%, 9.4% or 20.1% (Table 1).
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that even at the lowest % Ag (1.0%), high-surface-area microporous dendritic structures were attained, offering greatly improved structuration over the stacked configuration of pure Zn (
a)determined by Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
b)specific surface area determined by Kr-adsorption measurements and BET analysis.
c)determined by weighing the electrode before and after deposition.
d)BET SA corresponds to the physical (‘phys’) surface area deposited per cm2 of flat (‘geo’) electrode: it is calculated by multiplying the BET specific surface area by the mass of deposited electrode.
e)electrochemically active (‘echenn’) surface area available per cm2 of flat (‘geo’) electrode determined by double layer capacitance measurements.
f)thickness determined using 45°-tilted SEM of the electrode cross section.
The alloyed nature of the Ag-doped Zn electrodes was proven by High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) combined with Scanning TEM—Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (STEM-EDXS) elemental mapping, which showed a homogeneous distribution of Ag and Zn within the structures at the nanoscale (
Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) on the powder recovered from the electrodes, revealed the presence of two sets of peaks that can be indexed in the hexagonal P63/mmc space group (
The surface and near-surface composition (up to a depth of 526 nm) of each electrode was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 15 kV SEM-XEDS respectively (
Electrochemical studies were undertaken in a two-compartment H-cell separated by a bipolar membrane using 0.1 M CsHCO3 as an electrolyte. The cathodic compartment was CO2-saturated beforehand and CO2 was continuously flowed at 20 mL·min−1 throughout the electrolysis. Products were analysed by online gas chromatography (GC) and 1H-NMR after each controlled potential electrolysis (CPE).
The potential-dependent activity of the 1.9%-Ag-doped Zn electrode was first investigated (
Further electrochemical analyses were performed to establish the influence of Ag content on the corresponding Ag-doped Zn electrodes. Analysis of the product distribution showed that all electrodes generated CO as the major product (
1.9%-Ag-doped Zn electrodes were prepared with varying thicknesses between 43 μm and 288 μm with otherwise identical nanostructures (confirmed by specific surface area analysis, Table 2).
a)deposition carried out at −4 A cm−2.
b)specific surface area determined by Kr-adsorption measurements and BET analysis.
c)determined by weighing the electrode before and after deposition.
d)BET SA corresponds to the physical (‘phys’) surface area deposited per cm2 of flat (‘geo’) electrode: it is calculated by multiplying the BET specific surface area by the mass of deposited electrode.
e)electrochemically active (‘echem’) surface area available per cm2 of flat (‘geo’) electrode determined by double layer capacitance measurements.
f)thickness determined using 45°-tilted SEM of the electrode cross section.
This was achieved by varying the electrode deposition time from 15 to 90 s in identical electrodeposition conditions. Analysis of their electrocatalytic activity revealed that little increase in jCO was seen, indicating that electrodes above 43 μm-thick contain extra material that does not significantly add to the overall activity (
The most restrictive parameter of CO2 mass transport is its aqueous solubility posing a significant strain on the electrocatalytic performance of the Ag-doped Zn electrodes presented herein. This was confirmed by performing CO2-electrocatalytic reduction at increased CO2 pressure. The 9.4%-Ag-doped Zn electrode was chosen for this experiment, since it exhibited the ‘jCO-1 bar’ plateau at a low overpotential. The experiment was carried out in a one-compartment high-pressure reactor with a graphite counter electrode in order to avoid the production of O2, otherwise preferentially reduced on the cathode at the expense of CO2-reduction efficiency. Three CO2 pressures were tested (1, 3 and 6 bars) while passing a constant current density (jtotal) of −200 mA·cm−2. At 1 bar, the applied −200 mA·cm−2 of current was mostly expended on H2 evolution (
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18306750.3 | Dec 2018 | EP | regional |
| 19191080.1 | Aug 2019 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/086440 | 12/19/2019 | WO | 00 |
