BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of exemplary four rib tread design elements (the tread geometry being generic) wherein one sub-pitch is disposed in each pitch with two different sizes (large and small) of sub-pitches.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the first sixteen pitches of a pitch sequence using the FIG. 1 four rib tread design elements.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of exemplary four rib tread design elements (the tread geometry being generic) wherein two sub-pitches are disposed in each pitch with two different sizes (large and small) of each sub-pitch.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the first eight pitches of a pitch sequence using the FIG. 3 four rib tread design elements.
FIG. 5 is a chart showing a variety of D values.
FIG. 6 is a chart showing an exemplary set of S values applied to a tire pitch sequence with a D ratio of 4:3 or 1.33.
FIGS. 7 and 8 are examples of a tread patterns designed for different goals. FIG. 7 is designed for wear and good weather because it has fewer lugs.
FIG. 8 is designed for inclement weather and noise performance because it has more lugs.
FIG. 9 is an example of a tread pattern using portions of the tread designs from FIGS. 7 and 8.
FIG. 10 is another exemplary tread with 1 sub-pitch per pitch.
FIG. 11 depicts 6 sub sections that are used to form the tread pattern of FIG. 12.
FIG. 12 is an example of a tire tread pattern using the 6 sub sections depicted in FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 shows the predicted noise frequency distribution of 3 patterns.
FIG. 14 is a chart of the modeled noise.
FIG. 15 is a chart of predicted tire performance.
FIG. 16 is a design chart showing desirable numbers of lugs for numbers of fundamental pitch and numbers of sub-pitches.
Similar references numbers and letters refer to similar parts throughout the specification.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method of the present invention is used to design pneumatic tire tread patterns that have a plurality of circumferential, load supporting elements or lugs arranged in circumferential bands or ribs. Bands or ribs with the same number of lugs are considered together as a rib grouping. Although they frequently are adjacent, the bands or ribs in a rib grouping may be spaced apart by other bands or ribs and do not need to be adjacent. A rib grouping may include a single rib of circumferential lugs or a plurality of ribs of circumferential lugs. Although the invention may be applied to a wider variety of designs, the examples discussed below focus on tread designs having 20 to 160 lugs disposed in 1 to 7 rib groupings. This rib grouping range is based on the fact that most tires desired in the market have tire tread circumferences in a range from about 1680 mm to 3200 mm. Most lugs used with these tires have a circumferential length of between 20 mm to 75 mm thus yielding a range of about 22 to 84 lugs in a small tire and 43 to 160 lugs in a larger tire. When manufacturing criteria, tire wear criteria, and tire noise criteria are considered, most commercially produced tires include 40 to 80 lugs. The method of the invention is thus described for use with tire tread patterns in this range. The method may also be used for tires that fall outside this range by applying the steps for the range of lugs outside this range.
For each tread design in a tire, there is a number “x” of rib groupings R of circumferentially disposed lugs L. Tire tread patterns created according to the method of the present invention will have integer combinations of sub-pitches S that form fundamental pitches P within each rib grouping R. The fundamental pitch is defined as a portion of tire tread beginning at a common boundary (in the tread design) and ending at a common boundary (in the tread design) in which the greatest common factor of the number of lugs by ribs for each of the ribs contained within the fundamental pitch is one. The fundamental pitch repeats “k” times within a rib grouping about the circumference of the tire. A sub-pitch is a portion of tread geometry within a fundamental pitch P. There are “m” sub-pitches S that can be individually scaled within a fundamental pitch P.
Within any given rib grouping R, the total number “y” of lugs L may be determined by the lug equation: yR=k*mR. When there is only one sub-pitch S within each fundamental pitch P (referred to as a single unit design), the total number y of lugs L in each rib grouping R equals the number of fundamental pitches P. When there are two sub-pitches S within each fundamental pitch P, then the total number y of lugs L in each rib grouping R equals twice the number k of fundamental pitches P. These two examples are illustrated in FIGS. 1-4.
In order to illustrate a single unit design, exemplary four rib R tread pattern elements are shown in FIG. 1 wherein there is only one sub-pitch S per pitch P with the sub-pitches being either small (Sm) or large (Lg). In this example, each rib grouping includes a single rib. The geometry of the tread pattern shown in these drawings is schematic, generic, and exemplary. This invention may be applied to a wide variety of lug geometries. Any of a wide variety of tread patterns may be used. For example, a small sub-pitch (Sm) may have a length of 25 mm and a large sub-pitch (Lg) may have a length of 40 mm. A sample pitch sequence may be [25, 25, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, 25, 25, 25, 40, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, . . . ]. FIG. 2 schematically depicts the tread elements of FIG. 1 applied in this pitch sequence.
In order to illustrate a double unit design, exemplary four rib R tread pattern elements are shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows that the first sub-pitch (S1) has the same geometry as the example discussed above with reference to FIG. 1 while the second sub-pitch (S2) has a different geometry (the lateral slot has been removed from ribs R2 and R3). FIG. 3 depicts both large (Lg) and small (Sm) lengths for the sub-pitches. FIG. 4 schematically depicts the tread elements of FIG. 3 applied to the sample pitch sequence set forth above [25, 25, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, 25, 25, 25, 40, 40, 40, 25, 40, 40, . . . ]. In this example, each pitch P includes S1 and S2 (with the size of S1 and S2 following the sample pitch sequence) and the different ribs R have different numbers of lugs L. R1 and R4 have twice the lugs of R2 and R3. The particular distribution of lugs L in this example is irrelevant to the invention and R1 and R2 could have twice the lugs of R3 and R4 or R2 and R3 could have twice the lugs L as R1 and R4.
In order to analyze the different tire noises caused by the different number of lugs in each rib, a rib differential D is determined by the formula: D=(Maximum Number of Lugs in any rib grouping)/(Minimum Number of Lugs in any rib grouping). The rib differential (D) provides a ratio representing the number of noise causing events in the highest lug rib compared to the number of noise causing events in the lowest lug rib. In the first example of FIG. 2, D=1 and in the second example of FIG. 4, D=2. Tread designs having a D>2 are possible but have been found to yield undesirable properties because these designs have undesirably large differences in lug stiffnesses. Tread designs with a D of exactly 2 are also undesirable because the maximum tread passage frequency will be a multiple of the minimum tread passage frequency causing an undesirable amplitude spike at this frequency. The tread passage frequency F is defined as: F=V*y/C where V represents tire ground velocity and C represents tire circumference. As the tire rotates, each lug will impact the road surface and will thus act as an impulse. There are thus multiple frequencies that are integer multiples of the principal frequency. These frequencies are determined by Fj=j*(V*y/C) where j=1,2,3 . . . . A tire designer does not want to have any of the first three frequencies of one rib to match the first three frequencies of a rib having a different number of lugs. This will happen when D=1, 2.0, or 1.5. Tire tread designs having a D between 1 and 2 (excluding D=1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) are thus desirable for tire noise. In the context of this application, the term “between” excludes the end boundaries of 1.0 and 2.0. However, D values between 1.5 and 2.0 yield less desirable results than D values between 1.0 and 1.5 because of the larger difference in lug stiffness when the D value is between 1.5 and 2.0.
The chart of FIG. 5 is used define design parameters. The minimum number of lugs in the fundamental design cycle is arranged horizontally and the maximum number of lugs is arranged vertically. The D value for each combination is calculated in the cells of the chart.
For each of the combinations in the chart, an additional chart may be developed to examine the balance of the number of lugs in the full pattern based on the number of fundamental design cycles. For the purpose of providing an example, the ratio (m) of 4 small lugs to 3 large lugs (D=1.33) is examined in the chart of FIG. 6. From this chart, it can be seen that the desirable number of lugs is achieved by using 14 to 20 fundamental design cycles because the total numbers of lugs in each rib fall within the desirable design parameters discussed above. With 14 fundamental pitches (k=14), there are 42 and 56 lugs in the two ribs with a differential of 14 pitches between ribs and for P=20, there are 60 and 80 lugs in the two ribs with a differential of 20 pitches. The difference (Δ) in number of pitches is defined by: Δ=P*(mmax−mmin). As this difference Δ increases, the variation in lug stiffness increases. An increased number of lugs in a tire tread design provides for improved performance in the snow or wet weather conditions as well as reducing the impact energy at the tire-road interface resulting in lower noise amplitude. Reducing the number of lugs or increasing lug stiffness provides for improved dry traction in pleasant weather conditions as well as for improving the longevity of the tire. Tire treads designed according to this invention balance tire performance by having tire features for both dry traction and inclement weather.
FIGS. 7 and 8 depict two different exemplary tread patterns having different properties that combine to create the tire tread pattern of FIG. 9 as the upper portion of the tread of FIG. 8 bisected about the tire equator and the lower portion of the tread of FIG. 7 bisected about the tire equator. The tread of FIG. 7 has fewer lugs while the tread pattern of FIG. 8 has more lugs when disposed about the circumference of the tire. FIG. 9 depicts a pattern having the top two ribs (R1 and R2) having the configuration of FIG. 8 with the bottom two ribs (R3 and R4) having the configuration of FIG. 7. The tread pattern of FIG. 9 thus incorporates performance benefits from both tread patterns. In this example, D is 1.33 with 8 lugs per pitch in R1 and R2 and 6 lugs per pitch in R3 and R4. The tread pattern of FIG. 9 thus provides an example of the invention.
For two-piece, clam-shell type tire molds prevalent in the tire industry through the end of the twentieth century, the tire tread of FIG. 9 would be desirable from a tire mold manufacturing point of view. These two-piece molds are bisected circumferentially at a location near or at the tire equator. The manufacture of each piece can be accomplished independently and thus may be comprised of unrelated tread patters as shown in FIG. 9. For conventional type tire molds created by eight to as many as 100 or more tread segments as lateral sections of the tire mold from one side of the tread pattern to the other side of the tread pattern, it is desirable to have tire tread sections with a continuous boundary from one side of the tread pattern to the other side. Examples of continuous boundaries from the tire tread represented in FIG. 9 are the cross sections identified as section A-A and section B-B. A tire tread pattern constructed by this method will have at least 1 common boundary at the beginning of the tread pattern as shown in FIG. 9, section A-A. Based on the complexities of the tire tread pattern noise sequence for each of the tread patterns of the tires of FIGS. 7 and 8, it is possible to have more than one common boundary as shown in FIG. 9, section B-B. The minimum number of common boundaries is therefore one and the maximum number of common boundaries is known in geometric terminology as the greatest common factor. Each repeating pattern of the FIG. 7 tire has 12 sections. The tire of FIG. 8 has 16 sections. The number twelve has six numeric factors including one, two, three, four, six and twelve. The number sixteen has five numeric factors including one, two, four, eight, and sixteen. The greatest common factor of twelve and sixteen is four. Thus it is possible to have a maximum of four common boundaries for the combined tread pattern of FIG. 9.
The fundamental pitch can be then defined as a portion of tire tread beginning at a common boundary and ending at a common boundary in which the greatest common factor on the number of lugs by ribs for each of the ribs contained within the fundamental pitch is one. A fundamental pitch for a tire as exemplified in FIG. 9 would be one in which the number of lugs in each rib is equal to the total number of lugs in any give rib divided by the greatest common factor as calculated above. For this case the number of lugs in the fundamental pitch in ribs R1 and R2 is four (16/4=4) and the number in ribs R3 and R4 is three (12/4=3).
FIG. 10 represents a tire tread pattern having the same number of lugs by rib as the tire tread pattern in FIG. 9, but comprised of four fundamental pitches wherein each fundamental pitch is a composite unit of two varying pitch sizes, a small and a large. The full tread pattern includes fundamental pitches sequentially ordered based on the requirements of the tire noise pitch sequence. Thus, the number of common pitch boundaries of the tire tread pattern of FIG. 10 is equal to the greatest common multiple of the number of lugs in each rib and is a preferred application for tires manufactured from conventional type segmented tire molds. A limitation to the design of FIG. 10 is that the variability of the lug sizing within the tire tread is reduced to the variability of the sizing of the fundamental pitch sizing. In FIG. 10, each sub-pitch length is equivalent to the fundamental pitch length. Each fundamental pitch (P) is thus sub-divided into multiple (m) sub-pitches (S). The value for m can be any integer such that m=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. As the value of m increases, the number of unique sections of the mold increases. In FIG. 10, m=1, and the number of pitch sizes (t) is 2 (small and large). The number of unique (U) sub-pitch (S) geometries can then be expressed as the equation: U=m*t. To increase the number of unique geometries (U), either the number of sub-pitch sizes (t) or the number of fundamental pitch divisions (m) must be increased. It is typical in the art for the number of pitch sizes (t) to be between 2 and 8. A way to dramatically increase the number of unique geometries (U) is to increase m.
It is impractical to choose a value for m greater than the largest number of lugs in a fundamental pitch (4 in this ongoing example) and undesirable to choose a value for m smaller than the minimum number of lugs in a fundamental pitch (3 in this example). In order to minimize mold-manufacturing complexity, the minimum number of unique geometries is initially selected. In this invention, m should be first selected as the minimum number of lugs of the principal design cycle in any rib. If it is determined that a higher number of unique (U) segments are required for noise or other performance, m is increased until m is equal to the maximum number of lugs of the principal design cycle in any rib.
FIG. 11 depicts a set of small and large sub sections of the fundamental pitch. FIG. 12 represents a typical section of a tread pattern utilizing a 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, . . . repetition of the geometries and sizing selection based on the selected sizing sequence. This design has increased geometric variability with a design where ribs 1 and 2 have 4 lugs per fundamental pitch and ribs 3 and 4 have 3 lugs per fundamental pitch. Based on the chart of FIG. 6, if there were 15 fundamental pitches, ribs 1 and 2 would have 60 lugs and ribs 3 and 4 would have 45 lugs. The side of the tire with 60 lugs provides performance in inclement weather and the side with 45 pitches provides performance in agreeable weather. Tire noise is greatly reduced with the invention from the noise analysis of the above patterns. FIG. 13 shows the predicted noise frequency distribution of 3 patterns from the example. The tire with the highest noise level is the tire whose unique geometries are represented in FIG. 1 and representative pattern example is shown in FIG. 2 where the number of lugs in each and every ribs. Thus, there are 45 fundamental pitches with only 1 sub-pitch per fundamental pitch. The tire with the second highest noise level has 60 fundamental pitches with 1 sub-pitch per fundamental pitch and has the same unique geometries as shown in FIG. 1. The tire with the lowest noise level is that of the preferred embodiment of this invention. This tire has 6 unique geometries as specified in FIG. 10 and is representative of FIG. 12. In this design, there are effectively 60 lugs on the top 2 ribs and 45 ribs on the bottom two ribs. The modeled noise level difference can be seen in FIG. 14. A chart of predicted tire performance can be seen in FIG. 15. A tire designed in the manner has been designed to have balanced performance in all weather conditions with an improvement in noise performance.
The above examples have centered about a tire with a 3:4 low to high ratio. The chart of FIG. 16 is a calculation of the number of lugs in any given rib for the conditions of 3 to 16 sub-pitches for 2 to 27 fundamental pitches. The light shaded cells are those whose number of lugs is less than 40 and the darker shaded lugs are those whose number of lugs is greater than 80. For the ranges of this chart, the un-shaded cells represent the desirable number of lugs for certain number of sub-pitches and fundamental pitches.
A designer uses the chart of FIG. 16 to identify desirable combinations of fundamental pitches, sub-pitches, and numbers of lugs based on the designer's criteria for a tire. For example, if the tire designer knows that the tire is to have five rib groupings, the chart of FIG. 16 initially limits the designer to tread designs with 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, and 4 fundamental pitches because these are the only rows of the chart having five of more un-shaded chart boxes. The designer may then limit the potential selections by calculating the D ratio or by selecting ranges of lug numbers. In this example, the selection of 10 fundamental pitches and 5 rib groupings yield a D ratio of 2.0 (80/40). This ratio thus excludes the selection of 10 fundamental pitches. The design may then look at the selection of 8 fundamental pitches and find that three options are available yield D ratios of 2.00 (80/40), 1.80 (72/40), and 1.67 (80/48). The option of D=2.00 is then excluded as per FIG. 5. As described above, the other selections may be used but should be passed over if more desirable D ratios are available. The designed may then analyze the available selections for the 7 fundamental pitches. The chart yields three possibilities of 70/42 (D=1.67), 77/49 (D=1.57), and 77/42 (D=1.83). The data for 6 fundamental pitches yields six possibilities of D at 1.57, 1.71, 1.85, 1.5, 1.63, and 1.44. The option of D=1.5 is then excluded as per FIG. 5. The 1.44 ratio is desirable and allows the designer to use rib groupings of 54, 60, 66, 72, and 78 lugs. Each rib grouping has 6 fundamental pitches divided into 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 sub-pitches. The same analysis may be performed for the possibilities of 5 and 4 fundamental pitches yielding alternative possibilities.
Another way for the designer to use the design chart is to select the desired numbers of lugs in the rib groupings and then to see where the selection fits on the chart. For example, a tread designer may wish to design a 5 rib tire with a different number of lugs on each rib (thus having 5 rib groupings) and a range of lugs per rib of no fewer than 47 and no more than 79. The design chart shows that rows of at least 5 un-shaded blocks with lug numbers greater than 47 exist for 8, 7, 6, 5 and 4 fundamental pitches. At 6 fundamental pitches, the options of 72/48 (D=1.5), 78/48 D=1.63), and 78/54 (D=1.44) exist. The option of D=1.5 is then excluded as per FIG. 5. The D ratio calculation yields the single selection of ribs with 78, 72, 66, 60, and 54 lugs. These ribs do not have to be placed in any particular order. The design chart also yields possibilities at 5 fundamental pitches (70/50 and 75/55).
This invention gives a tire designer the flexibility to create designs with balanced all season performance and improved noise performance In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clearness, and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed.
Moreover, the description and illustration of the invention is an example and the invention is not limited to the exact details shown or described.
Patent Application
20080093010
