Patent Grant
7635446
The invention relates to the formation of ceramic honeycombs. In particular, the invention relates to an improved method of removing organic binders and additives from extruded ceramic honeycombs.
To form ceramic honeycombs useful for applications such as catalytic converters and diesel particulate filters (DPFs), ceramic particulate precursors are mixed with organic additives (e.g., binders and lubricants) and a liquid medium, which is typically water to form a plastic material. The plastic material is then extruded to form the honeycomb shape, which is subsequently dried to remove the water. The dried honeycomb is then heated to remove the organic additives. After removal of the organic additives the honeycomb is heated to a higher temperature to fuse the ceramic grains so that the honeycomb has the mechanical integrity and microstructure useful for a catalytic converter or DPF.
The heating to remove the organic additives has typically been done in air or oxygen containing atmospheres. Unfortunately, the organic additives invariably display an exothermic reaction associated with their oxidation, which results often in cracking of the body due to localized thermal gradients.
To avoid such cracking, inert atmospheres or low oxygen containing atmospheres (i.e., less than oxygen than air) have been used (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,099,793 and 6,287,509). Unfortunately, the use of such atmospheres tends to remove the organic additives more slowly and leave behind deleterious carbonaceous residue, which quite often impedes the fusing of the ceramic grains at higher temperature or results in undesirable microstructures such as large pores that act as defects.
Another solution has been to pass air, oxygen containing atmosphere or other atmosphere through the honeycomb to minimize the thermal gradients associated with the oxidation of the organic additives (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,577). This method suffers from expensive complexity and becomes less useful as the honeycombs become longer.
More recent solutions have involved using 2 or more organic binders where one is subsequently extracted using a liquid for one of the binders and the second binder is removed by heating using a known heating method such as one of those just described (see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0079469). This method again suffers from complexity and the handling of more fragile part during the liquid extraction of one of the binders.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide both a formation method and a ceramic material that solves one or more of the problems of the prior art, such as one of those described above.
The present invention is a method for removing an organic additive from a ceramic honeycomb, the honeycomb having an outer wall and channels that extend from one end to the other end of the honeycomb, where the channels are defined by a plurality of interlaced thin partition walls between the ends,
a) contacting each end of the extruded honeycomb with a member that has a gas permeability no greater than the outer wall, the member essentially covering the ends
b) heating the honeycomb to a temperature sufficient to remove the organic additive.
Surprisingly, the use of such members allows for the removal of organic additives from an extruded ceramic honeycomb in an oxidizing atmosphere such as air at fast rates without causing cracking of the honeycomb.
The method may be used, for example, to prepare ceramic honeycombs for use as filters, heat exchangers, refractories, thermal and electrical insulators, reinforcement for composite bodies of metals or plastics, catalysts and catalyst supports.
The invention is a method for removing an organic additive from a ceramic honeycomb. The ceramic honeycomb may be any known in the art that is formed using ceramic powder and an organic additive. Exemplary ceramic honeycombs are those that are or form upon heating alumina, zirconia, niobium titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and aluminum nitride, silicon oxynitride and silicon carbonitride, mullite, cordierite, beta spodumene, aluminum titanate, strontium aluminum silicates, lithium aluminum silicates or combinations thereof. Preferred ceramic honeycombs are those that are or form silicon carbide, cordierite, mullite or combination thereof. The silicon carbide is preferably one described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,669,751B1 and WO publications EP1142619A1, WO 2002/070106A1. Other suitable ceramic honeycombs are described by WO 2004/011386A1, WO 2004/011124A1, US 2004/0020359A1 and WO 2003/051488A1.
The ceramic honeycomb is preferably one that forms a mullite having an acicular microstructure. Examples of such honeycombs include those described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,194,154; 5,173,349; 5,198,007; 5,098,455; 5,340,516; 6,596,665 and 6,306,335; U.S. Patent Application Publication 2001/0038810; and International PCT publication WO 03/082773.
The organic additive that is removed may be any known in the art useful to shape ceramic honeycomb bodies such as those known in the art. Broadly, the organic additive may be one or more of surfactants, lubricants, binders, solvents, plasticizers, antioxidants, preservatives, foaming and antifoaming agents such as described by Chapters 9-12 of Introduction to the Principles of Ceramic Processing, J. S. Reed, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1988.
In particular, the organic additive is comprised of an organic binder such as one more of those described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,001,028; 4,162,285; 4,929,575; 5,286,767; 5,344,799; 5,568,652; 5,925,308; 6,080,345; 6,241,940; and 6,680,101. In a particular embodiment, the organic binder is methylcellulose, ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose, hydroxybutylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxy methylcellulose or mixture thereof. Preferably, the cellulose binder is a cellulose binder described by col., 5, lines 49-67 and col. 6, lines 1-21 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,652, incorporated herein by reference.
The ceramic honeycomb may be any shape or size and dimension such as those commonly used in the art as vehicular catalyst supports or Diesel particulate filters.
The extruded ceramic honeycomb, when contacted with a member at each end, may be dried prior to being contacted, or may be contacted as extruded. Typically, the extruded ceramic honeycomb will be substantially dried of a liquid medium such as water. Substantially dried of a liquid medium, generally means that the extruded honeycomb's plasticity has been decreased such that when deformed the honeycomb will crack with little plastic deformation (e.g., 2% deformation before cracking). Typically, this will be when the liquid medium is present in an amount of at most about 5% by volume of the honeycomb (not including the honeycomb's channel volume).
The members contacting (contacting member) the ends of the honeycomb may be positioned in any useful arrangement. For example, the honeycomb may be oriented vertically or horizontally and the ends contacted by a member such that each end is essentially covered. Essentially covered means at least about 90% of the channels are covered by the member. Preferably, at least about 95%, more preferably at least about 98% and most preferably all of the channels are covered by the member.
It has been discovered that when using a contacting member having a gas permeability that is no greater than the outer wall of the honeycomb on each end of the honeycomb during heating to remove organic additives, the maximum temperature difference from the center of the honeycomb to the edge of the honeycomb is substantially reduced during organic binder oxidation (burnout). For example, the maximum temperature difference during burnout between the center of a honeycomb to the edge of the honeycomb at the same depth within the corresponding channel and all other things being equal is decreased, for example, by at least 50% and more typically 70% when using a plate during removal of organic binder using a reactive atmosphere during heating. Surprisingly, the temperature at the center may even be cooler than the edge temperature during burnout of the organic binder whereas the opposite has been found for honeycombs not having such members in contact with both ends.
To reiterate, the contacting member has a gas permeability no greater than the honeycomb's outer wall gas permeability. The gas permeability of the contacting member may, however, have any gas permeability less than the outer wall to no gas permeability. It is understood that the contacting member's gas permeability is that which would be measured in the direction through the contacting member in the direction of the channels of the honeycomb.
The contacting member may be made of any material sufficient to create a member having the aforementioned gas permeability and the ability to withstand the temperature during heating necessary to remove the organic additives within the honeycomb. Suitable materials include ceramics and metals.
When contacting the honeycomb with the contacting member no force other than the amount necessary to maintain the contacting relationship is necessary. For example, the force of gravity is more than sufficient to maintain a plate underneath and on top of end of a honeycomb.
The contacted honeycomb is heated to a temperature sufficient to remove the organic additive. The heating may be done using any suitable heating source such as those known in the art. Examples include convection, radiant, microwave, radio frequency (RF) and combinations thereof.
The atmosphere during heating may be any atmosphere useful to remove the organic additive. For example, the atmosphere may be inert or reactive. The method, however, is particularly suited to when the atmosphere is one that reacts with the organic additive such as an oxidative atmosphere. Examples of atmospheres include nitrogen, noble gases, oxygen or combinations thereof. A preferred atmosphere is air. Typically, the organic additive begins oxidizing about 200° C. and is substantially removed by 400° C. in air, but higher temperatures may be required to remove, for example, residual carbon. The temperature where the organic additive begins to be removed and is essentially removed may be determined without undue experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The heating may be done at any heating rate or rates useful to remove the organic additive without damaging the honeycomb such as those known in the art or are readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Extruded dried ceramic honeycombs comprised of the same alumina, clay and organic binders, were placed in the same two cubic foot air convection oven and heated simultaneously using the heating schedule shown in Table 1.
The honeycombs were the same size 5.66″×6″ long honeycombs having 200 cells per square inch. Each honeycomb was oriented vertically with an end resting upon an ADS-96R alumina plate from Coorstek Inc., Golden, Col., with density of 3.96 g/cm3, no gas permeability, and 0.05 inches in thickness were used, covering entirely the bottom end. One honeycomb (Example) had another alumina plate placed on top of the remaining end completely covering the top end.
Thermocouples were placed about 1.5 inches deep into an edge channel (near the outer wall) and into a center channel at the same depth.
Upon the beginning of organic binder oxidation (burnout), as shown in
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/710,583, filed Aug. 23, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
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