Patent Grant
7197982
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to weapons and artillery and, more particularly, to penetrating type weapons that may be used, for example, to detect media layers in an effort to locate and destroy sheltered targets.
2. State of the Art
In military operations, targets may be generally classified as either unsheltered targets or sheltered targets. Unsheltered targets may be considered to include targets that are substantially exposed and vulnerable to a weapon or projectile fired by artillery directed at such targets. For example, people, munitions, buildings and other fighting equipment that are openly located on a battle field and substantially exposed to the weapons of an enemy attack may be considered unsheltered targets.
However, many targets including, for example, people, munitions, chemicals, and fighting equipment may be sheltered in order to protect them from an attack by various weapons. Conventionally, a shelter for a target includes a physical barrier placed between the target and the location of origin of an expected enemy weapon in an attempt to frustrate the weapon directed at the target and mitigate the damage that might otherwise be inflicted by such a weapon. In some cases targets may be heavily sheltered in an attempt to prevent any damage to a given target. In one example, one or more layers of concrete, rock, soil, or other solid material may be used in an effort to protect a desired target. Each layer may be several feet thick, depending on the level of protection desired. Sometimes these layers are referred to as “hard” layers indicating a relative amount of resistance that they will impose on an impending weapon. Generally, a layer is considered to be “hard” when it exhibits a specified level of thickness, when it is formed of a material exhibiting a specified level of hardness or some other material characteristic which significantly impedes penetration of a weapon, or when the layer exhibits a desired combination of material properties and physical thickness.
More specific examples of shelters for targets include a building, a room in a building, a bunker, a room in a bunker, or a room or a bunker located beneath a building. Considering a bunker as an example, the ceiling of a bunker may be configured as a hard layer in order to protect people, things, or a combination thereof, from non-penetrating weapons. Additionally, multiple hard layers may be used to shelter a target. Voids may be present between multiple layers for structural reasons or for purposes of trying to confuse existing weaponry designed to defeat such shelters by causing premature detonation.
In order to penetrate shelters, and particularly a hard layer (or layers) of a given shelter, a weapon system configured with a penetrator system is conventionally used. The general goal of using a penetrator system is to breach the shelter, including any thick layers that may be present, and deliver the weapon to a desired location (i.e., proximate the intended target) while delaying detonation of the weapon until it is at the desired location. Thus, use of a penetrator system enables a more efficient and a more effective infliction of damage to a sheltered target and, sometimes, use of a such a system is the only way of inflicting damage to certain sheltered targets.
A penetrator system is part of a weapon system which may include one or more warheads, a penetrator structure (generally referred to as a penetrator) and a sensor associated with and coupled to the penetrator. The penetrator may be configured to act as a warhead, or it may be a separate component, but generally includes a mass of relatively dense material. In general, the capability of a penetrator to penetrate a given layer of media is proportional to its sectional density, meaning its weight divided by its cross-sectional area taken along a plane substantially transverse to its intended direction of travel. The weapon system may include equipment for guiding the weapon to a target or, at least to the shelter, since, in many cases, forces associated with impact and penetration of a shelter may result in the removal of such equipment from the penetrator portion of the weapon. The sensor of a penetrator system is conventionally configured to assist in tracking the location of the penetrator as it penetrates layers of one media type or another after an initial impact of the penetrator with the shelter.
Various prior art penetrator systems have been employed with some degree of success. In some prior art penetrator systems, a sensor is used to detect an initial impact with a structure. The system then monitors the amount of time that has lapsed subsequent the detected impact in an effort to keep track of the location of a penetrator, based on calculated or estimated velocity of the weapon, as the penetrator penetrates a shelter. Such systems are sometimes referred to as time-delay systems.
Other prior art penetrator systems utilize sensors, such as an accelerometer, to measure the deceleration of the penetrator. The system then tracks the distance traveled by the weapon, from the time of the initial impact with a layer of a shelter or structure, in an effort to determine the weapon's location within the shelter or structure. These systems are generally referred to as penetration depth systems.
Some prior art penetrator systems utilize an accelerometer to detect deceleration of relatively hard and/or thick layers in an effort to help count the layers of media, count voids between the layers of media, or count both media layers and voids so as to determine the weapon's location within a particular structure.
Such prior art penetrator systems provide an output signal for detonating the weapon after the penetrator system has determined that the penetrating weapon has arrived at a desired location within the shelter. Desirably, the detonation of the weapon occurs at a target site such as within a specified room of a bunker. However, in practice, any of a number of factors may result in the miscalculation of a penetrating weapon's location within a shelter and, therefore, detonation of the weapon at an undesired location. Such factors may include, for example, variability in the physical or material characteristics of a given layer.
One particular issue faced by prior art penetrator systems includes the ability to detect so-called thin layers. While penetrator systems have been used to detect decelerations that result from the presence of a relatively thick or hard layer, such penetrator systems have not been effective in accurately detecting layers that are thin, soft, or some combination thereof, due to the relatively low amount of deceleration experienced by the penetrating weapon when passing through such thin or soft layers. Some examples of “thin” layers include ceilings and floors in buildings that may be located over a target. Some examples of “soft” layers include layers of sand or other soft soil. Generally, a layer is too thin or too soft to detect when the deceleration of a penetrating weapon, as it passes through such a layer, cannot be discerned from electrical noise, mechanical noise, or a combination of electrical and mechanical noise experienced by the sensor.
Some prior art systems have utilized gain switching in an effort to detect relatively thin layers. Gain switching generally includes use of a high gain amplifier to detect low levels of deceleration by the penetrating weapon and use of a lower gain amplifier as deceleration of the penetrating weapon increases. Such gain switching may occur between a computer sampling of the penetrating weapon's deceleration. Gain switching may generally be accomplished using one or more amplifiers, one or more analog-to-digital converters, or some combination thereof.
Nevertheless, such systems have not been effective in detecting layers that are as thin as those exhibited in numerous targets such as the thin roofs and floors of many buildings. Reducing noise in a sensor can help to increase the sensitivity of penetrator systems employing gain switching; however, reducing noise still does not provide the level of sensitivity needed to ensure that all layers, regardless of how thin, are detected.
Some prior art penetrating systems have actually attempted to avoid detection of thin layers so that the attendant errors in detecting soft or thin layers do not confuse the system and result in the untimely detonation of the penetrating weapon. For example, some attempts have been made to adjust the sensor thresholds of a penetrator system so that they only detect so-called “hard” layers and effectively ignore all thin or soft layers of a shelter. However, such attempts unfortunately result in the sensor ignoring a layer that is significant to a well-timed detonation such as, for example, the ceiling of a bunker, again resulting in the detonation of the penetrating weapon at an undesired location.
In other prior art penetrator systems, attempts have been made to not only ignore thin layers, but to prevent the system from erroneously counting a single layer as more than one layer. To do so, such penetrator systems have used a programmed distance, sometimes referred to as a “blanking distance,” to ignore both false layers and real layers after the penetrator system has detected a deceleration of the weapon. In one example, a prior art penetrator system would calculate and measure the blanking distance traveled by the penetrator system based on the penetration velocity of the penetrator system at the time of its impact with a layer and the time that expired after such impact. Some other penetrator systems have also used the deceleration values and the detection of an exit of the penetrating weapon from a penetrated layer to help determine the blanking distance.
However, accurate detection and recognition of soft and thin layers is desirable in many applications, and simply ignoring such layers does not ensure detonation of the penetrating weapon at the desired location. As such, there is a continued desire to improve the penetrator systems used in weapons so as to increase their accuracy in determining their arrival at a desired location, including the detection of soft or thin layers, and thereby ensure a maximization of damage inflicted on a desired target. It would be desirable to provide such improvements through simple implementations so, for example, existing prior art systems may be updated and retrofitted in a simple and inexpensive manner.
The present invention is directed to a system and a method for accurately locating a penetrating-type weapon within a shelter for detonation at a desired target site including the ability to accurately detect each layer of a shelter.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method of locating a penetrating-type weapon within a shelter is provided. The method includes projecting the weapon through at least one layer of media and detecting at least one weapon frequency induced by vibration of at least a portion of the weapon. The harmonic frequency of the at least one weapon frequency is analyzed to determine, for example, whether a deceleration event has occurred. Detection of at least one weapon frequency may include detection of multiple weapon frequencies. Analysis of the harmonic frequency of the at least one weapon frequency may include determining whether an amplitude of the harmonic frequency meets or exceeds a defined minimum amplitude.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of operating a weapon is provided. The method includes launching the weapon at a sheltered target and penetrating at least a first layer of the sheltered target with the weapon. At least one weapon frequency induced by vibration of at least a portion of the weapon is detected and a harmonic frequency of the at least one weapon frequency is analyzed. A delayed detonation program is then executed which includes detonating the weapon.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a weapon system is provided. The weapon system includes an explosive device having a penetrator structure. At least one sensor is configured to detect at least one weapon frequency induced by vibration of at least a portion of the weapon. A computer is in electrical communication with the at least one sensor and configured to analyze at least one harmonic frequency of the at least one weapon frequency.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, another weapon system is provided. The weapon system includes an explosive device having a penetrator structure. At least one sensor is configured to detect at least one weapon frequency induced by vibration of at least a portion of the weapon. A bandpass filter is electrically coupled with the at least one sensor and configured to extract at least one harmonic frequency from the at least one weapon frequency. A computer is in electrical communication with the bandpass filter and configured to analyze the at least one harmonic frequency of the at least one weapon frequency.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
Referring to
The weapon 100 is shown in
Thus, in the example shown in
The sheltered target 110 also includes voids such as areas or volumes between layers between discrete layers. Thus, for example, one void 130A exists between the roof 126 of the building 124 and the hard layer 118 and another void 130B exists between the hard layer 118 and the proximate layer 116. Additionally, the targeted room 112 inside the bunker may be configured as a void.
It is noted that the sheltered target 110 shown in
In prior art penetrator systems, any of the sheltered target's layers, and particularly the thin layers, such as the roof 126, could be “missed” by the sensor of the penetrator system 102 or otherwise misread by the system resulting in the weapon detonating at an undesired location relative to the bunker room 112. However, the present invention includes the ability of the penetrator system 102 to reliably and accurately detect thin or soft layers and, therefore, more accurately determine the location of the weapon 100 within a structure or shelter as it continues towards the intended target.
Referring briefly to
The penetrator system 102 includes sensor packaging 140 that is coupled with the penetrator 104. The sensor packaging 140 may include structure for securing it to the penetrator 104 or some other portion of the weapon 100. For example, the sensor packaging 140 may include threaded structure for coupling with mating threads formed on or in the penetrator 104. Such a threaded configuration may also include a threaded lock ring and a locking plate as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. In other embodiments, the sensor packaging 140 may be welded, bonded or otherwise fastened or joined with the penetrator 104 or weapon 100.
The sensor packaging 140 may further include, for example, at least one sensor such as an accelerometer 142, as well as a filter 144, an amplifier 146, a recording device 148, a computer or computer processor 150, power conditioning and grounding equipment 152, and detonation equipment 154 for detonating the weapon.
In the presently considered embodiment, the accelerometer 142, filter 144 and amplifier 146 may be configured such as in a hard target fuze (e.g., a FMU-159A/B fuze available from Alliant Techsystems Inc., of Edina, Minn.—sometimes referred to as a “hard target smart fuze”) as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. The accelerometer 142 is configured to measure the deceleration of the penetrator 104 imposed by the sheltered target 110 (or a layer thereof) and provides an analog signal, representative of the penetrator deceleration, to the amplifier 146 by way of the filter 144. The filter 144 may be configured to prevent aliasing of the analog signal when it is subsequently converted to a digital signal. The amplifier may include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) although other types of amplifiers may be used.
Referring briefly to
Referring back to
The recording device 148 is connected to the computer 150 for processing and examining the digital signal that represents the detected penetrator deceleration in light of any data or other parameters programmed or stored in the computer 150. The computer 150 may include, for example, a digital signal processor, a field programmable gate array, a microcontroller such as is available, for example, from Motorola®, a PIC® type semiconductor available from Microchip Technology Inc., or other appropriately configured circuits. In one example, the computer 150 may be programmed or otherwise configured to provide a filtering process 150A and an analysis process 150B associated with detecting a deceleration event imposed on the weapon 100 by a layer of a shelter. For example, the filtering process 150A may include computer implemented bandpass filtering of the digital signal. Additionally, the analysis process 150B may include a processor configured to determine whether the filtered and amplified accelerometer signal, or data representative of the accelerometer signal, meets specified criteria indicative of the detection of a layer. Of course, individual components may be utilized to accomplish the filtering process 150A and the analysis process 150B.
The computer 150 may also be programmed or otherwise provided with mission data and a combination of parameters related to the intended target. For example, the computer 150 may be programmed with a delayed detonation program such that, upon detection of a deceleration event, the penetrator system 102 initiates the delayed detonation program. Such a delayed detonation program might include a time-delay program or a penetration depth program for detonating the weapon 100 at a desired location within a sheltered target 110. In another embodiment, the delayed detonation program might include the detection and counting of layers, voids or a combination of layers and voids prior to detonation of the weapon 100.
It is noted that the penetrator system 102 may be provided or programmed with the desired data and parameters during manufacture of the weapon 100 and penetrator system 102, at a time prior to launch, or even during delivery of the weapon 100 to its intended target. Such data may be provided to the penetrator system 102 through a wired connection or by wireless transmission.
The computer 150 is connected to the detonation equipment 154 which is explosively connected to the weapon 100, or at least one warhead of the weapon, for detonating the weapon 100 upon receipt of an appropriate signal from the computer 150. The detonating equipment may include, for example, a squib, a semiconductor bridge, or other mechanisms or components configured to ignite the explosive, incendiary or pyrotechnic material(s) contained by the weapon 100.
It is noted that the configuration shown in
Additionally, the accelerometer 142 may include, for example, a capacitive accelerometer, a resistive accelerometer, a micro electromechanical (MEM) accelerometer, or any combination of such accelerometers. Other sensors may also be used. Similarly, various types, or combinations, of filters, amplifiers, A/D converters, memory devices and computers may be used. In some embodiments, gain switching technologies may be used in conjunction with the present invention; however gain switching is not required in practicing the present invention.
Using a penetrator system 102 such as shown and described with respect to
Referring now to
Referring first to the plotline 162, a representation of the analog signal produced by the accelerometer 142 during penetration of various layers is shown. Thus, as shown at 164, a deceleration of the penetrator 102 and weapon 100 is shown to have occurred between 0 seconds and 0.01 seconds. Additionally, decelerations are indicated at 166 between 0.01 and 0.02 seconds and at 168 just prior to 0.04 seconds. The first deceleration event shown at 164 is relatively minor such that the voltage of the signal drops from 0 volts to somewhere between −0.1 volts and −0.2 volts. Such a change in the deceleration signal is small enough that prior art penetrator systems may not be able to recognize the change in the signal as being produced by the penetration of a layer and the attendant deceleration of the weapon 100.
The inability of prior art penetrator systems to recognize the signal at 164 as a deceleration event is due to the fact that, as the weapon 100 impacts and penetrates a given layer, two different types of vibrational frequencies are generated. One type of frequency may be referred to as a “target frequency” and is associated with the deceleration of the weapon 100 as it penetrates the layer. The other type of frequency may be referred to as a “weapon frequency” and is associated with vibration occurring within the weapon such as, for example, within the body of a warhead or at the interface between multiple components of the weapon (e.g., the interface between a penetrator 102 and sensor packaging 140). Such vibration within the weapon can include shock induced vibration.
Target frequency is, at least in part, a function of the thickness of the layer being penetrated by the weapon. Generally, target frequency increases as the thickness of a layer decreases. When a thin layer is impacted and penetrated by the weapon 100, target frequency is often near or equal to that of the weapon frequency making it difficult, if not impossible to discriminate one frequency from the other.
Thus, as discussed above, not being able to determine whether a detected signal was associated with a target frequency or a weapon frequency, many prior art penetrator systems would simply ignore the signal shown at 164 based on the fact that it does not meet a desired threshold (e.g., a change in the amplitude of the signal of, for example, 0.3 volts or greater).
In the present invention, the filtering process 150A of the computer is used to discern whether the signal at 164 is the result of the weapon impacting and penetrating a layer of a shelter, or whether it is simply being produced due to electrical noise, mechanical noise or some combination thereof. The filtering process 150A, which may include bandpass filtering, is configured to analyze one or more resonant frequencies of the weapon 100 while it is traversing layers and voids on its way to the intended target (e.g., room 112).
For example, referring to
Referring to
Referring to
It is noted that, while the first and third harmonics are specifically used as examples in the present disclosure, the present invention may utilize other harmonics in detecting deceleration events.
Other embodiments, including the analysis of the harmonics of a weapon frequency are also contemplated. For example, rather than analyzing the harmonics of the weapon frequency to see if they meet a threshold amplitude, the computer 150 may be configured to analyze the ratio of the harmonics of the weapon frequency and the target frequency. Thus, for example, the computer may analyze the ratio of the signal shown at location 164 (plotline 162 in
In another embodiment, the computer 150 may analyze the ratio of the multiple harmonics of the weapon frequency (e.g., a ratio of the first harmonic and the third harmonic). Again, the detection of a minimum ratio may be used to determine whether a deceleration event has occurred. In yet other embodiments, multiple weapon frequencies may be used (e.g., frequencies produced by different parts or portions of the weapon). For example, a first weapon frequency associated with vibration in a warhead body and a second weapon frequency associated with an interface between two of the weapon's components may be used. The harmonics of each of the weapon frequencies may be analyzed such that the analysis of one weapon frequency confirms the findings resulting from the analysis of the second weapon frequency. Other embodiments may include analysis of a ratio of the two frequencies in order to determine whether a minimum ratio has been detected.
Considering any of such embodiments, and referring to
Similarly, even though prior art penetrator systems might detect impact and penetration of the hard layer 118 (such a hard layer might, for example, produce a signal similar to that at signal location 166 of plotline 162), such systems would likely fail to detect subsequent thin layers such as, for example, the proximate layer 116 just above the room 112 targeted by the weapon 100. In contrast, the present invention would again detect such a layer by analyzing the harmonics of the weapon frequency. It is noted that, for example, if the weapon 100 was utilizing a media (or void) counting program as part of its detonation sequence, the present invention would provide an accurate detection and counting of the layers (or voids) while a prior art penetrator system would not.
With regard to the counting of layers, voids or both, the present invention may also assist in the detection of voids that immediately follow thin layers. The detection of a void occurs by detecting a relative acceleration that occurs in the weapon 100 and penetrator 104. Thus, analysis of the harmonics of a weapon frequency may be used to determine such a relative acceleration. For example, when the amplitude of a signal representing a harmonic frequency falls below a specified threshold, relative acceleration is being detected indicating the existence of a void.
It is noted that, in the examples set forth in the present disclosure, detection and analysis of the third harmonic of a weapon's rigid body frequency provides the best data to detect thin layers as is easily seen by comparing the plotline 170 (the first harmonic frequency) with plotline 174 (the second harmonic frequency) and plotline 176 (the third harmonic frequency) as shown in
While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. For example, the present invention may include weapons having single or multiple warheads; the present invention may be used in reconnaissance equipment or other nonexplosive equipment; or the penetrator system may be configured to require multiple and varied events prior to detonation or otherwise activate the lethality of the weapon. Thus, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed and the invention includes all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.
Related Applications: This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/578,466, filed Jun. 9, 2004, for MEDIA DETECTING USING AT LEAST ONE WEAPON FREQUENCY the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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