Patent Application
20140026478
The present invention relates to a method for cultivating sugar cane comprising cutting the stalk of an adult sugar cane plant into pieces, placing the stalk pieces containing at least one node in a humid medium, removing the shoots emerged from the nodes of the stalk or of the stalk pieces, optionally removing the newly emerged shoots, where this step can be repeated one or several times, removing the newly formed shoots when they are 10 to 60 cm long in such a way that they comprise meristematic tissue, planting these shoots in a growth medium, growing seedlings from the shoots at a temperature of at least 15° C., and 10 to 120 days after planting the shoots, planting the seedlings grown from the shoots to the field if the growth medium is not a field, or, in case the growth medium is a field, exposing the seedlings obtained from the shoots to ambient conditions.
Taking into account the finiteness of fossil fuel supply, biofuels have been rediscovered as an important energy source. Sugar cane is one of the plants which are yet used for the production of biofuels (bioethanol) and is promising for further development, as the alcohol obtained by the fermentation of these plants provides a renewable and clean fuel. The plantation area of sugar cane is increasing worldwide as well as the investments in factories to produce alcohol therefrom.
The seed of sugar cane is a dry one-seeded fruit or caryopsis formed from a single carpel, the ovary wall (pericarp) being united with the seed-coat (testa). The seeds are ovate, yellowish brown and very small, about 1 mm long. Disadvantageously, the seed of sugar cane only germinates under specific environmental characteristics, such as a constant warm and humid climate conditions. Such climatic conditions are not found everywhere sugar cane is grown, and therefore germination of sugar cane seed is not always guaranteed. For commercial agriculture, the seed of a sugar cane is not sown or planted, but instead, the cane is propagated vegetatively by planting a stem segment (or part of a stalk or culm or seedling). As mentioned above, the stem of sugar cane, as well as the stem of graminaceous plants, comprises several nodes, from which new plants grow. The traditional planting process of sugar cane involves the reservation of an area of the crop to be used as a source of plants for replanting, since the nodes are comprised in the stem. The plants used for replanting are harvested and then cut in segments of approximately 20-50 cm so that at least 2 nodes are present in each stem segment (sett). Cutting the stems is needed to break apical dominance that otherwise causes poor germination when using full length (uncut) stems. The segments are cut to have at least 2 buds (or at least two nodes; every node gives generally rise to one single bud) to assure germination, because not every bud germinates. Current machines used to cut sugar cane segments are not able to identify any characteristic in the stem, and therefore the precise position of the cut sites is determined at random. After cutting, the setts are disposed horizontally, over one another in furrows of the ploughed soil, which are generally wide at ground level and deep (40 to 50 cm wide and 30 to 40 cm deep), and then lightly covered with soil.
Although this plantation technique is still being used until today, the whole process is relatively inefficient because many segments of 2-4 nodes have to be used to guarantee the germination. The consequence is that a large area for re-planting needs to be used, and therefore area that could be employed for the crop and production of alcohol or sugar has to be reserved for re-planting. Thus, there is a necessity to increase the efficiency of the planting technique of sugar cane.
In a more recent cultivation method from Syngenta (called Plene®), nodes of less than 4 cm in length are separated from the stems, treated with Syngenta seed products and then planted to the field. The method is said to lead to a yield increase of up to 15%. However, the area required for multiplication is still very large. Similar cultivation methods are also described in WO 2009/000398, WO 2009/000399, WO 2009/000400, WO 2009/000401 and WO 2009/000402.
JP 08-280244 describes a method for producing sugar cane seedlings by germinating buds from lateral buds of sugar cane, growing these buds, removing the head parts of the grown buds, whereby new buds germinate from the lateral buds of the cut buds, and repeating this process steps once or several times. This process is said to allow mass production of sugar cane seedlings. A similar method is described in JP 2003-204716 and JP 2000-135025.
It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for cultivating sugar cane which requires a distinctly smaller area for multiplication, which makes use of the multiplication area for a shorter time, makes multiplication less dependent on the cultivation area and yields healthy and resistant plants.
The object is achieved by a method for cultivating sugar cane, which method comprises
In the terms of the present invention, “stem” is the caulis or stalk of the culm part of a graminaceus plant (here: the sugar cane plant), i.e. the main trunk of a plant, specifically a primary plant axis that develops buds and shoots.
“Sett” is a stem segment, section or cutting having one or more nodes.
“Node” is the location in the stem where the shoot, bud or gemma is formed in a graminaceus plant (here: the sugar cane plant).
“Shoot”, “bud” or “gemma” is the embryo, spore or germ of a graminaceus plant (here: the sugar cane plant).
“Germinate”/“germination” is the emergence of a new plant from a shoot/bud.
“Seedling” is the young plant emerging/sprouting from a shoot/bud. Within the terms of the present invention, the young plants are called “seedlings” starting from germination/sprouting until planting to a field (if the shoot is first grown in a growth medium which is not a field) or until the young plant is exposed to ambient conditions (if the shoot is directly planted to a field).
The following remarks made to preferred embodiments of the features of the method of the invention apply both alone as well as in particular in combination with each other.
When the stem of the removed plant is cut into pieces in step (i), the apical dominance is broken.
“Apical dominance” is a phenomenon in plant physiology whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over side stems. The apical bud produces the growth hormone auxin, which diffuses downward and inhibits the development of lateral bud growth, which otherwise would compete with the apical tip. Interrupting the auxin flux and thus breaking the apical dominance allows the lower dormant lateral buds to develop.
By breaking the apical dominance, the emergence of lateral shoots from the nodes on the below, remaining plant is induced. As a rule, each productive node produces on average one shoot. Of course, there are unproductive nodes and productive nodes producing more than one shoot, but most productive nodes give rise to one shoot. Removing a part of these lateral shoots in step (iv) triggers the production of more than one lateral shoot per node (or, more precisely, per remainder of the first, original lateral shoot). As a rule, each productive node produces on average three shoots. Here again, there are unproductive nodes and nodes producing less than three shoots or nodes producing more than three shoots, but most nodes give rise to three shoots. In sum, in step (ix), as an average, 3 to 6 times more shoots are removed than in step (iv), depending on whether steps (vi) and (viii) are carried out or not. Thus, in the method of the invention each sugar cane plant used in step (i) gives rise to an average of 10 to 12 seedlings, which is in average three times the number obtained in conventional planting. As compared to the method described in JP 08-280244, JP 2003-204716 and JP 2000-135025, the multiplication area is required for a shorter time, namely up to when the mother plant has reached the required age, because the multiplication of the shoots and seedlings can be carried out independently from farming land in any place and with a very rationalized use of space and manpower.
Step (i) is preferably carried out when the sugar cane plant is 8 to 12 months old.
The stalk of the sugar cane plant can be cut into pieces either on place, i.e. where the sugar cane plant is growing and while the stalk is still connected with the roots, but for practical reasons it is preferred to first remove the sugar cane plant from the place where it is growing before its stalk is cut into pieces.
The time interval between removing the plant from the place where it is growing and cutting its stalk into pieces must not be too long in order to ensure that the nodes still can give rise to new shoots. The maximum time interval can however be influenced by the storing conditions of the removed plant or its stalk. For instance, a storage under humid conditions can prolong the maximum time interval. However it is preferred to cut the stalk into pieces shortly after the plant has been removed from the place where it has been growing, e.g. at most 7 days, preferably at most 5 days, more preferably at most 3 days and in particular at most 2 days after the plant has been removed from the from the place where it has been growing.
If the sugar cane plant is removed from the place where it is growing before its stalk is cut into pieces, it is preferred to cut off the top part of the stalk before or after removing the sugar cane plant from the place where it is growing (but before cutting its stalk into pieces), so that the below, remaining stalk still comprises about 5 to 15, preferably 8 to 15 and in particular 8 to 12 nodes. More preferably, the top part of the stalk is cut off before the sugar cane plant is removed from the place where it is growing. This cutting off also helps breaking the apical dominance if the last top node is part of the cut off top part, but is not a necessary step for this purpose, as this is anyway realized by cutting the stalk into pieces. Cutting off the top part is nevertheless a preferred embodiment for practical reasons, such as easier transport and handling of the “decapitated” stalk.
“Cutting off” refers in the context of the present invention to any suitable procedure for removing the top part, such as cutting, chopping or sawing, e.g. with a knife, machete, axe, saw or any suitable machine, or by breaking off or tearing off manually the top part.
The removal of the top part of the plant can be carried out manually or automatedly.
The plant or its “decapitated” stalk can be removed together with its subterranean part. This can be carried out by any suitable means, such as eradicating, digging out or ploughing out the root. The removal can be carried out manually or automatedly. Subsequently, the (originally) subterranean part is preferably removed from the stalk. Removing the subterranean part from the stalk can be done by any suitable means, such as cutting or chopping it off or breaking or tearing it off mechanically, e.g. manually or by a kick.
It is however preferred to remove the plant or its “decapitated” stalk closely above the soil surface. Preferably, the plant/stalk is removed in such a manner that it comprises all nodes or at least 80% of the nodes present in the plant or in its “decapitated” stalk. Removing can be carried out by any suitable means, such as cutting, chopping or sawing, e.g. with a knife, machete, axe, saw or any suitable machine, or by breaking or tearing the stalk off mechanically, e.g. manually or by a kick. In a preferred embodiment, the plant/stalk is removed by breaking or tearing it off mechanically, e.g. manually or, more practically, by a kick. This has the advantage that diseases possibly present in single plants are not spread to contaminate other, healthy plants via the tools used for cutting/chopping/sawing etc., such as knifes, machetes, axes, saws and the like.
The cut surface of the stalk is optionally treated with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one wound-protecting material and/or at least one growth regulator. This treatment is carried out for protecting this “open wound” from diseases and pests, but also for supporting physiological effects. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides, wound-protecting materials and growth regulators are listed below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least one growth regulator.
In terms of the present invention, the term “cut surface” is not restricted to a surface obtained by specifically cutting off a plant part, but refers to any open surface obtained by any means for removing said plant part.
Cutting the stalk into pieces in step (i) can be done by any suitable means such as cutting, chopping or sawing, e.g. with a knife, machete, axe, saw or any suitable machine. This can be carried out manually or automatedly. As a matter of course cutting is done in such a manner that pieces with complete nodes are obtained, i.e. the cutting surface is approximately parallel or somewhat oblique to the circumference formed by the nodes, but in no case vertical to this circumference. The pieces are preferably cut in such a such manner that the pieces contain at least one node, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nodes, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nodes, more preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 nodes; even more preferably 1, 2 or 3 nodes, in particular 1 or 2 nodes, and especially 1 node. Of course it is possible to cut off pieces which do not contain any node (and which are discarded) in order to minimize the size of the pieces containing at least one node. For example, if the pieces are to contain 1 node, narrow disks containing not much more than the node and the area closely around can be cut off and used in the following steps and the pieces formerly in between the nodes can be discarded. In case that the pieces are to contain 2 nodes, they can be cut off close to the 2 nodes and the in-between pieces without any node can be discarded.
If cutting is carried out automatedly, the machine used preferably comprises a sensor for detecting the place of the nodes, e.g. an IR sensor.
In optional step (ii) the cut surface of the stalk pieces obtained in step (i) are treated with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one wound-protecting material and/or at least one growth regulator. This treatment is carried out for protecting this “open wound” from diseases and pests, but also for supporting physiological effects. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides, wound-protecting materials and growth regulators are listed below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least one growth regulator.
In step (iii) those stalk pieces obtained in steps (i) or (ii) and containing at least one node are placed in a humid medium.
The time interval between cutting the stalk into pieces and placing the pieces into a humid medium must not be too long in order to ensure that the nodes still can give rise to new shoots. The maximum time interval can however be influenced by the storing conditions of the cut pieces. For instance, a storage under humid conditions can prolong the maximum time interval. However it is preferred to place the cut pieces into a humid medium shortly after the stalk has been cut into pieces, e.g. at most 7 days, preferably at most 5 days, more preferably at most 3 days and in particular at most 2 days after the stalk has been cut into pieces.
The stalk pieces to be placed in a humid medium preferably contain at least 1 node, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nodes, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nodes, more preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 nodes; even more preferably 1, 2 or 3 nodes, in particular 1 or 2 nodes, and especially 1 node.
The humid medium used in step (iii) can be any medium or means that allows to keep the stalk pieces moist. This can be realized by any medium which is suitable for storing and also delivering moisture, but also by a nutrient solution or by an irrigating system which permanently or periodically wets, soaks, sparkles, rinses or moisturizes the stalk pieces, so that these keep their ability to produce shoots.
Suitable media capable of storing and delivering moisture are for example soil, sand, clay, crushed lava, pumice, Geohumus®, acrylic acid/acrylate copolymers partially neutralized by potassium and ammonium such as Stockosorb® from GEFA Produkte Fabritz GmbH, Germany, polymeric suberabsorbants, vermiculite, coconut fibres, humid cellulosic material, hydroponic systems, aeroponic systems, and the like.
Suitable nutrient solutions are described below. They can be used as nutrient film technique systems and irrigation systems.
The humid medium is preferably selected from clay, sand, vermiculite and coconut fibers, more preferably from vermiculite and coconut fibers and is especially coconut fibers.
Of course the media capable of storing and delivering moisture must be kept moist or moistened regularly, e.g. by irrigating, spraying, diving etc. with/in water or nutrient solutions.
The humid medium can be treated with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one wound-protecting material and/or at least one growth regulator. This treatment is carried out for protecting the plant pieces from diseases and pests, but also for supporting physiological effects. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides, wound-protecting materials and growth regulators are listed below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least one growth regulator.
Preferably, the stalk pieces are placed into the humid medium in such a way that the buds are arranged laterally, relative to the gravitation axis, i.e. they neither point to the earth nor opposite to the earth. It has to be noted that virtually every node generally holds one (originally dormant) bud from which a shoot can develop (see further step). This bud is generally inconspicuous, but still visible. A lateral positioning of the buds ensures a better development of the shoots and/or makes handling in the next steps easier.
After development of shoots step (iv) is carried out. Preferably step (iv) is initiated when the emerged shoots are preferably from 10 to 60 cm, more preferably from 25 to 30 cm long and contain at least one node.
In step (iv) the top part of at least some of the shoots emerged from the nodes of the stalk pieces (to be more precise from the buds on the nodes) is cut off above the meristematic tissue, so that the cut-off pieces do not contain any meristem. Thus they cannot survive as they cannot develop any roots and are generally discarded. The meristematic tissue is known to those skilled in the art and can be located by its position close to the node. However, the cut-off pieces contain at least the top node of the shoot.
Here too, “cutting off” refers to any suitable procedure for removing the top part, such as cutting, chopping or sawing, e.g. with a knife, machete, axe, saw or any suitable machine, or by breaking off or tearing off manually the top part.
The removal is preferably carried out manually, for instance by breaking, tearing, cutting or chopping off.
In optional step (v) the cut surface obtained in step (iv) where the top part of the shoots has been removed is treated with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one growth regulator. This treatment is carried out for protecting this “open wound” from diseases and pests, but also for supporting physiological effects. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides, wound-protecting materials and growth regulators are listed below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least one growth regulator.
As already mentioned, removing the top part of the shoots in step (iv) induces the production of new shoots—this time in an enhanced number as compared to the number obtained directly after the removal of the top part of the sugar cane plant.
These newly emerged shoots can either be used for planting (via steps (ix) et seq.; see below), or they can be subjected to optional steps (vi) and (vii), which represents a repetition of steps (iv) and (v). For steps (vi) and (vii) the same remarks made for steps (iv) and (v) apply.
In optional step (viii), steps (vi) and optionally (vii) can be repeated once or several times. Steps (vi) and (vii) can principally be repeated endlessly, but the number of repetitions is in often limited by the quality of the newly emerged shoots, which diminishes with every repetition, and generally doesn't exceed 5 times.
Preferably, steps (vi) and optionally (vii) are carried out at most once (or in other words: repetition step (viii) is preferably not carried out). Specifically, steps (vii) and (viii) are not carried out, which means that the new shoots obtained after steps (iv) or (v) are directly subjected to step (ix).
In step (ix) the newly formed shoots emerged from the cut shoots obtained in steps (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) or (viii) are cut off when they are 10 to 60 cm long. They are cut off in such a way that they comprise at least part of the meristem. The presence of meristematic tissue enables the cut-off shoots to produce roots and grow. For this purpose the shoots are removed close to the node from which they originate.
The new shoots are preferably cut off when they are 10 to 40 cm long, more preferably 20 to 40 cm long and in particular 25 to 30 cm long.
Here too, “cutting off” refers to any suitable procedure for removing or detaching the lateral shoots, such as cutting, chopping or sawing, e.g. with a knife, machete, axe, saw or any suitable machine, or by breaking off or tearing off manually the shoots.
The removal is preferably carried out manually, for instance by breaking, tearing, cutting or chopping off.
In optional step (x) the shoots obtained in step (ix) are treated with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator. This treatment is carried out for protecting the “open wound” of the cut-off shoots from diseases and pests, but especially for supporting physiological effects. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides and growth regulators are listed below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Among the insecticides, preference is given to the treatment with at least one GABA antagonist. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least insecticide, in particular a GABA antagonist, especially fipronil, and/or at least one growth regulator. More preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin.
In a specific embodiment step (x) is carried out.
These shoots obtained in steps (ix) or (x) are then planted in a growth medium [step (xi)].
The growth medium may be a natural or synthetic substrate or a mixture thereof. Examples are soil, clay, sand, silt, small wood chops, cellulose, decayed organic residues, vermiculite, coconut fibers and the like and mixtures thereof. Among these, preference is given to soil, vermiculite or coconut fibers, specifically coconut fibers. The growth medium may also be a nutrient solution, such as an aqueous solution containing growth factors, fertilizers, buffers, ion exchangers, inorganic salts, such as calcium salts (e.g. calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate), magnesium salts (e.g. magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulphate), potassium salts (e.g. potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate), iron salts (e.g. ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride) and micronutrients (e.g. lithium salts, such as lithium chloride, copper salts, such as copper sulfate, zinc salts, such as zinc sulfate, aluminium salts, such as aluminium sulfate, nickel salts, such as nickel sulfate, tin salts, such as tin chloride, cobalt salts, such as cobalt nitrate, boric acid) and mixtures thereof like Knop's nutrition solution and Hoagland's A-Z solution, and the like. The nutrient solution may be form-stabilized, e.g. by an inorganic substrate, such as expanded clay. Moreover, the growth medium may be the soil in a field.
In optional step (xii) the growth medium may be treated before, during and/or after planting the shoots with at least one fertilizer and/or at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria. Suitable and preferred fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, growth regulators, superabsorbers and growth-promoting bacteria are described below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least one growth regulator.
Alternatively or additionally, the shoot may be treated before and/or during planting with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and growth regulators are described above and below. Among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting, e.g. a rooting enabling effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least one growth regulator. If the shoot is treated before planting, this step coincides with step (x). In this case, the above remarks apply, i.e. among the fungicides, especial preference is given to the treatment with fungicides which also have a physiological, especially a plant health and/or growth-promoting effect, such as the strobilurins and especially pyraclostrobin; among the insecticides, preference is given to the treatment with at least one GABA antagonist. Preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin, and/or at least insecticide, in particular a GABA antagonist, especially fipronil, and/or at least one growth regulator. More preferred is the treatment with at least one fungicide, in particular a strobilurin fungicide, especially pyraclostrobin.
In a preferred embodiment step (xii) is carried out. Preferably the shoot and/or the growth medium are treated with at least one strobilurin fungicide and optionally also with at least one fungicide different therefrom and/or at least one fertilizer and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria. Suitable and preferred strobilurin fungicides are listed below. Specific preference is given to pyraclostrobin.
In a preferred embodiment, in step (xi), the shoots are planted in a container containing a growth medium. Suitable growth media are listed above. Preferred growth media to be used in a container are selected from soil, clay, sand, silt, small wood chops, cellulose, decayed organic residues, vermiculite, coconut fibers and the like and mixtures thereof and are more preferably soil, vermiculite or coconut fibers, specifically coconut fibers.
The container may be made of a conventional material or a biodegradable material. Biodegradable containers have the advantage that the seedling can be planted together with the container into the field, i.e. there is no need to remove the seedling from the container before planting. This in turn has the advantage that planting can be carried out using an automatic or semi-automatic planting machine.
In a specific embodiment, a biodegradable container is used in step (xi). The biodegradable container is based on a biodegradable material which in turn is preferably based on biodegradable polyesters, starch, cellulose, cellulosic material, polylactic acid, caoutchouc, paper, paperboard, pulp of cellulosic origin, straw, bagasse, sawdust, natural fibres or mixtures thereof.
In an alternative specific embodiment, the container is a conventional (i.e. not specifically biodegradable) one.
After planting the shoots into the growth medium and optionally after the treatment of the shoots and/or the growth medium with at least one fertilizer, at least one fungicide, at least one insecticide, at least one nematicide, at least one growth regulator, at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria, seedlings are grown from the shoots at a temperature of at least 15° C. Preferably, seedlings are grown from the shoots at a temperature of from 15 to 35° C., more preferably from 18 to 35° C., even more preferably from 20 to 35° C., in particular from 22 to 35° C. and especially from 25 to 35° C., e.g. 25 to 32° C. or 25 to 30° C. or 25 to 28° C. or 25 to 27° C.
Preferably, seedlings are grown from the shoots at a humidity of from 40 to 100%, more preferably from 50 to 95%, even more preferably from 70 to 90% and in particular from 70 to 80%.
The required temperature is realized either naturally, for instance if the seedlings are grown from the shoots in a warm climate, e.g. in a tropical climate, or by the aid of artificial means. Artificial means are for example greenhouses or covering materials. The growing medium may for example be in a greenhouse or be transferred thereto after planting, or the growing medium containing the shoot may be thermally insulated, e.g. by covering with a suitable material, such as a foil.
In one preferred embodiment, the shoots are planted into a container containing a growth medium, where the container is in a greenhouse or is placed into a greenhouse after planting.
In the greenhouse, the temperature is preferably in the range of from 15 to 35° C., more preferably from 18 to 35° C., even more preferably from 20 to 35° C., in particular from 22 to 35° C. and especially from 25 to 35° C., e.g. 25 to 32° C. or 25 to 30° C. or 25 to 28° C. or 25 to 27° C. Humidity is preferably in the range of from 40 to 100%, more preferably from 50 to 95%, even more preferably from 70 to 90% and in particular 70 to 80%.
In an alternatively preferred embodiment, the shoots are planted into a container containing a growth medium or into a field (in this case the growth medium is the soil of the field) and the container or the field is covered with one or more covering materials.
Covering materials are for example textile mats and cover foils customarily used for thermal insulation/protection in agriculture, such as agriculture plastic foil, preferably black foil, for example in the form of foil tunnels, or fleece mats.
In optional step (xiv) the seedlings, while growing at a temperature of at least 15° C., and/or their growth medium are treated once or several times, e.g. 1, 2 or 3 times, preferably once or twice, with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one rooting enabler and/or growth-promoting bacteria. Suitable and preferred fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, growth regulators, rooting enablers and growth-promoting bacteria are described below. Treating the seedling means in this context that either the seedling, when emerged from the growth medium, or the growth medium or both are treated. If treatments with at least one fungicide, at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide are carried out depends among others on the (type and intensity of) pest pressure.
In a preferred embodiment step (xiv) is carried out. Preferably the seedlings and/or their growth medium are treated with at least one strobilurin fungicide and/or at least one GABA antagonist insecticide and optionally also with at least one fungicide different therefrom (i.e. different from the strobilurin fungicide) and/or at least one fertilizer and/or at least one insecticide different therefrom (i.e. different from the GABA antagonist insecticide) and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria. Suitable and preferred strobilurin fungicides are listed below. Specific preference is given to pyraclostrobin. Preferred GABA antagonists are selected from acetoprole, endosulfan, vaniliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, the phenylpyrazole compound of the formula II
where Ra is C1-C4-alkyl or C1-C4-haloalkyl;
or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof;
and the phenylpyrazole compound of the formula III
or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
Ra is preferably ethyl or trifluoromethyl.
Specific preference is given to fipronil.
More preferably the seedlings and/or their growth medium are treated with at least one strobilurin fungicide and optionally also with at least one fungicide different therefrom and/or at least one fertilizer and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria, where the at least one insecticide is preferably a GABA antagonist and specifically fipronil. Suitable and preferred strobilurin fungicides are listed below. Specific preference is given to pyraclostrobin.
10 to 120, preferably 25 to 100 days after having planted the shoot in the growth medium, the seedling which has grown from the shoot is planted to the field (of course only if the growth medium is not yet a field). At this point of time, the seedling has generally a length of from 20 to 80 cm. Planting to the field is more preferably carried out 25 to 80 days, even more preferably 40 to 70 days, in particular 50 to 70 days and specifically 60±5 days after having planted the shoot in the growth medium.
The field has optionally been treated with at least one fertilizer and/or at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria before planting. These treatments can also be carried out during planting, for instance in the form of an in-furrow application. Suitable and preferred fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, growth regulators, superabsorbers and growth-promoting bacteria are described below.
If the field is the growth medium, 10 to 120, preferably 25 to 100, more preferably 25 to 80 days, even more preferably 40 to 70 days, in particular 50 to 70 days and specifically 60±5 days after having planted the shoot, the seedling grown therefrom is exposed to ambient conditions, i.e. is no longer protected thermally. For instance, if the thermal protection has been realized by means of a covering material, such as a cover foil or a fleece mat, this is removed.
During or after planting in the field or after exposing to ambient conditions, the seedling or the field may be treated with at least one fertilizer and/or at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide and/or at least one nematicide and/or at least one growth regulator and/or at least one superabsorber and/or growth-promoting bacteria and/or at least one freshness-preservation polymer. Suitable and preferred fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, growth regulators, superabsorbers, growth-promoting bacteria and freshness-preservation polymers are described below.
Planting into the field may take place manually, semi-automatically or automatedly. Planting can for example take place totally automatedly if biodegradable containers are used for planting the shoots and growing the seedlings therein. In this case, the seedlings needn't be taken out of the containers before planting, which allows the use of a planting machine for the whole process of planting. In case a conventional container is used, the seedlings have to be taken out the container before planting, which is generally carried out manually. Planting can then take place automatedly.
In the above treatments, the at least one fungicide is preferably selected from
A) azoles, selected from the group consisting of
Biological control is defined as the reduction of pest population by natural enemies and typically involves an active human role. The biological control of plant diseases is most often based on an antagonistic action of the BCA. There are several mechanisms by which fungicidal biocontrol is thought to work, including the production of antifungal antibiotics, competition for nutrients and rhizosphere colonization.
Suitable biological control agents are selected from non-pathogenic bacteria, preferably selected from Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida. Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces ochraceisleroticus, Streptomyces graminofaciens, Streptomyces corchousii, Streptomyces spiroverticillatus, Streptomyces griseovirdis, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus thuringensis, and metabolites produced from said bacteria; non-pathogenic fungi, preferably selected from Trichoderma spp., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viridae, Verticillium lecanii, Sporidesmium sclerotiorum and Zygomycetes, and metabolites produced from said fungi; resin acids; plant extracts of Reynoutria sachalinensis; and plant defence induction agents, preferably harpin.
More preferably, the at least one fungicide is selected from cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triticonazole, prochloraz, cyazofamid, benomyl, carbendazim, ethaboxam, azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, fluxapyroxade, kresoxim-methyl, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, bixafen, boscalid, sedaxane, fenhexamid, metalaxyl, isopyrazam, mefenoxam, ofurace, dimethomorph, flumorph, fluopicolid (picobenzamid), zoxamide, carpropamid, mandipropamid, fluazinam, cyprodinil, fenarimol, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, triforine, fludioxonil, dodemorph, fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, iprodione, vinclozolin, famoxadone, fenamidone, probenazole, proquinazid, acibenzolar-5-methyl, captafol, folpet, fenoxanil, quinoxyfen, 5-ethyl-6-octyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ylamine, mancozeb, metiram, propineb, thiram, iprovalicarb, flubenthiavalicarb (benthiavalicarb), propamocarb, dithianon, fentin salts, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, H3PO3 and salts thereof, chlorthalonil, dichlofluanid, thiophanat-methyl, copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, sulfur, cymoxanil, metrafenone, spiroxamine and Bacillus subtilis and its metabolites.
In particular, the at least one fungicide is a strobilurin fungicide or is Bacillus subtilis and/or its metabolites or is a combination of at least two of these fungicides. Preferred strobilurins are selected from azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, fluxapyroxade, kresoxim-methyl, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin. Specifically, the strobilurin fungicide is pyraclostrobin.
In the above treatments, the at least one insecticide is preferably selected from
More preferably, the at least one insecticide is selected from fipronil, acetamiprid, chlothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, abamectin and teflubenzuron, and is specifically fipronil.
In the above treatments, the at least one nematicide is preferably selected from
Specifically, the at least one nematicide is abamectin.
In the above treatments, the growth-promoting bacteria are preferably selected from bacteria of the genera azospirillum, azotobacter, azomonas, bacillus, beijerinckia, burkholderia, clostridium, cyanobacteria, enterobacter, erwinia, gluconobacter, klebsiella and streptomyces.
More preferably, the growth-promoting bacteria are selected from Azospirillum amazonense, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Burkholderia tropica, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida. Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces ochraceisleroticus, Streptomyces graminofaciens, Streptomyces corchousii, Streptomyces spiroverticillatus, Streptomyces griseovirdis, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus thuringensis.
In the above treatments, the at least one growth regulator is preferably selected from acylcyclohexanediones, such as prohexadione, prohexaione-Ca, trinexapac or trinexapac ethyl; mepiquat chloride and chlormequatchloride. More preferably, the at least one growth regulator is selected from acylcyclohexanediones, such as prohexadione, prohexaidone-Ca, trinexapac or trinexapac ethyl, and in particular from prohexaidone-Ca and trinexapac ethyl.
The at least one rooting enabler is preferably selected from the above strobilurin fungicides, in particular fluxapyroxade and pyraclostrobin, the above nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists, in particular clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, auxins, such as 4-CPA, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEP, dichlorprop, fenoprop, IAA, IBA, naphthaleneacetamide, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, 1-naphthol, naphthoxyacetic acids, potassium naphthenate, sodium naphthenate and 2,4,5-T; gibberellins, gibberellic acid, cytokinins, such as 2iP, benzyladenine, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, kinetin and zeatin; and humic acids, extracts of Quillaja or Gleditsia, saponines, biological control agents and plant defence induction agents.
Suitable fertilizers are those customarily used in the cultivation of sugar cane plants, such as NPK fertilizers, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas, products of vegetable origin, such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal and mulch, and mixtures thereof.
The at least one superabsorber is preferably a superabsorbent polymer having an absorption capacity for deionised water of least 100 g/1 g of polymer. Superabsorbent polymers are well-known synthetic organic polymers which are solid and hydrophilic, which are insoluble in water, and which are capable of absorbing a multiple of their weight of water or aqueous solutions, thereby forming a water containing polymer gel. They may be nonionic or ionic crosslinked polymers. Suitable superabsorbent polymers are for example known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,417,992, U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,103, WO 01/25493 and WO 2008/031870. They are also commercially available, e.g. from SNF SA., France, under the trademark Aquasorb®, e.g. 3500 S, or from BASF SE under the trade names Luquasorb®, e.g. Luquasorb® 1010, Luquasorb® 1280, Luquasorb® 1060, Luquasorb® 1160, Luquasorb® 1061 and HySorb®.
The wound-protecting material is preferably selected from non-toxic inorganic and organic film-forming or coating polymers, such as superabsorbers, superabsorber-treated polymers (e.g. Luquafleece® from BASF) aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters (e.g. Ecoflex® from BASF), freshness-preservation polymers (e.g. FreshSeal® from BASF), waxes, soluble glass and naturally occurring swelling substances (e.g. Tingui (Magonia pubescens) seed coat preparations, especially powder from the seed coat of Tingui or to be more precise gel formed from said powder). Among these, preference is given to FreshSeal® and gel prepared from pulverized seed coat of Tingui.
The fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, growth regulators and rooting enablers are generally used as ready-to-use preparations. In the following, suitable ready-to-use preparations containing at least one fungicide, insecticide, nematicide, growth regulator or rooting enabler (called in the following “active ingredient”) are described.
In ready-to-use preparations, the active ingredient can be present in suspended, emulsified or dissolved form. The application forms depend entirely on the intended uses.
The active ingredient can be applied as such, in the form of its formulations or the application form prepared therefrom, for example in the form of directly sprayable solutions, powders, suspensions or dispersions, including highly concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensions or dispersions, emulsions, oil dispersions, pastes, dusts, compositions for broadcasting or granules. Application is usually by spraying, atomizing, dusting, broadcasting or watering. The application forms and methods depend on the intended uses; in each case, they should ensure the finest possible distribution of the active compounds.
Depending on the embodiment in which the ready-to-use preparations of the active ingredient is present, they comprise one or more liquid or solid carriers, if appropriate surfactants and if appropriate further auxiliaries customary for formulating crop protection agents. The recipes for such formulations are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
Aqueous application forms can be prepared, for example, from emulsion concentrates, suspensions, pastes, wettable powders or water-dispersible granules by addition of water. To prepare emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, the active compounds, as such or dissolved in an oil or solvent, can be homogenized in water by means of a wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier. However, it is also possible to prepare concentrates composed of active substance, wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier and, if appropriate, solvent or oil, such concentrates being suitable for dilution with water.
The concentrations of the active ingredient in the ready-to-use preparations can be varied within relatively wide ranges. In general, they are between 0.0001 and 10%, preferably between 0.01 and 1% (% by weight total content of active compound, based on the total weight of the ready-to-use preparation).
The active ingredient may also be used successfully in the ultra-low-volume process (ULV), it being possible to employ formulations comprising more than 95% by weight of active compound, or even to apply the active ingredient without additives.
Oils of various types, wetting agents, adjuvants, bactericides and/or fertilizers may be added to the active ingredient, even, if appropriate, not until immediately prior to use (tank mix). These agents can be mixed in a weight ratio of from 1:100 bis 100:1, preferably from 1:10 to 10:1 with the active ingredient employed.
Adjuvants are for example: modified organic polysiloxanes, e.g. Break Thru S 240®; alkohol alkoxylates, e.g. Atplus 245®, Atplus MBA 1303®, Plurafac LF 300° and Lutensol ON 30®; EO-PO block copolymers, e.g. Pluronic RPE 2035® and Genapol B®; alkohol ethoxylates, e.g. Lutensol XP 80®; and sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate, e.g. Leophen RA®.
The formulations are prepared in a known manner, for example by extending the active ingredient with solvents and/or carriers, if desired with the use of surfactants, i.e. emulsifiers and dispersants. Solvents/carriers suitable for this purpose are essentially:
Suitable surfactants are alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts of lignosulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid, dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkylsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty acids and sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, furthermore condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and naphthalene derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of naphthalenesulfonic acid with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, alkylphenyl polyglycol ether, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, tristerylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alcohol and fatty alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetal, sorbitol esters, lignosulfite waste liquors and methylcellulose.
Suitable for the preparation of directly sprayable solutions, emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions are mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, such as kerosene or diesel oil, furthermore coal tar oils and oils of vegetable and animal origin, aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene, xylene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes or their derivatives, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, mesityl oxide, isophorone, strongly polar solvents, for example dimethyl sulfoxide, 2-yrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, butyrolactone, or water.
Powders, compositions for broadcasting and dusts can be prepared by mixing or jointly grinding the active ingredient with a solid carrier.
Granules, for example coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules, can be prepared by binding the active ingredient onto solid carriers. Solid carriers are, for example, mineral earths such as silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, attaclay, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as, for example, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas and plant products such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powder and other solid carriers.
Formulations for shoot treatment can further comprise binders and/or gelling agents and optionally colorants.
In general, the formulations comprise between 0.01 and 95% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 90% by weight, in particular 5 to 50% by weight, of the active ingredient. In this context, the active ingredient is employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
After two- to ten-fold dilution, formulations for shoot treatment may comprise 0.01 to 60% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 40% by weight of the active ingredient in the ready-to-use preparations.
Examples of formulations are:
I) Water-Soluble Concentrates (SL, LS)
10 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of water or a water-soluble solvent. Alternatively, wetting agents or other adjuvants are added. Upon dilution in water, the active compound dissolves. The ready formulation contains 10% by weight of active ingredient.
II) Dispersible Concentrates (DC)
20 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 70 parts by weight of cyclohexanone with addition of 10 parts by weight of a dispersant, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone. The active ingredient is contained in 20% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a dispersion results.
III) Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)
15 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 75 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 parts by weight). The active ingredient is contained in 15% by weight. Upon dilution in water, an emulsion results.
IV) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
25 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 35 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 parts by weight). This mixture is introduced into 30 parts by weight of water by means of an emulsifier (Ultraturrax) and made into a homogeneous emulsion. The active ingredient is contained in 25% by weight. Upon dilution in water, an emulsion results.
V) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
20 parts by weight of active compound are comminuted in a stirred ball mill with addition of 10 parts by weight of dispersants, wetting agents and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent to give a fine suspension of active compound. The active ingredient is contained in 20% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a stable suspension of the active compound results.
VI) Water-Dispersible and Water-Soluble Granules (WG, SG)
50 parts by weight of active compound are ground finely with addition of 50 parts by weight of dispersants and wetting agents and made into water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical apparatuses (for example extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). The active ingredient is contained in 50% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a stable dispersion or solution of the active compound results.
VII) Water-Dispersible and Water-Soluble Powders (WP, SP, SS, WS)
75 parts by weight of active compound are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of 25 parts by weight of dispersants, wetting agents and silica gel. The active ingredient is contained in 75% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a stable dispersion or solution of the active compound results.
VIII) Gel Formulations (GF)
20 parts by weight of active compound, 10 parts by weight of dispersants, 1 part by weight of gelling agent and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent are ground in a ball mill to give a finely divided suspension. Upon dilution in water, a stable suspension of the active compound results.
IX) Dusts (DP, DS)
5 parts by weight of active compound are ground finely and mixed intimately with 95 parts by weight of finely particulate kaolin. This gives a dust with 5% by weight of active ingredient.
X) Granules (GR, FG, GG, MG)
0.5 part by weight of active compound is ground finely and combined with 95.5 parts by weight of carriers. Current methods are extrusion, spray drying or the fluidized bed. This gives granules for direct application with 0.5% by weight of active ingredient.
XI) ULV Solutions (UL)
10 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of an organic solvent, for example xylene. This gives a product for direct application with 10% by weight of active ingredient.
Formulations suitable for treating the shoots are, for example:
I soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
III emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
IV emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
V suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
VI water-dispersible and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)
VII water-dispersible and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)
VIII gel formulations (GF)
IX dusts and dust-like powders (DP, DS)
Preferred formulations to be used for shoot treatment are FS formulations. Generally, theses formulations comprise 1 to 800 g/l of active compounds, 1 to 200 g/l of wetting agents, 0 to 200 g/l of antifreeze agents, 0 to 400 g/l of binders, 0 to 200 g/l of colorants (pigments and/or dyes) and solvents, preferably water.
Preferred FS formulations of the active compounds for the treatment of the shoots usually comprise from 0.5 to 80% of active compound, from 0.05 to 5% of wetting agent, from 0.5 to 15% of dispersant, from 0.1 to 5% of thickener, from 5 to 20% of antifreeze agent, from 0.1 to 2% of antifoam, from 0 to 15% of tackifier or adhesive, from 0 to 75% of filler/vehicle, and from 0.01 to 1% of preservative.
Suitable wetting agents and dispersants are in particular the surfactants mentioned above. Preferred wetting agents are alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, such as diisopropyl- or diisobutylnaphthalenesulfonates. Preferred dispersants are nonionic or anionic dispersants or mixtures of nonionic or anionic dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants are in particular ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers and also tristryrylphenol polyglycol ether, for example polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, tristerylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alcohol and fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetal, sorbitol esters and methylcellulose. Suitable anionic dispersants are in particular alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts of lignosulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid, dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkylsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty acids and sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, furthermore arylsulfonate/formaldehyde condensates, for example condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and naphthalene derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of naphthalenesulfonic acid with phenol and formaldehyde, lignosulfonates, lignosulfite waste liquors, phosphated or sulfated derivatives of methylcellulose and polyacrylic acid salts.
Suitable for use as antifreeze agents are, in principle, all substances which lower the melting point of water. Suitable antifreeze agents include alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, the butanols, glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol and the like.
Suitable thickeners are all substances which can be used for such purposes in agrochemical compositions, for example cellulose derivatives, polyacrylic acid derivatives, xanthane, modified clays and finely divided silica.
Suitable for use as antifoams are all defoamers customary for formulating agrochemically active compounds. Particularly suitable are silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate.
Suitable for use as preservatives are all preservatives which can be employed for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Dichlorophene, isothiazolenes, such as 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one hydrochloride, 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3(2H)-isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one hydrochloride, 4,5-dichloro-2-cyclohexyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one calcium chloride complex, 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, and benzyl alcohol hemiformal may be mentioned by way of example.
Adhesives/tackifiers may be added to improve the adhesion of the effective components on the shoots after treating. Suitable adhesives are EO/PO-based block copolymer surfactants, but also polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polybutenes, polyisobutenes, polystyrene, polyethyleneamines, polyethyleneamides, polyethyleneimines (Lupasol®, Polymin®), polyethers and copolymers derived from these polymers.
Suitable compositions for soil treatment include granules which may be applied in-furrow, as broadcast granules or as impregnated fertilizer granules, and also spray applications which are applied to the soil as a preemergent or postemergent spray.
Suitable compositions for treating the plants, in particular the overground parts thereof, especially the “open wounds” and the seedlings (especially the seedlings' leaves), include spray applications, dusts and microgranules, spray applications being preferred.
Formulations suitable for producing spray solutions for the direct application are:
I soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
II) dispersible concentrates (DC)
III emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
IV emulsions (EW, EO)
V suspensions (SC)
VI water-dispersible and water-soluble granules (WG)
VII water-dispersible and water-soluble powders (WP, SP)
For treating the shoots (before planting), it is possible to use some of the methods customary for treating or dressing seed, such as, but not limited to, dressing, coating, dusting, soaking, film coating or dripping the shoots with or into the active ingredient or a preparation thereof. For example, the treatment may be carried out by mixing the shoots with the particular amount desired of active ingredient formulations either as such or after prior dilution with water in an apparatus suitable for this purpose, for example a mixing apparatus for solid or solid/liquid mixing partners, until the composition is distributed uniformly on the shoots. If appropriate, this is followed by a drying operation.
The superabsorbers are generally applied to the growth medium or the field by mixing the growth medium or the soil with them or by applying the desired amount of superabsorber into the holes digged for the shoot or the seedling. The latter method is preferred for the application of superabsorbers to the field.
By the method according to the invention significantly less area is required for reproduction of the sugar cane plants as compared to traditional methods, but also with Plene®, as one adult sugar cane plant gives rise to an enhanced number of shoots. In comparison with the multiplication method described in the Japanese patent applications the present method offers a greater flexibility as the stalk or stalk pieces can be stored and transported to any place and the multiplication as such is independent from farming land and can be carried out in simple containers which can be stored anywhere. The method of the invention also reduces the risk of having non-sprouting sugar cane plants in the filed, which wastes valuable farming land. As the shoots/seedlings are protected during the sensitive first growth stages and are only transplanted to the field or exposed to ambient conditions after their rooting system is well developed, the method leads to healthy and vigorous seedlings and adult sugar cane plants growing therefrom, especially if at least one of the above-described optional treatments is carried out. Especially carrying out step (x) and/or (xiv), specifically step (xiv), in particular if the this/these step(s) comprise(s) the treatment with at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide, preferably with at least one strobilurin fungicide and specifically with pyraclostrobin, leads to particularly healthy and vigorous seedlings and adult sugar cane plants growing therefrom.
On an area of 0.05 hectares where sugar cane plants were growing with a distance between the rows of 1.5 m, the top part of the 8 months old sugar cane plants was removed by chopping off with a machete in a height of approximately 2-2.5 m. The removed top part was discarded. The below, remaining stalks were removed from the field by cutting them off closely above the ground. The removed stalks were cut into pieces of approximately 5-10 cm and containing one node. Pieces without nodes were discarded. The pieces containing one node were placed into a humid medium (bed of sand) in such a way that the buds on the nodes were oriented laterally, and each layer of stalk pieces was covered with a humid coconut fiber layer or vermiculite. The containers were kept at a temperature of from 25 to 35° C. and the coconut fibers/vermiculite were moistened regularly. After 30 days, shoots (“1st generation”) had developed from the buds. The top parts of these shoots were removed by cutting. New shoots (“2nd generation”) developed from the cut shoots of the 1st generation. 30 days after cutting the top part of the 1st generation shoots, the 2nd generation shoots were removed by cutting them off closely to the nodes. On average, every node had produced three 2nd generation shoots. During all this time the coconut fibers/vermiculite were kept humid. The removed 2nd generation shoots were each placed in individual pots filled with humid coconut fibers. The pots were placed in a greenhouse, and seedlings were grown from the planted shoots at 25-35° C. and 70-80% humidity. While in the greenhouse, the shoots/seedlings were watered sufficiently. 30 to 45 days after having been placed in the greenhouse, the surviving seedlings were transferred in an acclimatization area and kept for 15 days. Thereafter they were counted and then transplanted to a field. 96,000 seedlings had been obtained (in average, each sugarcane stalk had given rise to 20-24 seedlings). This number was sufficient for planting an area of 6.4 hectares with the same distance between the rows and the plants in the rows as in the originating field.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11162684.2 | Apr 2011 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/056736 | 4/13/2012 | WO | 00 | 10/11/2013 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61475714 | Apr 2011 | US |
