Method for detecting glucagon-like peptide-1 antagonists and agonists

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, to a DNA construct which comprises a DNA sequence encoding a GLP-1 receptor, to methods of screening for antagonists of GLP-1 activity and to methods for functional screening for agonists of GLP-1 activity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As used in the present specification the designation GLP-1 comprises GLP-1(7-37) as well as GLP-1(7-36)amide.
Glucose-induced insulin secretion is modulated by a number of hormones and neurotransmitters. In particular, two gut hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) potentiate the effect of glucose on insulin secretion and are thus called gluco-incretins (Dupre, in The Endocrine Pancreas, E. Samois Ed. (Raven Press, New York, (1991), 253-281) and Ebert and Creutzfeld, (Diabetes Metab. Rev. 3, (1987)). Glucagon-like peptide-1 is a gluco-incretin both in rat and in man (Dupre and Ebert and Creutzfeld, vide supra, and Kreymann et al. (Lancet 2 (1987), 1300)). It is part of the preproglucagon molecule (Bell et al. Nature 304 (1983), 368) which is proteolytically processed in intestinal L cells to GLP-1(1-37) and GLP-1(7-36)amide or GLP-1(7-37) (Mojsov et al. (J.Biol.Chem. 261 (1986), 11880) and Habener et al.: The Endocrine Pancreas E. Samois Ed. (Raven Press, New York (1991), 53-71). Only the truncated forms of GLP-1 are biologically active and both have identical effects on insulin secretion in beta cells (Mojsov et al. J.Clin.Invest 79 (1987), 616) and Weir et al. (Diabetes 38 (1989), 338). They are the most potent gluco-incretins so far described and are active at concentrations as low as one to ten picomolar. The stimulatory effect of these gluco-incretin hormones requires the presence of glucose at or above the normal physiological concentration of about 5 mM and is mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase and a rise in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (Drucker et al. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 84 (1987), 3434) and G'ke et al. (Am.J.Physiol. 257 (1989), G397). GLP-1 has also a stimulatory effect on insulin gene transcription (Drucker et al. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 84 (1987), 3434). In a rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with a reduced stimulatory effect of GLP-1 on glucose-induced insulin secretion (Suzuki et al. Diabetes 39 (1990), 1320). In man, in one study, GLP-1 levels were elevated in NIDDM patients both in the basal state and after glucose ingestion; however, following a glucose load there was only a very small rise in plasma insulin concentration (qrskov et al. J.Clin.Invest. 87 (1991), 415). A recent study (Nathan et al. Diabetes Care 15 (1992), 270) showed that GLP-1 infusion could ameliorate postprandial insulin secretion and glucose disposal in NIDDM patients. Thus, as a further step in understanding the complex modulation of insulin secretion by gut hormones and its dysfunction in diabetes, we isolated and characterized a complementary DNA for the beta cell GLP-1 receptor and showed that it is part of a new family of G-coupled receptors.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor.
More preferably, the invention relates to a GLP-1 receptor which comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 1, or an analogue thereof binding GLP-1 with an affinity constant, K.sub.D, below 100 nM, preferably below 10 nM. In the present context, the term "analogue" is intended to indicate a naturally occurring variant (including one expressed in other animal species, in particular human) of the receptor or a "derivative" i.e. a polypeptide which is derived from the native GLP-1 receptor by suitably modifying the DNA sequence coding for the variant, resulting in the addition of one or more amino acids at either or both the C- and N-terminal ends of the native amino acid sequence, substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native amino acid sequence, deletion of one or more amino acids at either or both ends of the native sequence or at one or more sites within the native sequence, or insertion of one or more amino acids in the native sequence.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a DNA construct which comprises a DNA sequence encoding the GLP-1 receptor of the invention, as well as a recombinant expression vector carrying the DNA construct and a cell containing said recombinant expression vector.
In one embodiment of the invention, the GLP-1 receptor molecule may be provided in solubilised and/or reconstituted form.
In the present context "solubilised" is intended to indicate a receptor as present in detergent-solubilised membrane preparations. "Reconstituted" is intended to indicate a receptor solubilised in the prescience of essential cofactors, e.g. G-protein. In this embodiment the receptor may be in a reconstituted micellar form.
The DNA construct of the invention encoding the GLP-1 receptor preferably comprises the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 1, or at least a DNA sequence coding for a functional analogue thereof binding GLP-1 with an affinity below 100 nM, preferably below 10 nM or a suitable modification thereof. Examples of suitable modifications of the DNA sequence are nucleotide substitutions which do not give rise to another amino acid sequence of the GLP-1 receptor, but which may correspond to the codon usage of the host organism into which the DNA construct is introduced or nucleotide substitutions which do give rise to a different amino acid sequence and therefore, possibly, a different protein structure without, however, impairing the properties of the native variant. Other examples of possible modifications are insertion of one or several nucleotides into the sequence, addition of one or several nucleotides at either end of the sequence, or deletion of one or several nucleotides at either end or within the sequence.
Another example of a DNA construct of the invention is one which encodes a GLP-1 receptor variant particularly suitable for solubilisation and reconstitution.
The DNA construct of the invention encoding the present GLP-1 receptor may be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g. the phosphoamidite method described by Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetrahedron Letters 22 (1981), 1859-1869, or the method described by Matthes et al., EMBO Journal 3 (1984), 801-805. According to the phosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, e.g. in an automatic DNA synthesizer, purified, annealed, ligated and cloned in suitable vectors.
The DNA construct of the invention may also be of genomic or cDNA origin, for instance obtained by preparing a genomic or cDNA library and screening for DNA sequences coding for all or part of the GLP-1 receptor of the invention by hybridization using synthetic oligonucleotide probes in accordance with standard techniques (cf. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor, 1989). In this case, a genomic or cDNA sequence encoding the GLP-1 receptor may be modified at a site corresponding to the site(s) at which it is desired to introduce amino acid substitutions, e.g. by site-directed mutagenesis using synthetic oligonucleotides encoding the desired amino acid sequence for homologous recombination in accordance with well-known procedures.
Finally, the DNA construct may be of mixed synthetic and genomic, mixed synthetic and cDNA or mixed genomic and cDNA origin prepared by ligating fragments of synthetic, genomic or cDNA origin (as appropriate), the fragments corresponding to various parts of the entire DNA construct, in accordance with standard techniques. The DNA construct may also be prepared by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers, for instance as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 or Saiki et al., Science 239 (1988), 487-491.
The recombinant expression vector into which the DNA construct of the invention is inserted may be any vector which may conveniently be subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.
In the vector, the DNA sequence encoding the GLP-1 receptor of the invention should be operably connected to a suitable promoter sequence. The promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA encoding the GLP-1 receptor of the invention in mammalian cells are the SV40 promoter (Subramani et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 1 (1981), 854-864), the MT-1 (metallothionein gene) promoter (Palmiter et al., Science 222 (1983), 809-814) or the adenovirus 2 major late promoter. A suitable promoter for use in insect cells is the polyhedrin promoter (Vasuvedan et al., FEBS Lett. 311, (1992) 7-11). Suitable promoters for use in yeast host cells include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes (Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980), 12073-12080; Alber and Kawasaki, J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1 (1982), 419-434) or alcohol dehydrogenase genes (Young et al., in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals (Hollaender et al, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1982), or the TPI1 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311) or ADH2-4c (Russell et al., Nature 304 (1983), 652-654) promoters. Suitable promoters for use in filamentous fungus host cells are, for instance, the ADH3 promoter (McKnight et al., The EMBO J. 4 (1985), 2093-2099) or the tpiA promoter.
The DNA sequence encoding the GLP-1 receptor of the invention may also be operably connected to a suitable terminator, such as the human growth hormone terminator (Palmiter et al., op. cit.) or (for fungal hosts) the TPI1 (Alber and Kawasaki, op. cit.) or ADH3 (McKnight et al., op. cit.) terminators. The vector may further comprise elements such as polyadenylation signals (e.g. from SV40 or the adenovirus 5 Elb region), transcriptional enhancer sequences (e.g. the SV40 enhancer) and translational enhancer sequences (e.g. the ones encoding adenovirus VA RNAs).
The recombinant expression vector of the invention may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. An example of such a sequence (when the host cell is a mammalian cell) is the SV40 origin of replication. The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate.
The procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding for the GLP-1 receptor of the invention, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., op.cit.).
The host cell into which the expression vector of the invention is introduced may be any cell which is capable of producing the GLP-1 receptor of the invention and is preferably a eukaryotic cell, such as invertebrate (insect) cells or vertebrate cells, e.s. Xenopus laevis oocytes or mammalian cells, in particular insect and mammalian cells. Examples of suitable mammalian cell lines are the COS (ATCC CRL 1650), BHK (ATCC CRL 1632, ATCC CCL 10), CHL (ATCC CCL39) or CHO (ATCC CCL 61) cell lines. Methods of transfecting mammalian cells and expressing DNA sequences introduced in the cells are described in e.g. Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol. 159 (1982), 601-621; Southern and Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1 (1982), 327-341; Loyter et al., Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 79 (1982), 422-426; Wigler et al., Cell 14 (1978), 725; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7 (1981), 603, Graham and van der Eb, Virology 52 (1973), 456; and Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1 (1982), 841-845.
Alternatively, fungal cells (including yeast cells) may be used as host cells of the invention. Examples of suitable yeasts cells include cells of Saccharomyces spp. or Schizosaccharomyces spp., in particular strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Examples of other fungal cells are cells of filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus spp. or Neurospora spp., in particular strains of Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger. The use of Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins is described in, e.g., EP 272 277.
The GLP-1 receptor according to the invention may be produced by a method which comprises culturing a cell as described above in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions which are conducive to the expression of the GLP-1 receptor, and recovering the GLP-1 receptor from the culture. The medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing mammalian cells, such as a serum-containing or serum-free medium containing appropriate supplements. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g. in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).
If the GLP-1 receptor has retained the transmembrane and (possibly) the cytoplasmic region of the native variant, it will be anchored in the membrane of the host cell, and the cells carrying the GLP-1 receptor may be used as such in the screening or diagnostic assay. Alternatively, the receptor may be a component of membrane preparations, e.g. in solubilised and/or reconstituted form as defined above.
The present invention also provides methods for detecting GLP-1 antagonists/inverse agonists. Within the context of the invention, an GLP-1 antagonist/inverse agonist is understood to refer to a molecule that reduces the GLP-1 stimulated response within a given cell.
Within one aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for detecting the presence of GLP-1 antagonists comprising the steps of (a) exposing the compound in the presence of a GLP-1 agonist to a recombinant GLP-1 receptor coupled to a response pathway under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow binding of the compound to the receptor and an associated response through the pathway, and (b) detecting a reduction in the stimulation of the response pathway resulting from the binding of the compound to the GLP-1 receptor, relative to the stimulation of the response pathway by the GLP-1 agonist alone and therefrom determining the presence of a GLP-1 antagonist/inverse agonist. Within the context of the present invention, GLP-1 agonists include molecules (including GLP-1 itself) capable of binding to a GLP-1 receptor, and which stimulate a response pathway within a cell.
A variety of compounds may be screened utilizing such methods. Representative examples include blocking antibodies, GLP-1 peptides and GLP-1 analogs (including both peptides and non-peptides).
The compounds are exposed to a recombinant GLP-1 receptor in the presence of a GLP-1 agonist under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow binding of the compound to the receptor, and an associated response though the pathway. As utilized in the present invention, conditions and times sufficient for the binding of the antagonist/inverse agonist to the receptor will vary with the source of the receptor, however, conditions suitable for the binding generally occur between 4.degree. and 40.degree. C. in a buffer solution and within a pH range of 5 and 9, preferable between 6.8 and 8. Sufficient time for the binding and response will generally be between 5 and 200 minutes after exposure.
Once the compound has been exposed to a recombinant GLP-1 receptor in the presence of a GLP-1 agonist, under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow binding of the compound to the receptor, a reduction in the stimulation of the response pathway may be detected if the compounds competes with the GLP-1 agonist for the recombinant GLP-1 receptor. Within one embodiment of the invention, the response pathway is a membrane bound adenylate cyclase response pathway, and the step of detecting comprises measuring a reduction in cAMP production by the membrane bound adenylate cyclase response pathway, relative to the cAMP production in the presence of GLP-1 agonist alone. Adenylate cyclase activity assays may be carried out, for example, utilizing method(s) described by Knudsen et al. (Eur. J. Pharmacol., 318, 429-435(1996)). Alternatively, cAMP may be measured by any other assay. Generally, these assays are well known in the art.
In another embodiment of the invention, the present invention relates to a method for functional screening for the presence of GLP-1 agonists, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) exposing a compound to a recombinant GLP-1 receptor coupled to a response pathway under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow binding of the compound to the receptor and an associated response through the pathway; and
(b) detecting stimulation of the response pathway relative to the non stimulated pathway.
With a preferred embodiment of the invention a DNA construct is provided comprising a cAMP response element such as proenkephalin cAMP response element, which is operately linked to a luciferase cDNA. The DNA construct comprising the luciferase cDNA is then stably transfected into a host cell. The host cell is then transfected with a second DNA construct containing a first DNA segment encoding the GLP-1 receptor operably linked to additional DNA segments necessary for the expression of the receptor. Upon binding of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, the elevated cAMP levels induce the expression of luciferase. The luciferase is exposed to luciferin, and the photons released during the oxidation of luciferin by the luciferase is measured.
The solid support employed in the screening methods of the invention preferably comprises a polymer. The support may in itself be composed of the polymer or may be composed of a matrix coated with the polymer. The matrix may be of any suitable material such as glass, paper or plastic. The polymer may be selected from the group consisting of a plastic (e.g. latex, a polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyacrylamide, polyvinylalcohol, nylon, polyvinylacetate, and any suitable copolymer thereof), cellulose (e.g. various types of paper, such as nitrocellulose paper and the like), a silicon polymer (e.g. siloxane), a polysaccharide (e.g. agarose or dextran), an ion exchange resin (e.g. conventional anion or cation exchange resins), a polypeptide such as polylysine, or a ceramic material such as glass (e.g. controlled pore glass).
The physical shape of the solid support is not critical, although some shapes may be more convenient than others for the present purpose. Thus, the solid support may be in the shape of a plate, e.g. a thin layer or microtiter plate, or a film, strip, membrane (e.g. a nylon membrane or a cellulose filter) or solid particles (e.g. latex beads or dextran or agarose beads). In a preferred embodiment, the solid support is in the form of wheat germ agglutinin-coated SPA beads (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,649).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples with reference to the appended drawings in which
FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B which is a continuation of FIG. 1A together show the amino acid sequence of the rat GLP-1 receptor (SEQ ID NO:1) in a comparison with the sequence of the rat secreting receptor (SECR) (SEQ ID NO:5), the opossium parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) (SEQ ID NO:6) and the porcine calcitonin receptor (CTR1) (SEQ ID NO:7). The GLP-1 receptor has three N glycosylation sites in the extracellular domain (arrows). Four cysteines are conserved at identical places in the four receptor (boxes). Note the otherwise very divergent sequences in this part of the molecules as well as in the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Sequence identities are denoted by stars and homologies by dots. The location of the putative transmembrane domains are indicated by horizontal bars above the sequences.
FIG. 2 shows binding of .sup.125 I-GLP-1 to COS cells transfected with the pGLPR-16 plasmid. Specific binding reaches saturation at 1 to 10 nM GLP-1. Insert: Scatchard analysis of GLP-1 binding.
FIG. 3 shows binding of .sup.125 I-GLP-1 to INS-1 cells. Specific binding reaches saturation at 1 to 10 nM GLP-1. Insert: Scatchard analysis of GLP-1 binding.
Fitting of the curves in FIGS. 2 and 3 were performed with the LIGAND program (McPherson, Kinetic, EBDA, Ligand, Lowry. A Collection of radioligand analysis programs (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985)).
FIG. 4 shows displacement of .sup.125 I-GLP-1 binding to COS cells transfected with the rat GLP-1 receptor cDNA. Transfected cells were incubated with 20 pM .sup.125 I-GLP-1 in the presence of increasing concentrations of cold peptides. Each point was measured in duplicate and the experiments repeated three times for GLP-1, GIP and glucagon and once for VIP and secreting.
FIG. 5 shows stimulation of cyclic AMP formation in COS cells transfected with the rat GLP-1 receptor cDNA. COS cells were transfected with the pcDNA-1 vector alone (open bars) or the pGLPR-1 plasmid (stripped bar) and incubated in the absence or the presence of GLP-1 at the indicated concentration. cAMP production was measured in triplicate with a radioimmunoassay (Amersham).
FIG. 6 shows tissue specificity of GLP-1 receptor expression assessed by Northern blotting of RNA from different tissues and from the INS-1 cell line. Ten micrograms of total RNA was analyzed on each lane. Two major RNA species of 2.7 and 3.6 kb were detected in all tissues in which the receptor was detected. The position of the migration of the ribosomal RNAs is indicated to the left of the picture.
FIG. 7 is a comparison of rat GLP-1 receptor (SEQ ID No.1) amino acid sequence (rat) and a partial amino acid sequence of the human GLP-1 receptor (SEQ ID No. 3) (human).

The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples which is not intended to be in any way limiting to the scope of the invention as claimed.
EXAMPLE 1
Molecular Cloning and Characterisation of the Rat Islet GLP-1 Receptor cDNA.
A rat pancreatic islet cDNA library was constructed in the pcDNA-1 expression vector (Rat pancreatic islets were prepared according to Gotoh et al. (Transplantation 43 (1985), 725). PolyA+ RNA was prepared and the cDNA library was constructed in the pcDNA-1 vector (In Vitrogen) as described by Aruffo and Seed (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 84 (1987), 8573) and Lin et al. (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 88 (1991), 3185). Plasmid DNA was prepared from pools of five to eight thousands bacterial clones (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1982) and transfected into COS cells (Sompayrac and Dana, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 78 (1981), 7575). The presence of GLP-1 receptor expressed in COS cells was assessed by binding of the radioiodinated peptide followed by photographic emulsion autoradiography and screening by dark field microscopy (Gearing et al. EMBO J. 8 (1989), 3667). GLP-1(7-36)amide, as well as the other peptides, were purchased from Peninsula Laboratories. Iodination was performed by the iodine monochloride method (Contreras et al. Meth.Enzymol. 92 (1983), 277), the peptide was purified by passage over Sephadex G-10 followed by CM-Sepharose and specific activity was determined by the self displacement technique (Calvo et al. Biochem. 212 (1983), 259). A 1.6 kb cDNA clone (pGLPR-1) was isolated by subfractionation of an original positive pool and was used to isolate, by DNA hybridization screening, two additional clones from primary positive pools. These plasmids (pGLPR-16 and -87) had inserts of 3.0 and 2.0 kb, respectively. Transfection of these clones into COS cells generated high affinity (K.sub.D =0.6 nM) binding sites for GLP-1 (FIG. 2). This affinity is comparable to that seen for binding of GLP-1 to the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1 (Asfari et al. Endocrinology 130 (1992), 167) (K.sub.D =0.12 nM; FIG. 3). In both cases a single high affinity binding component was detected. The binding to GLP-1 receptor transfected COS cells reached a plateau between 1 and 10 nM. At concentrations above 10 nM a second, high capacity, low affinity, binding component was detected. Although specifically displacable by cold GLP-1, this binding was also present in COS cells transfected with the expression vector alone and was therefore not further characterized.
Binding of GLP-1 to the receptor expressed in COS cells was displaced by cold GLP-1 with a 50 percent displacement achieved at 0.5 to 1 nM (FIG. 4). Other peptide hormones of related structure such as secreting, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (Dupre in The Endocrine Pancreas, E. Samois Ed. (Raven Press, New York, (1991), 253-281) and Ebert and Creutzfeld, Diabetes Metab. Rev. 3, (1987) did not displace binding. Glucagon could displace the binding by 50 percent but only at a concentration of one micromolar (FIG. 4). The addition of subnanomolar concentrations of GLP-1 to transfected COS cells stimulated the production of cyclic AMP indicating that the receptor was functionally coupled to activation of adenylate cyclase (FIG. 5).
DNA sequence analysis of the rat GLP-1 receptor cDNA revealed a major open reading frame coding for a 463 amino acid polypeptide (SEQ ID No. 1). Hydrophaphy plot analysis indicated the presence of an amino-terminal hydrophobic region most probably representing a leader sequence. This hydrophobic segment is followed by a hydrophilic domain of about 120 amino acids which contains three N-linked glycosylation sites. Seven hydrophobic segments are present which may form transmembrane domains. Search for sequence identities showed the GLP-1 receptor to be homologous to the secreting receptor (Ishihara et al. EMBO J. 10 (1991), 1635) (40 percent identity), the parathyroid hormone receptor (Jhppner et al. (Science 254 (1991), 1024) (32.4 percent identity) and the calcitonin receptor (Lin et al. Science 254 (1991), 1022) (27.5 percent identity) (FIG. 1). These four receptors do not share any significant sequence homology with other known members of the G-coupled receptor family and are characterized by a relatively long amino terminal, probably extracellular, domain. The sequence of the extracellular domain is unique for each receptor, yet four cysteines are perfectly conserved (boxes in FIG. 1). A fifth cysteine at position 126 of the GLP-1 receptor is also conserved in the parathyroid and calcitonin receptors and at a similar location in the secreting receptor (position 123). The highest sequence identity between the four proteins resides in the transmembrane domains. The carboxyl terminal, cytoplasmic, ends of each receptor are also very different. These receptors all stimulate the production of cyclic AMP in response to ligand binding (Ishihara et al. EMBO J. 10 (1991), 1635), Jhppner et al. (Science 254 (1991), 1024) and Lin et al. Science 254 (1991), 1022) and are presumably coupled to the cyclase via Gs". In that respect, it is interesting to note that a sequence motif present in the third cytoplasmic loop of the GLP-1 receptors (RLAK, present just before the sixth transmembrane domain) is very similar to a motif of the beta2 adrenergic receptor (KALK) present at the same location and whose basic amino acids have been shown to be important in the coupling of the receptor to Gs" (Okamoto et al. Cell 67 (1991), 723). Moreover, in the beta2 adrenergic receptor, this motif is preceeded by a basic amino acid located twelve amino acid toward the amino-terminal end. This basic amino acid is also required at this particular distance for efficient coupling to Gs". In the GLP-1 receptor a lysine residue is also present at a similar location. This suggests that, despite the very low overall sequence identity, a structural feature may have been conserved in the third cytoplasmic loop between the two receptors which, may be required for the coupling of receptor to the Gs" protein.
Determination of the tissue distribution of the GLP-1 receptor was performed by Northern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis was performed with 10:g of total RNA (Chomczynski and Sacchi, Anal.Biochem. 126 (1987), 156) denatured with glyoxal (McMaster and Carmichael, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 74 (1977), 4835) separated on a 1% agarose gel and transferred to Nylon membranes (Thomas, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 77 (1980), 5201). Hybridization was performed with the random primed labelled (Feinberg and Vogelstein, Anal.Biochem. 132 (1983), 6) 1,6 kb pGLPR-1 insert. Two mRNAs of 2.7 and 3.6 kb could be detected in pancreatic islets as well as in rat insulinoma cell lines (INS-1), in stomach and in lung (FIG. 6). No GLP-1 receptor mRNA could be detected in brain, liver, thymus, muscle, intestine and colon. The presence of the GLP-1 receptor has been reported in stomach where the peptide inhibits acid secretion by parietal cells in in vivo experiments (Schjoldager et al. Dig.Dis.Sci. 34 (1989), 703) but stimulates acid secretion on isolated parietal glands (Schmidtler et al. Am.J.Physiol. 260 (1991), G940). Binding sites for GLP-1 have also ben reported in lung membrane preparations (Richter et al. FEBS Letter 1 (1990), 78) but the role of the hormone on lung physiology is not known.
A stable cell line expressing the cloned rat GLP-1 receptor was established by Ca-phosphate mediated transfection (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1989) of the CHL cell line (ATCC CCL39). The plasmid, pGLPR-1, which contains a 1.6 kb rat GLP-1 receptor cDNA insert cloned in the pcDNA-1 vector, was cotransfected with the pWL-neo plasmid (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) into CHL cells. The pWL-neo plasmid contains the neomycin resistance gene. Stable clones were selected in medium containing 0.8 mg/ml G418. A stable transformant expressing an estimate of 70.000 rat GLP-1 receptors pr cell was selected by this scheme and further propagated in the presence of 80:M G418. Membranes from this transformant was subsequently used in the high-volume-throughput-screening (HVTS) assay as described in Example 3. Characterization of the receptor expressed by the GLP-1 R/CHL cell line led to an estimated Kd of 0.8 nM for whole cells, 2.3 nM for cell membranes using .sup.125 I-GLP-1(7-36)amide as radioligand.
EXAMPLE 2
Molecular cloning of the human islet GLP-1 receptor cDNA.
Human islets were prepared as described (Ricordi et al., Diabetes 37 (1988), 413-420), and poly-A.sup.+ RNA was isolated by affinity chromatography by published methods (Gonda et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2 (1982) 617-624).
A human islet cDNA library was constructed in the 8ZAPII vector from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.). Briefly, double stranded cDNA was synthesized as previously described (Aruffo and Seed, 84 (1987), 8573-8577; Thorens, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., USA 89 (1992), 8641-8645), and EcoRI/NotI adaptors (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) were added with T.sub.4 DNA ligase.
The resulting cDNA molecules were phosphorylated with T.sub.4 polynucleotide kinase before size fractionation on potassium acetate gradients (Aruffo and Seed, 84 (1987), 8573-8577).
Double stranded cDNA with a size above 1.6 kb was ligated into 8ZAPII arms (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), packaged inr8 phage and grown on a lawn of XL-1 Blue E. coli cells as described in protocols from Stratagene.
The cDNA library was screened by hybridization to a .sup.32 P labelled DNA fragment from the rat GLP-1 receptor cDNA by previously described methods (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1982).
The reduced stringency conditions used were: prehybridization and hybridization in 30% formamide, 5*SSC, 5*Denhardt, 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8, 5 mM EDTA, 0.2% SDS and 100:g/ml salmon sperm DNA at 42EC. Washings were 4*30 min in 2*SSC, 0.2% SDS at 42EC (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1982).
Positive 8 phages were purified by replating and hybridization, the cDNA inserts contained in the Bluescript vector present in the 8 ZAPII arms were excised using helper phages obtained from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.). The inserts were partially sequenced. One clone designated 3(20) showed high homology to the rat GLP-1 receptor and was sequenced (Tabor and Richardson, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., USA 84 (1987), 4767-4771) in its entire length. The DNA sequence is shown as SEQ ID No. 3.
From homology analysis (FIG. 7), it was concluded that this cDNA encoded the 3' part of the human GLP-1 receptor.
The deduced amino acid sequence of the human receptor has 92% identity to the rat GLP-1 receptor in the region from amino acid number 170 to amino acid number 463 (numbers refer to the rat sequence).
The isolated human GLP-1 cDNA does not contain the entire open reading frame at the 5' end. However, a full length clone can easily be obtained by methods well known to persons skilled in the art. Among the alternative methods of choice, the following examples should be mentioned: 1) The human islet cDNA library can either be rescreened with a probe from the 5' end of the already cloned sequence. 2) Anchor-PCR or RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) (Kriangkum et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (1992) 3793-3794; Troutt et al., Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., USA 89 (1992), 9823-9825) methodology can be used to clone the remaining 5' sequences from islet RNA. 3) The remaining 5' part can be isolated from human genomic libraries, and DNA fragments considered to represent introns can be identified based on homology to the cDNA of the rat receptor and deleted by mutagenesis.
After cloning of the 5' end of the open reading frame, this part of the cDNA can be fused to the remaining 3' part of the human GLP-1 receptor cDNA by the use of PCR or through fusion at appropriate restriction enzyme recognition sequences identified in both the 5' and the 3' parts.
The cDNA encoding the full length open reading frame can be cloned in suitable mammalian expression vectors and transfected into mammalian cell lines for expression. Examples of such suitable cell lines are the CHO and CHL cells, but other mammalian cells will also express receptors of this type.
It has recently been demonstrated that insect cells (Vasudevan et al. FEBS Lett. 311 (1992), 7-11) and microorganisms like e.g. yeast (King et al., Science 250 (1990), 121-123) can express G-protein coupled receptors.
Recently frog skin melanophore cells have been used to express G-protein coupled receptors (Potenza et al, Analytical Biochem., 206, (1992), 315-322) and a functional coupling to adenylate cyclase was demonstrated.
Other microorganisms like Aspergillus, Bacillus, E. coli might be able to express these receptors after appropriate genetic engineering and selection.
It is therefore clear to persons skilled in the art that a number of different expression systems can be designed that will lcad to expression of a functional receptor molecule.
As demonstrated in Example 3, the rat as well as the human GLP-1 receptor can be used in screening assays for detection of new potential agonist lead structures.
EXAMPLE 3
High throughput screening assay for GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Screening of microbial extracts for secondary metabolites with potential GLP-1 agonist activity was carried out using the SPA (Scintillation Proximity Assay) technology (U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,649, Hart and Greenwalt (Mol. Immunol., 16 (1979) 265-267), Udenfriend et al (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA, 82 (1985) 8672-8676). Wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA) coated SPA beads developed by Amersham International were used (U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,649, European patent 0154734, Japanese patent appl. 84/52452). The WGA coat allows GLP-1 receptor bearing membranes to be immobilized on the SPA beads. Membranes used in the screening assay were prepared from a CHL, (ATTC CCL39) cell line expressing the cloned rat GLP-1 receptor as described in in Example 1. Membranes were prepared essentially as decribed by Unden et al (Eur. J. Biochem. 145 (1984), 525-530). The binding of .sup.125 I-GLP-1(7-36)amide to such immobilized receptors brings the tracer in close proximity to the scintillant present within the SPA beads resulting in the emission of light. Any unbound ligand will not generate a signal. Thus under assay conditions a microbial extract--containing a component capable of binding to the GLP-1 receptor and thereby displacing the tracer--may be identified by virtue of a reduction in signal intensity.
A high throughput assay was established using 96 well microtiter plates. The assay was optimized with regard to the amounts of WGA particles, membrane and tracer used. (The 125I-GLP-1(7-36)amide tracer was labelled using the lactoperoxidase method (Morrison et al., Methods Enzymol. 70 (1980), 214-219) followed by purification on reverse phase HPLC). Using a Packard TopCount.TM. microplate scintillation counter (Packard Instrument Company) these optimized conditions resulted in a B.sub.0 of more than 7000 cpm. (Non specific binding determined in the presence of 500 nM unlabelled GLP-1(7-36)amide amounts to less than 1000 cpm. IC.sub.50 =0.5-1.0 nM GLP-1(7-36) amide).
So far 1250 microbial extracts have been screened using the SPA GLP-1 receptor assay. The extracts were tested at a final dilution of 1:400. Under these conditions 15 out of the 1250 extracts resulted in a reduction of specific counts to below the chosen cut-off level. These 15 hits have been further characterized in a secondary assay. This secondary assay was designed to test whether cAMP synthesis in a GLP-1 receptor bearing cell line can be induced by components in the extract. $-TC3 cells (Hanahan et al., Nature 315 (1985) 115-122) and Efrat et al (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 85 (1988) 9037-9041) grown in 96-well microtiter plates were exposed to extracts diluted in culture media. After 20 min at 37.degree. C. the cells were lysed by addition of acid and the cAMP concentration determined using the cyclic AMP SPA system (Amersham International). Of the 15 primary hits tested in this secondary assay, 5 extracts have been found to significantly increase the cAMP level in $-TC3 cells.
It has thus been demonstrated that it is feasible that the screening approach described in this patent application can result in the isolation of natural compounds with GLP-1 agonist activity. The use of such compunds as lead structures for a medicinal chemistry approach will be of significant importance in the design of novel GLP-1 agonists.
EXAMPLE 4
Functional screening for GLP-1 antagonists.
Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells expressing the human pancreatic GLP-1 receptor were used. Plasma membranes were prepared (Adelhorst et al, 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6275) by homogenization in buffer (10 mmol/l Tris-HCL and 30 mmol/l NaCL pH 7.4, containing, in addition, 1 mmol/l dithiothreitol, 5 mg/l leupeptin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA), 5 mg/l pepstatin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA), 100 mg/l bacitracin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA), and 16 mg/l aprotinin (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark)). The homogenate was centrifuged on top of a layer of 41 w/v % sucrose. The white band between the two layers was diluted in buffer and centrifuged. Plasma membranes were stored at -80.degree. C. until used.
The assay was carried out in 96-well microtiter plates in a total volume of 150 ml. The buffer used was 50 mmol/l Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 with the addition of 1 mmol/l EGTA, 1.5 mmol/l MgSO.sub.4, 1.7 mmol/l ATP, 20 mM GTP, 2 mmol/l 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), 0.01% tween-20 and 0.1% human serum albumin (HSA) (Reinst, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Germany). 10.sup.-9 M GLP-1 and compounds to be screened for antagonist activity were diluted in buffer, added to the membrane preparation and the mixture was incubated for 2 h at 37.degree. C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 25 ml of 0.05 mol/l HCL. Samples were diluted 10 fold before analysis for cAMP by a scintillation proximity assay (RPA 538, Amersham, UK). The following results indicate no antagonists were identified
______________________________________ fmol cAMP (10)______________________________________10.sup.-9 M GLP-1 26.20 4.5510.sup.-9 M GLP-1 24.70 4.3010.sup.-9 M GLP-1 30.40 5.9810.sup.-9 M GLP-1 33.00 6.7310.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S1 22.510.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S1 43.110.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S1 41.710.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S2 42.310.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S2 37.210.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S2 41.510.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S3 38.210.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S3 28.410.sup.-9 M GLP-1 + S3 34.6______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
Functional screening for GLP-1 agonists.
The assay was carried out as in example 4 except compounds were added alone and not together with GLP-1. The following results indicate no agonists were identified.
______________________________________ fmol cAMP (10)______________________________________10.sup.-13 M GLP-1 5.0010.sup.-12 M GLP-1 6.1410.sup.-11 M GLP-1 5.0310.sup.-10 M GLP-1 23.910.sup.-9 M GLP-1 42.910.sup.-8 M GLP-1 46.810.sup.-7 M GLP-1 57.3S1 9.86S2 6.72S3 7.87S4 8.52S5 7.88S6 8.48S7 8.16S8 5.89S9 4.35S10 5.64______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 9(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 3066 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Rat(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 17..1408(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:TCCTGAGCGCCCCGCCATGGCCGTCACCCCCAGCCTGCTGCGCCTGGCG49MetAlaValThrProSerLeuLeuArgLeuAla1510CTCCTGCTGCTCGGGGCGGTGGGCAGGGCCGGCCCCCGCCCCCAGGGT97LeuLeuLeuLeuGlyAlaValGlyArgAlaGlyProArgProGlnGly152025GCCACGGTGTCCCTCTCAGAGACAGTGCAGAAATGGAGAGAGTATCGG145AlaThrValSerLeuSerGluThrValGlnLysTrpArgGluTyrArg303540CACCAGTGCCAACGTTTCCTCACGGAAGCGCCACTCCTGGCCACAGGT193HisGlnCysGlnArgPheLeuThrGluAlaProLeuLeuAlaThrGly455055CTCTTCTGCAACCGAACCTTTGATGACTACGCCTGCTGGCCAGATGGG241LeuPheCysAsnArgThrPheAspAspTyrAlaCysTrpProAspGly60657075CCCCCAGGTTCCTTTGTGAATGTCAGTTGCCCCTGGTACCTGCCGTGG289ProProGlySerPheValAsnValSerCysProTrpTyrLeuProTrp808590GCCAGTAGTGTGCTCCAAGGGCATGTGTACCGGTTCTGCACGGCCGAG337AlaSerSerValLeuGlnGlyHisValTyrArgPheCysThrAlaGlu95100105GGTATCTGGCTGCATAAGGACAACTCCAGCCTGCCCTGGAGGGACCTG385GlyIleTrpLeuHisLysAspAsnSerSerLeuProTrpArgAspLeu110115120TCGGAGTGCGAAGAGTCCAAGCAAGGAGAGAGAAACTCCCCTGAGGAA433SerGluCysGluGluSerLysGlnGlyGluArgAsnSerProGluGlu125130135CAGCTCCTGTCGCTGTACATTATCTACACGGTGGGGTACGCACTTTCT481GlnLeuLeuSerLeuTyrIleIleTyrThrValGlyTyrAlaLeuSer140145150155TTCTCTGCCTTGGTCATCGCTTCAGCCATCCTTGTCAGCTTCAGACAC529PheSerAlaLeuValIleAlaSerAlaIleLeuValSerPheArgHis160165170TTGCACTGCACCAGGAACTACATCCACCTGAACCTGTTTGCGTCCTTC577LeuHisCysThrArgAsnTyrIleHisLeuAsnLeuPheAlaSerPhe175180185ATCCTCCGAGCACTGTCCGTCTTCATCAAAGACGCTGCCCTCAAGTGG625IleLeuArgAlaLeuSerValPheIleLysAspAlaAlaLeuLysTrp190195200ATGTATAGCACGGCTGCGCAACAGCACCAGTGGGATGGGCTCCTCTCG673MetTyrSerThrAlaAlaGlnGlnHisGlnTrpAspGlyLeuLeuSer205210215TATCAGGACTCTCTGGGCTGCCGACTGGTGTTCCTGCTCATGCAATAC721TyrGlnAspSerLeuGlyCysArgLeuValPheLeuLeuMetGlnTyr220225230235TGCGTGGCGGCCAACTACTACTGGTTGCTGGTGGAAGGCGTGTATCTG769CysValAlaAlaAsnTyrTyrTrpLeuLeuValGluGlyValTyrLeu240245250TACACACTGCTGGCCTTCTCGGTGTTCTCGGAGCAGCGCATCTTCAAG817TyrThrLeuLeuAlaPheSerValPheSerGluGlnArgIlePheLys255260265CTGTACCTGAGCATAGGCTGGGGAGTTCCGCTGCTGTTCGTTATCCCC865LeuTyrLeuSerIleGlyTrpGlyValProLeuLeuPheValIlePro270275280TGGGGCATTGTCAAGTATCTCTACGAGGACGAGGGTTGCTGGACCAGG913TrpGlyIleValLysTyrLeuTyrGluAspGluGlyCysTrpThrArg285290295AACTCCAACATGAACTATTGGCTCATCATACGCTTGCCCATTCTCTTT961AsnSerAsnMetAsnTyrTrpLeuIleIleArgLeuProIleLeuPhe300305310315GCAATCGGGGTCAACTTCCTTGTCTTCATCCGGGTCATCTGCATCGTG1009AlaIleGlyValAsnPheLeuValPheIleArgValIleCysIleVal320325330ATAGCCAAGCTGAAGGCTAATCTCATGTGTAAGACCGACATCAAATGC1057IleAlaLysLeuLysAlaAsnLeuMetCysLysThrAspIleLysCys335340345AGACTCGCGAAGTCCACTCTGACGCTCATCCCGCTTCTGGGCACGCAT1105ArgLeuAlaLysSerThrLeuThrLeuIleProLeuLeuGlyThrHis350355360GAAGTCATCTTTGCCTTTGTGATGGACGAGCACGCCCGAGGAACCCTA1153GluValIlePheAlaPheValMetAspGluHisAlaArgGlyThrLeu365370375CGCTTCGTCAAGCTGTTCACAGAGCTCTCCTTCACTTCCTTCCAGGGC1201ArgPheValLysLeuPheThrGluLeuSerPheThrSerPheGlnGly380385390395TTTATGGTGGCTGTCTTGTACTGCTTTGTCAACAATGAGGTCCAGATG1249PheMetValAlaValLeuTyrCysPheValAsnAsnGluValGlnMet400405410GAGTTTCGGAAGAGCTGGGAGCGCTGGAGGCTGGAGCGCTTGAACATC1297GluPheArgLysSerTrpGluArgTrpArgLeuGluArgLeuAsnIle415420425CAGAGGGACAGCAGCATGAAACCCCTCAAGTGTCCCACCAGCAGCGTC1345GlnArgAspSerSerMetLysProLeuLysCysProThrSerSerVal430435440AGCAGTGGGGCCACGGTGGGCAGCAGCGTGTATGCAGCCACCTGCCAA1393SerSerGlyAlaThrValGlySerSerValTyrAlaAlaThrCysGln445450455AATTCCTGCAGCTGAGCCCCAGTGCTGCGCTTCCTGATGGTCCTTGCTGCTG1445AsnSerCysSer460GCTGGGTGGCCATCCCAGGTGGGAGAGACCCTGGGGACAGGGAATATGAGGGATACAGGC1505ACATGTGTGTGCGTGCCCGCACACCACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACACA1565CACACACACACACACGCTTTCCTCCTCAAACCTATCAAACAGGCATCGGCATCGGCAGTG1625CCTCCTGGGACCACAGACACATGTTCTCCAAGGAGAACAGCCTGCTAATTTAATCTCAGG1685CGACAGGAAGAGAGGAAGAAACAATTGCTGTTAAGACGAGGAGGACTTCTTCCTGTTAAA1745GCTGCAAGGCCCTTGGGGTTCCCTCGGACAGAACTGCAAATCAACCCCGGAACTCTCGCT1805CAAGGGCAATTGCTGACGGGTGGAACTTGGGCTTGCGAGAGGAGGCAGGTCCATGAGAGA1865CCTGCCCTTGGAACCTCAGCCAGCACAGCGCTCATCAAGGTGAGCTGGCTGTGCTGTGTG1925CACGGCTGGGGTTGTCACCTACATCAGCCTTCCTCTCGGACAAGAGGCTTTTCTCTGTGC1985ATCTGGAGTGCCGCCATTCCTCCATCTGCCCGTTCATCCGCCATCCTGTCTTTGCCTTGG2045GGAGGGGGAGGTTTGTTGAAGTCATGCCGTGCAGCTCTTTCTGGAAATATCTGTGGATGG2105TGTTGAAGATAAGCATGGGGGAGATACAACAGAGGCAGTCTTTGCCCATGGCCACTTCTT2165GCCTGGTCCTTTAAGCCACTTTGCTGCTTGGTTTCTGCCCTGCATGGGTACTACTAGGGC2225AGGTCCCAAGTTGAGAAGCCCAGAGGTGAGGTGTGAACCCTCAGTTCTGTTGTAAAGATG2285CTCAAATACCCTCTAAGGTTCATCTAAAGGAGTAACCTGCCTAGGGGTGCTGTTGACCTG2345AAATCAAGAGGACCAAAGGATCCATTGCCAACACCCCCCATCCCCCACACACACCTCATC2405TGTGACCAGAGTCTATGCTTTGAATCAGAATGGGCTATATCCTCTGACCTCAGAGGCTAT2465GACCCAGAAGAGATTCTTCCCTGAATCCTCCCACTTTGCACACATATAGACTTTATCCTT2525CTTCACTCTGTGTCTATTCAAACGTATAATTCTGGTTTCTCTCACCCCACGGAAGAACTA2585GATCACAGCAACTGTTATGTTTGAGGGAGTGGGGGAGAAGGTGATTGATTTGACCCCCTC2645TCCCCCACCGGTGTTGATAAGTAGCGTCTGTCCCACCTCCAGACTCCACCCACACATAAT2705GAGCAGCACATAGACCAGGATGGGGGGGGTGGTATATCATGCTTGCCCTCCTCCAACCAC2765TATGAGAAGGCTAGCAGAAGACACCACTGCACAGACCCAAGTCCAAGGACTGCCTCCCAG2825GGAATTAGGCAGTGACTTCCTAGAGGCCAAGAAAGACTCCAAGAGCTGGAGAAGAATCCT2885AGTCGATCTGGATCTCTTTTGAGGTTGGGGTTGGGGTGGCTTTCAATGGATTCTCTCATG2945AGGCTTATCTCTCCCTCATCCCGTGGAGAGTGGGGGACCCTCCCTAGTGCTCACACTAGA3005CACTGTGCCCCTTGGAGAGGCATAAGGCATGTATGGGAGATAATAATGGGCTATAAAACA3065T3066(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 463 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:MetAlaValThrProSerLeuLeuArgLeuAlaLeuLeuLeuLeuGly151015AlaValGlyArgAlaGlyProArgProGlnGlyAlaThrValSerLeu202530SerGluThrValGlnLysTrpArgGluTyrArgHisGlnCysGlnArg354045PheLeuThrGluAlaProLeuLeuAlaThrGlyLeuPheCysAsnArg505560ThrPheAspAspTyrAlaCysTrpProAspGlyProProGlySerPhe65707580ValAsnValSerCysProTrpTyrLeuProTrpAlaSerSerValLeu859095GlnGlyHisValTyrArgPheCysThrAlaGluGlyIleTrpLeuHis100105110LysAspAsnSerSerLeuProTrpArgAspLeuSerGluCysGluGlu115120125SerLysGlnGlyGluArgAsnSerProGluGluGlnLeuLeuSerLeu130135140TyrIleIleTyrThrValGlyTyrAlaLeuSerPheSerAlaLeuVal145150155160IleAlaSerAlaIleLeuValSerPheArgHisLeuHisCysThrArg165170175AsnTyrIleHisLeuAsnLeuPheAlaSerPheIleLeuArgAlaLeu180185190SerValPheIleLysAspAlaAlaLeuLysTrpMetTyrSerThrAla195200205AlaGlnGlnHisGlnTrpAspGlyLeuLeuSerTyrGlnAspSerLeu210215220GlyCysArgLeuValPheLeuLeuMetGlnTyrCysValAlaAlaAsn225230235240TyrTyrTrpLeuLeuValGluGlyValTyrLeuTyrThrLeuLeuAla245250255PheSerValPheSerGluGlnArgIlePheLysLeuTyrLeuSerIle260265270GlyTrpGlyValProLeuLeuPheValIleProTrpGlyIleValLys275280285TyrLeuTyrGluAspGluGlyCysTrpThrArgAsnSerAsnMetAsn290295300TyrTrpLeuIleIleArgLeuProIleLeuPheAlaIleGlyValAsn305310315320PheLeuValPheIleArgValIleCysIleValIleAlaLysLeuLys325330335AlaAsnLeuMetCysLysThrAspIleLysCysArgLeuAlaLysSer340345350ThrLeuThrLeuIleProLeuLeuGlyThrHisGluValIlePheAla355360365PheValMetAspGluHisAlaArgGlyThrLeuArgPheValLysLeu370375380PheThrGluLeuSerPheThrSerPheGlnGlyPheMetValAlaVal385390395400LeuTyrCysPheValAsnAsnGluValGlnMetGluPheArgLysSer405410415TrpGluArgTrpArgLeuGluArgLeuAsnIleGlnArgAspSerSer420425430MetLysProLeuLysCysProThrSerSerValSerSerGlyAlaThr435440445ValGlySerSerValTyrAlaAlaThrCysGlnAsnSerCysSer450455460(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1909 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Homo sapiens(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 3..887(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:TCAGACACCTGTACTGCACCAGGAACTACATCCACCTGAACCTGTTT47ArgHisLeuTyrCysThrArgAsnTyrIleHisLeuAsnLeuPhe151015GCATCCTTCATCCTGCGAGCATTGTCCGTCTTCATCAAGGACGCAGCC95AlaSerPheIleLeuArgAlaLeuSerValPheIleLysAspAlaAla202530CTGAAGTGGATGTATAGCACAGCCGCCCAGCAGCACCAGTGGGATGGG143LeuLysTrpMetTyrSerThrAlaAlaGlnGlnHisGlnTrpAspGly354045CTCCTCTCCTACCAGGACTCTCTGAGCTGCCGCCTGGTGTTTCTGCTC191LeuLeuSerTyrGlnAspSerLeuSerCysArgLeuValPheLeuLeu505560ATGCAGTACTGTGTGGCGGCCAATTACTACTGGCTCTTGGTGGAGGGC239MetGlnTyrCysValAlaAlaAsnTyrTyrTrpLeuLeuValGluGly657075GTGTACCTGTACACACTGCTGGCCTTCTCGGTGTTCTCTGAGCAATGG287ValTyrLeuTyrThrLeuLeuAlaPheSerValPheSerGluGlnTrp80859095ATCTTCAGGCTCTACGTGAGCATAGGCTGGGGTGTTCCCCTGCTGTTT335IlePheArgLeuTyrValSerIleGlyTrpGlyValProLeuLeuPhe100105110GTTGTCCCCTGGGGCATTGTCAAGATCCTCTATGAGGACGAGGGCTGC383ValValProTrpGlyIleValLysIleLeuTyrGluAspGluGlyCys115120125TGGACCAGGAACTCCAACATGAACTACTGGCTCATTATCCGGCTGCCC431TrpThrArgAsnSerAsnMetAsnTyrTrpLeuIleIleArgLeuPro130135140ATTCTCTTTGCCATTGGGGTGAACTTCCTCATCTTTGTTCGGGTCATC479IleLeuPheAlaIleGlyValAsnPheLeuIlePheValArgValIle145150155TGCATCGTGGTATCCAAACTGAAGGCCAATGTCATGTGCAAGACAGAC527CysIleValValSerLysLeuLysAlaAsnValMetCysLysThrAsp160165170175ATCAAATGCAGACTTGCCAAGTCCACGCTGACACTCATCCCCCTGCTG575IleLysCysArgLeuAlaLysSerThrLeuThrLeuIleProLeuLeu180185190GGGACTCATGAGGTCATCTTTGCCTTTGTGATGGACGAGCACGCCCGG623GlyThrHisGluValIlePheAlaPheValMetAspGluHisAlaArg195200205GGGACCCTGCGCTTCATCAAGCTGTTTACAGAGCTCTCCTTCACCTCC671GlyThrLeuArgPheIleLysLeuPheThrGluLeuSerPheThrSer210215220TTCCAGGGGCTGATGGTGGCCATCTTATACTGCTTTGTCAACAATGAG719PheGlnGlyLeuMetValAlaIleLeuTyrCysPheValAsnAsnGlu225230235GTCCAGCTGGAATTTCGGAAGAGCTGGGAGCGCTGGCGGCTTGAGCAC767ValGlnLeuGluPheArgLysSerTrpGluArgTrpArgLeuGluHis240245250255TTGCACATCCAGAGGGACAGCAGCATGAAGCCCCTCAAGTGTCCCACC815LeuHisIleGlnArgAspSerSerMetLysProLeuLysCysProThr260265270AGCAGCCTGAGCAGTGGAGCCACGGCGGGCAGCAGCATGTACACAGCC863SerSerLeuSerSerGlyAlaThrAlaGlySerSerMetTyrThrAla275280285ACTTGCCAGGCCTCCTGCAGCTGAGACTCCAGCGCCTGCCCTCCCTGGGGT914ThrCysGlnAlaSerCysSer290CCTTGCTGCGGCCGGGTGGCAATCCAGGAGAAGCAGCCTCCTAATTTGATCACAGTGGCG974AGAGGAGAGGAAAAACGATCGCTGTGAAAATGAGGAGGATTGCTTCTTGTGAAACCACAG1034GCCCTTGGGGTTCCCCCAGACAGAGCCGCAAATCAACCCCAGACTCAAACTCAAGGTCAA1094CGGCTTATTAGTGAAACTGGGGCTTGCAAGAGGAGGTGGTTCTGAAAGTGGCTCTTCTAA1154CCTCAGCCAAACACGAGCGGGAGTGACGGGAGCCTCCTCTGCTTGCATCACTTGGGGTCA1214CCACCCTCCCCTGTCTTCTCTCAAAGGGAAGCTGTTTGTGTGTCTGGGTTGCTTATTTCC1274CTCATCTTGCCCCCTCATCTCACTGCCCAGTTTCTTTTTGAGGGCTTGTTGGCCACTGCC1334AGCAGCTGTTTCTGGAAATGGCTGTAGGTGGTGTTGAGAAAGAATGAGCATTGAGACACG1394GTGCTCGCTTCTCCTCCAGGTATTTGAGTTGTTTTGGTGCCTGCCTCTGCCATGCCCAGA1454GAATCAGGGCAGGCTTGCCACCGGGGAACCCAGCCCTGGGGTATGAGCTGCCAAGTCTAT1514TTTAAAGACGCTCAAGAATCCTCTGGGGTTCATCTAGGGACACGTTAGGAATGTCCAGAC1574TGTGGGTGTAGGTTACCTGCCACTTCCAGGACGCAGAGGGCCAAGAGAGACATTGCCTCC1634ACCTCTCCTGAATACTTATCTGTGACCACACGCTGTCTCTTGAGATTTGGATACACTCTC1694TAGCTTTAGGGGACCATGAAGAGACTCTCTTAGGAAACCAATAGTCCCCATCAGCACCAT1754GGAGGCAGGCTCCCCCTGCCTTTGAAATTCCCCCACTTGGGAGCTGATATACTTCACTCA1814CTTTTCTTTATTGCTGTGATAGTCTGTGTGCACAATGGGCAATTCTGACTTCTCCCATCT1874AGTGAAATGAGCGAAATCATGGTTGTAGTGATCTT1909(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 294 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:ArgHisLeuTyrCysThrArgAsnTyrIleHisLeuAsnLeuPheAla151015SerPheIleLeuArgAlaLeuSerValPheIleLysAspAlaAlaLeu202530LysTrpMetTyrSerThrAlaAlaGlnGlnHisGlnTrpAspGlyLeu354045LeuSerTyrGlnAspSerLeuSerCysArgLeuValPheLeuLeuMet505560GlnTyrCysValAlaAlaAsnTyrTyrTrpLeuLeuValGluGlyVal65707580TyrLeuTyrThrLeuLeuAlaPheSerValPheSerGluGlnTrpIle859095PheArgLeuTyrValSerIleGlyTrpGlyValProLeuLeuPheVal100105110ValProTrpGlyIleValLysIleLeuTyrGluAspGluGlyCysTrp115120125ThrArgAsnSerAsnMetAsnTyrTrpLeuIleIleArgLeuProIle130135140LeuPheAlaIleGlyValAsnPheLeuIlePheValArgValIleCys145150155160IleValValSerLysLeuLysAlaAsnValMetCysLysThrAspIle165170175LysCysArgLeuAlaLysSerThrLeuThrLeuIleProLeuLeuGly180185190ThrHisGluValIlePheAlaPheValMetAspGluHisAlaArgGly195200205ThrLeuArgPheIleLysLeuPheThrGluLeuSerPheThrSerPhe210215220GlnGlyLeuMetValAlaIleLeuTyrCysPheValAsnAsnGluVal225230235240GlnLeuGluPheArgLysSerTrpGluArgTrpArgLeuGluHisLeu245250255HisIleGlnArgAspSerSerMetLysProLeuLysCysProThrSer260265270SerLeuSerSerGlyAlaThrAlaGlySerSerMetTyrThrAlaThr275280285CysGlnAlaSerCysSer290(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 449 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Rattus norvegicus(B) STRAIN: Sprague-Dawley(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5:MetLeuSerThrMetArgProArgLeuSerLeuLeuLeuLeuArgLeu151015LeuLeuLeuThrLysAlaAlaHisThrValGlyValProProArgLeu202530CysAspValArgArgValLeuLeuGluGluArgAlaHisCysLeuGln354045GlnLeuSerLysGluLysLysGlyAlaLeuGlyProGluThrAlaSer505560GlyCysGluGlyLeuTrpAspAsnMetSerCysTrpProSerSerAla65707580ProAlaArgThrValGluValGlnCysProLysPheLeuLeuMetLeu859095SerAsnLysAsnGlySerLeuPheArgAsnCysThrGlnAspGlyTrp100105110SerGluThrPheProArgProAspLeuAlaCysGlyValAsnIleAsn115120125AsnSerPheAsnGluArgArgHisAlaTyrLeuLeuLysLeuLysVal130135140MetTyrThrValGlyTyrSerSerSerLeuAlaMetLeuLeuValAla145150155160LeuSerIleLeuCysSerPheArgArgLeuHisCysThrArgAsnTyr165170175IleHisMetHisLeuPheValSerPheIleLeuArgAlaLeuSerAsn180185190PheIleLysAspAlaValLeuPheSerSerAspAspValThrTyrCys195200205AspAlaHisLysValGlyCysLysLeuValMetIlePhePheGlnTyr210215220CysIleMetAlaAsnTyrAlaTrpLeuLeuValGluGlyLeuTyrLeu225230235240HisThrLeuLeuAlaIleSerPhePheSerGluArgLysTyrLeuGln245250255AlaPheValLeuLeuGlyTrpGlySerProAlaIlePheValAlaLeu260265270TrpAlaIleThrArgHisPheLeuGluAsnThrGlyCysTrpAspIle275280285AsnAlaAsnAlaSerValTrpTrpValIleArgGlyProValIleLeu290295300SerIleLeuIleAsnPheIlePhePheIleAsnIleLeuArgIleLeu305310315320MetArgLysLeuArgThrGlnGluThrArgGlySerGluThrAsnHis325330335TyrLysArgLeuAlaLysSerThrLeuLeuLeuIleProLeuPheGly340345350IleHisTyrIleValPheAlaPheSerProGluAspAlaMetGluVal355360365GlnLeuPhePheGluLeuAlaLeuGlySerPheGlnGlyLeuValVal370375380AlaValLeuTyrCysPheLeuAsnGlyGluValGlnLeuGluValGln385390395400LysLysTrpArgGlnTrpHisLeuGlnGluPheProLeuArgProVal405410415AlaPheAsnAsnSerPheSerAsnAlaThrAsnGlyProThrHisSer420425430ThrLysAlaSerThrGluGlnSerArgSerIleProArgAlaSerIle435440445Ile(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 585 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Didelphis virginiana(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6:MetGlyAlaProArgIleSerHisSerLeuAlaLeuLeuLeuCysCys151015SerValLeuSerSerValTyrAlaLeuValAspAlaAspAspValIle202530ThrLysGluGluGlnIleIleLeuLeuArgAsnAlaGlnAlaGlnCys354045GluGlnArgLeuLysGluValLeuArgValProGluLeuAlaGluSer505560AlaLysAspTrpMetSerArgSerAlaLysThrLysLysGluLysPro65707580AlaGluLysLeuTyrSerGlnAlaGluGluSerArgGluValSerAsp859095ArgSerArgLeuGlnAspGlyPheCysLeuProGluTrpAspAsnIle100105110ValCysTrpProAlaGlyValProGlyLysValValAlaValProCys115120125ProAspTyrIleTyrAspPheAsnHisLysGlyArgAlaTyrArgArg130135140CysAspSerAsnGlySerTrpGluLeuValProGlyAsnAsnArgThr145150155160TrpAlaAsnTyrSerGluCysValLysPheLeuThrAsnGluThrArg165170175GluArgGluValPheAspArgLeuGlyMetIleTyrThrValGlyTyr180185190SerIleSerLeuGlySerLeuThrValAlaValLeuIleLeuGlyTyr195200205PheArgArgLeuHisCysThrArgAsnTyrIleHisMetHisLeuPhe210215220ValSerPheMetLeuArgAlaValSerIlePheIleLysAspAlaVal225230235240LeuTyrSerGlyValSerThrAspGluIleGluArgIleThrGluGlu245250255GluLeuArgAlaPheThrGluProProProAlaAspLysAlaGlyPhe260265270ValGlyCysArgValAlaValThrValPheLeuTyrPheLeuThrThr275280285AsnTyrTyrTrpIleLeuValGluGlyLeuTyrLeuHisSerLeuIle290295300PheMetAlaPhePheSerGluLysLysTyrLeuTrpGlyPheThrLeu305310315320PheGlyTrpGlyLeuProAlaValPheValAlaValTrpValThrVal325330335ArgAlaThrLeuAlaAsnThrGluCysTrpAspLeuSerSerGlyAsn340345350LysLysTrpIleIleGlnValProIleLeuAlaAlaIleValValAsn355360365PheIleLeuPheIleAsnIleIleArgValLeuAlaThrLysLeuArg370375380GluThrAsnAlaGlyArgCysAspThrArgGlnGlnTyrArgLysLeu385390395400LeuLysSerThrLeuValLeuMetProLeuPheGlyValHisTyrIle405410415ValPheMetAlaThrProTyrThrGluValSerGlyIleLeuTrpGln420425430ValGlnMetHisTyrGluMetLeuPheAsnSerPheGlnGlyPhePhe435440445ValAlaIleIleTyrCysPheCysAsnGlyGluValGlnAlaGluIle450455460LysLysSerTrpSerArgTrpThrLeuAlaLeuAspPheLysArgLys465470475480AlaArgSerGlySerSerThrTyrSerTyrGlyProMetValSerHis485490495ThrSerValThrAsnValGlyProArgGlyGlyLeuAlaLeuSerLeu500505510SerProArgLeuAlaProGlyAlaGlyAlaSerAlaAsnGlyHisHis515520525GlnLeuProGlyTyrValLysHisGlySerIleSerGluAsnSerLeu530535540ProSerSerGlyProGluProGlyThrLysAspAspGlyTyrLeuAsn545550555560GlySerGlyLeuTyrGluProMetValGlyGluGlnProProProLeu565570575LeuGluGluGluArgGluThrValMet580585(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 482 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Sus scrofa(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 7:MetArgPheThrLeuThrArgTrpCysLeuThrLeuPheIlePheLeu151015AsnArgProLeuProValLeuProAspSerAlaAspGlyAlaHisThr202530ProThrLeuGluProGluProPheLeuTyrIleLeuGlyLysGlnArg354045MetLeuGluAlaGlnHisArgCysTyrAspArgMetGlnLysLeuPro505560ProTyrGlnGlyGluGlyLeuTyrCysAsnArgThrTrpAspGlyTrp65707580SerCysTrpAspAspThrProAlaGlyValLeuAlaGluGlnTyrCys859095ProAspTyrPheProAspPheAspAlaAlaGluLysValThrLysTyr100105110CysGlyGluAspGlyAspTrpTyrArgHisProGluSerAsnIleSer115120125TrpSerAsnTyrThrMetCysAsnAlaPheThrProAspLysLeuGln130135140AsnAlaTyrIleLeuTyrTyrLeuAlaIleValGlyHisSerLeuSer145150155160IleLeuThrLeuLeuIleSerLeuGlyIlePheMetPheLeuArgSer165170175IleSerCysGlnArgValThrLeuHisLysAsnMetPheLeuThrTyr180185190ValLeuAsnSerIleIleIleIleValHisLeuValValIleValPro195200205AsnGlyGluLeuValLysArgAspProProIleCysLysValLeuHis210215220PhePheHisGlnTyrMetMetSerCysAsnTyrPheTrpMetLeuCys225230235240GluGlyValTyrLeuHisThrLeuIleValValSerValPheAlaGlu245250255GlyGlnArgLeuTrpTrpTyrHisValLeuGlyTrpGlyPheProLeu260265270IleProThrThrAlaHisAlaIleThrArgAlaValLeuPheAsnAsp275280285AsnCysTrpLeuSerValAspThrAsnLeuLeuTyrIleIleHisGly290295300ProValMetAlaAlaLeuValValAsnPhePhePheLeuLeuAsnIle305310315320LeuArgValLeuValLysLysLeuLysGluSerGlnGluAlaGluSer325330335HisMetTyrLeuLysAlaValArgAlaThrLeuIleLeuValProLeu340345350LeuGlyValGlnPheValValLeuProTrpArgProSerThrProLeu355360365LeuGlyLysIleTyrAspTyrValValHisSerLeuIleHisPheGln370375380GlyPhePheValAlaIleIleTyrCysPheCysAsnHisGluValGln385390395400GlyAlaLeuLysArgGlnTrpAsnGlnTyrGlnAlaGlnArgTrpAla405410415GlyArgArgSerThrArgAlaAlaAsnAlaAlaAlaAlaThrAlaAla420425430AlaAlaAlaAlaLeuAlaGluThrValGluIleProValTyrIleCys435440445HisGlnGluProArgGluGluProAlaGlyGluGluProValValGlu450455460ValGluGlyValGluValIleAlaMetGluValLeuGluGlnGluThr465470475480SerAla(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Homo sapiens(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 8:ArgLeuAlaLys(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO(iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:(A) ORGANISM: Homo sapiens(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 9:LysAlaLeuLys1__________________________________________________________________________

Method for detecting glucagon-like peptide-1 antagonists and agonists

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Saxena et al., Biochemistry, vol. 25, pp. 7943-7950 (1986).
Juppner et al., Science, vol. 254, pp. 1024-1026 (1991).
Lin et al., Science, vol. 254, pp. 1022-1024 (1991).
Goke et al., FEBS Letters, vol. 300, No. 3, pp. 232-236 (1992).