Patent Application
20190391144
The present invention relates to a method to diagnose or determine, or both at the same time, the activity level of autoimmune diseases, the said method comprising a) to supply a biological simple; b) to determine the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms level in the biological sample; c) calculate the activity level by performing the quotient between the TßRII-Se level and the level of the addition of TßRII-A y TßRII-B. The isoform level can be measured by detecting the polypeptides of said isoforms or the mRNA of the isoforms in the isolated circulating mononuclear blood cells by means of, for instance, RT-qPCR.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. It is believed that this kind of diseases occur because of abnormalities of the immune response, be it innate or adaptive, and very probably they have genetic or environmental components.
A diagnosis of this kind of diseases is usually difficult, because their symptoms tend to be relatively non-specific. Consequently, no available blood analysis may exclude, with a degree of certainty, the possibility of an autoimmune disease in individuals showing said symptoms. As the best choice, the performance of a battery of trials and a time assessment by a specialized physician is required, in order to establish whether a patient actually has an autoimmune disease.
To date, there is no definite diagnostic trial confirming a RA diagnosis. Some tests can furnish subjective data that may increase diagnostic certainty and allow the follow up of the disease diagnosis.
Clinical methods currently used for the assessment and classification to assess rheumatoid arthritis (RA), both in clinical trials and in clinical practice, are not sensitive or reproducible enough. The clinical assessment method most frequently utilized is the DAS28, which has potential errors, among which are included the subjectivity of a clinical assessment, the presence of important changes in the joint count with poor repercussion on VSG levels, this marker having a significant weight within the score and the significant differences found in the qualification different observers make of a same patient.
At the present time there exist methods having higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of joint inflammation, such as NMR and joint ultrasonography, the former being the most sensitive, but also being the most expensive and the one that requires most time for its implementation though, this rendering it a scarcely profitable technique for the periodical assessment needed in clinical practice. On the other hand, high-definition ultrasonography has an accuracy similar to resonance's for the identification of certain pathological changes. However there is no consensus about an echographic scale. Doubts exist about the reliability of fixed images acquisition and interpretation and there is no consensus regarding the assessment system for synovites and there do not exist compound scores using echographic evaluation as a part of patient assessment, to replace joint counts.
Argentine patent application P20130104170 (AR093466A19) discloses the detection of TßRII-A y TßRII-B isoforms in monocytes.
Assays that improve sensitivity and facilitate clinical assessments, in order to make therapeutic decisions, are needed.
A method to diagnose or determine, or both at the same time, the activity level of autoimmune diseases is provided, the said method comprising:
a) providing a biological sample;
b) determining the level of the TßRII-A, TßRII-B y TßRII-Se isoforms in that biological sample
c) calculating the activity level by performing the quotient between the TßRII-Se level and the level of the addition of TßRII-A and TßRII-B.
The biological sample may be isolated mononuclear circulating blood cells or the polypeptides of TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms. The level of isoforms can be measured by the detection of the polypeptides of said isoforms or the mRNA of the isoforms in the isolated circulating mononuclear blood cells. In a preferred embodiment, the level of mRNA in the isoforms is detected by means of RT-qPCR.
In the method the level of the polypeptides of the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms can be measured, for example, by measuring the level of polypeptides in the sequences SEQ ID No 8, SEQ ID No 9 and SEQ ID No 10 or in sequences having an identity of 90% at the least.
The present method can be used to diagnose or determine, or do both things at the same time with, the activity level of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, polydermatomyositis, vasculitis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
A kit is provided to diagnose or determine, or do both things at the same time, the activity level of autoimmune diseases. The said kit comprises:
i) specific primers to amplify the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms,
ii) reverse transcriptase and Taq polymerase enzymes
iii) means to reveal said isoforms.
The kit may comprise means for the obtainment and isolation of blood mononuclear cells and means of revelation such as, for example, fluorescence, colorimetry and luminiscence.
A method to determine the activity level of autoimmune diseases is provided, the said method comprising
a) providing a biological sample; and
b) determining the level of the TßRII-Se isoform in that biological sample, wherein the activity level of the autoimmune disease is proportional to the ΔCt of TβRII-Se isoform, or the amount of mRNA of TβRII-Se isoform, or the amount of circulating TβRII-Se isoform. For example, the activity of the disease is directly proportional to the quantity of the: circulating TβRII-Se isoform or mRNA of TβRII-Se isoform and indirectly proportional of the ΔCt of TβRII-Se isoform. The level of the TßRII-Se isoform from the biological sample is the amount of mRNA the isoform, or the amount of circulating isoform, or the ΔCt of TβRII-Se isoform and the biological sample is isolated circulating blood cells, preferably isolated mononuclear circulating blood cells.
A method to determine the activity level of autoimmune diseases is provided, the said method comprising:
a) providing a biological sample; and
b) determining the level of the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms in that biological sample, wherein the activity of the autoimmune disease is proportional to the sum of the level of TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms. The level of the said isoforms from the biological sample is the amount of mRNA the isoforms, or the amount of circulating isoforms, or the ΔCt of said isoforms and the biological sample is isolated circulating blood cells, preferably isolated mononuclear circulating blood cells. The activity of the disease is directly proportional to the sum of the quantities of the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms and indirectly proportional to sum of ΔCt of the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms.
A method to determine the activity level of autoimmune diseases is provided, the method comprising:
a) providing a biological sample; and
b) determining the level of the TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms in that biological sample, wherein the activity of the autoimmune disease is proportional to the sum of TßRII-A and TßRII-B isoforms, the sum of TßRII-A and TßRII-Se isoforms or the sum of TßRII-B and TßRII-Se isoforms. The level of the said isoforms from the biological sample is the amount of mRNA the isoforms, or the amount of circulating isoforms, or the ΔCt of said isoforms and the biological sample is isolated circulating blood cells, preferably isolated mononuclear circulating blood cells. The activity of the autoimmune disease is inversely proportional to any of the ΔCt of said isoforms sums, or directly proportional to the sum of the quantities of the TβRII-A and TβRII-Se isoforms, the sum of the quantities of TβRII-B and TβRII-Se isoforms or the sum of the quantities of TβRII-B and TβRII-A isoforms. (see
For the purposes of the present invention, “RA” are the initials of “rheumatoid arthritis”.
By “addition of relative abundance of monocytes and lymphocytes” it is meant the TßRII-A, TßR IIB or TβRII-Se's mARN level in monocytes and lymphocytes subtracted from the value of the reference known gene.
For the purposes of the present invention the initials PBMNCs are defined as the mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) isolated from peripheral blood.
With the term “TßRII-A, TßRIIB or TβRII-Se isoforms”, splicing variants of TGF-ß's Type II receptor that code for the corresponding polypeptides are defined.
This method presents several advantages such as, for example. that it is not necessary to segregate monocytes (plastic adherent cells) from other mononuclear cells (non-adherent to plastic): all of the mononuclear cells can be used, what entails the subsequent reduction of the processing time in 18 hours and without the need for complex equipment (laminar flow bench, CO2 incubator) or the handling by experienced personnel.
When TßRII-A+TßRII-B are analyzed in all of the mononuclear cells, false positives have occurred that through the inclusion of TßRII-Se, place themselves again within the corresponding activity group according to DAS28. Besides, with the present method better correlations and more significant from a statistical viewpoint have been achieved, than with the previous method.
The present method allows for the identification of different activity levels of rheumatoid arthritis, by means of the quantification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, of the mRNA of three isoforms of the Type II receptor of TGF-ß. The isoforms are TßRII-A, TßRII-B and TßRII-Se, or the detection of said isoforms as polypeptides, where the TßRII-A sequence is SEQ ID No 8 or sequences having between 90% and 99% of identity; the TßRII-B sequence is SEQ ID No 9 or sequences having between 90% and 99% of identity and the TßRII-Se sequence is SEQ ID No 10 or sequences having between 90% and 99% of identity. In a preferred embodiment, the quantification method is carried out by means of the RT-qPCR technique.
In a preferred embodiment, the present method comprises the obtainment of peripheral blood and a later purification or isolation of the mononuclear cells by means of, for example, density gradient centrifugation (for example, Ficoll-Paque) or by any other known method. For example, known methods are a separation by means of flow cytometry (cell sorting) and magnetic immunoseparation. Afterwards, the isolated cells can be incubated at 37° C. with 5% of CO2 for 12-16 hours. The adhered cells are the monocytes, while the non-adhered cells are the lymphocytes. Monocyte and lymphocyte (BMNCs) mARN is purified by means of known methods. Finally. The cDNA is generated from the mRNA total of monocytes and lymphocytes and it is quantified by means of PCR in real time (RT-qPCR) with specific primers. Lastly, the corresponding calculations are carried out.
After the adherent (monocytes) and non-adherent (lymphocytes) PBMNCs purification was performed, purity was assessed by means of flow cytometry, use being made of cell granularity (expressed as side scattering of light or SCC) and cell size (expressed as forward scattering of light or FSC). Said measurement varied between 52% and 87% for lymphocytes from volunteers with RA, and between 36% and 89% for monocytes from volunteers with RA (Table 1).
In
With the purpose of assessing the possibility of the development of a method that contribute with objective parameters to determine the activity of AR or other autoimmune diseases, the relative levels of mARN from the diverse isoforms of TβRII where correlated, where the mARN was isolated from PBMNCs (lymphocytes and monocytes) pertaining to RA patients that showed clinical and biochemical parameters of the disease.
Under the light of what is disclosed here. It is understood that it is also possible to employ methods that measure isoform levels as polypeptides that are soluble or are joined to membranes. All of those methods are included within the scope of the present invention,
In RA patients it could be seen that their levels of mARN of WI I-A and TβRII-B in PBMNCs are positively, and in a significant way, correlated with the quantity of the tender joints and the quantity of swollen joints (
The three-parameter DAS28 equation is an index routinely used to determine RA activity and includes the quantity of tender joints (TJC), the quantity of swollen joints (SJC)—both determined in a total quantity of 28 defined joints—and as (SJC)—ambas determinadas sobre un total de 28 articulaciones definidas—, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
DAS28=0.56√NAD+0.28√NAI+0.70 (ln ESR)
It can be expected that if the correlations between the mRNA levels of TβRII-A and TβRII-B in both populations and the number of tender and swollen joints are significant, the same happens with those between the same mRNA and DAS28, since both of these clinical determinations are contained in the definition of DAS28. It is important to remark that the ESR is also contained in the DAS28 score, but this is a non specific variable that may be affected by other factors, not only from swelling. Because of this, the ESR is generally used together with other determinations of the disease. As expected, DAS28 values correlate positively with mRNA values of both isoforms of the receptor in PBMNCs (TβRII-A and TβRII-B) (
By using the DAS28 score, three degrees of disease activity can be determined: low (values lower than or equal to 3.5), moderate (values higher than 3.5 and lower than, or equal to, 5.5) and high (values higher than 5.5) (Table 2).
When the significant positive correlations obtained were analyzed in detail, it was seen that the mRNA level of TβRII-A and TβRII-B in PBMNcs from patients with RA is distributed in a greatly similar way in the three groups the disease is classified in according to DAS28. The mRNA levels of TβRII-A and TβRII-B in the PBMNCs from RA patients increase accordingly to the activity increase of the disease, there being a false positive occurrence corresponding to patient 9. However, when the quotient between the relative levels of TβRII-Se and the addition of the two remaining isoforms TβRII-A and TβRII-B (
Therefore, from the aforesaid analysis the mRNA levels of the three isoforms of TβRII in the PBMNcs from RA patients as candidates to be assessed as new biomarkers for the disease, where selected. It could be determined that the quotient between the mRNA levels of TßRII-Se and the addition of the TßRII-A and TßRII-B levels in PBMNCs from patients with RA diminishes as the disease activity increases and they become distributed in three groups that coincide with the disease categories determined by the DAS28 values.
Then, cut-off values for the levels can be established in the result of the quotient between the mRNA values of TßRII-Se and the addition of mRNA levels of TßRII-A and TßRII-B, to employ this parameter as a biomarker for RA diagnosis, activity determination and prognosis.
The detection method for RA can be seen in
In the example, GAPDH has been used as a reference gene, but the experts in this art know that in order to carry out the method of the present invention, any known reference gene may be used.
Thus, it can be established that patients having an isoform quotient higher than 1.8 could be considered as having a high activity of the disease; between 1.8 and 1.4, intermediate activity and below 1.4, low activity.
These indexes are mandatory for the general practitioner, taking into account that they show the degree of activity of the disease, thus permitting the making of therapeutic decisions as a function of objective evidence. It is also possible to monitor the therapeutic response and establish an evolution prognosis. The method disclosed by the present invention clearly is an objective method.
The method according to the present invention allows for the determination of rheumatoid arthritis from, for example, the detection of the levels of messenger RNA, but it is also possible from the measurement of the three codified isoforms of the TGF-ß type II receptor. Because of the high correlation between the transcription of genes of interest and the degree of progress of the pathology, the present invention proposes an efficient and reliable method for the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease.
Analyzing the ΔCt of each splice variants individually, we observed that the best correlation with RA disease activity was obtained with TβRII-SE (
Additionally, a similar correlation with RA disease activity was obtained when the ΔCt of TβRII-SE was added to the ΔCt of TβRII-A and the ΔCt of TβRII-B (
The present method permits:
The diagnosis and determination of RA activity and other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, polydermatomyositis, vasculitis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
To establish the degree of activity of the disease by means of an objective method.
To establish prognoses.
A marker of treatment effectiveness.
The following up of the disease.
The use of quantification methods such as, for example RT-PCR
The diagnosis is made based on peripheral blood samples.
The Ct value determined by RT-qPCR is the cycle number at which the fluorescence signal crossed the threshold line. ΔCt values are those where the Ct value of each splice variant is normalized to a reference gene, (giving rise to the following ΔCt values: ΔCt TβRII-A=(CtTβRII-A−CtGAPDH), ΔCt TβRII-B=(CtTβRII-B−CtGAPDH), and ΔCt TβRII-Se=(CtTβRII-Se−CtGAPDH).
ΔCt is inversely proportional to the actual amount of mRNA, therefore an expert could also measure the amount of mRNA by other means, and would obtain similar results respect to the autoimmune disease activity.
This invention is best illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as a limitation imposed on the scope of the invention: on the contrary, it must be clearly understood that other embodiments, modifications and equivalents of the present invention can be resorted to, because the reading of the present specifications may suggest that to the experts in this art without departing from the spirit or the scope, or both at the same time, of the enclosed claims.
The samples were taken at the Instituto Médico CER, Quilmes, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, and the clinical and biochemical studies were performed at that same Institution. All of the volunteers with RA (N=8) included in this study signed an informed consent prior to the taking of data and samples. The trial was approved by the bioethics institutional commission of the Servicio de Reumatologia del Instituto Medico CER, Quilmes, Buenos Aires (Rheumatology Department of the aforementioned Instituto CER) and the Health ministry of Buenos Aires Province. The criteria for the inclusion of volunteers in this trial were that those volunteers would be willing to give their previous informed consent, were older than 18 years of age and met the ARA 1987 criteria (Arnett, F. C. et al., Arthritis Rheum. 1988 31(3):315-24. Criteria for exclusion were diseases and their concomitant medication that might generate a bias of the interpretation of results, such as the use of biological drugs.
Information on age, sex, evolution time of the disease, concomitant diseases, medication for RA, concomitant medication was gotten, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was measured. On diseased volunteers it was determined the number of tender joints, radiological injuries and bone mineral density in lumbar spine and femoral neck. Data from three parameters, DAS28 (Disease Activity Scores using 28 joint counts), HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire) and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) were also obtained.
The data and clinical and biochemical determinations of the volunteers are summarized in the Table 3, below:
From heparinized peripheral blood, a centrifugation per gradient was carried out with Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB), after which a fraction containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was obtained. The number of PBMCs was quantified in A Neubauer chamber by means of an exclusion method with trypan blue.
The total quantity of lymphocytes and the monocytes of patients with RA were separated from the PBMCs on the basis of their differential properties of adherence to plastic. In order to do that, the PBMCs were cultured for 2 hours in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% of human serum (HS), after which the cell supernatant containing lymphocytes mainly, was collected. The monocytes, adhered to the culture vial, were grown for 16 hours, after which time they were collected by means of treatment with trypsin-EDTA. The purity of both populations was determined by flow cytometry with a BD FACSCalibur™ (BD, USA equipment), use being made of cell size (FSC) and cell complexity (SSC). The viable cells from both populations were quantified by the method of exclusion with trypan blue in a Neubauer chamber. They were kept at −80° C. in lisis buffer for the extraction of RNA, until they were used.
For the analysis by flow cytometry, a minimum of 5×104 quantified viable cells were employed in a Neubauer chamber by the exclusion method with trypan blue. The cells were re-suspended in 100 μl of fixing solution. The measurements were performed with a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, USA) equipment and the analysis of the data obtained was done with the WinMDI program.
Extraction of RNA. The RNA was isolated from 104-106 cells, to do which the commercial kit Absolutely RNA® Miniprep Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) or the commercial kit SV Total RNA Isolation System (Promega, Wis., USA), were used, the instructions from the manufacturers having been followed in each case. The purified RNA was re-suspended in 50 μl of elution buffer or nuclease-free water, according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of each kit, and it was quantified, a spectrophotometer BioPhotometer (Eppendorf, Germany) having been used, and it was kept at −80° C. until the moment to use it.
Generation of complementary DNA (cDNA). Reverse transcription reactions were carried out in a final volume of 40 μl composed of 1.5 μg of RNA, 0.2 μM of primers OligodT15 (Promega, Wis., USA) and 200 U of reverse transcriptase from M-MLV (Promega, Wis., USA), the manufacturer's instructions having been followed. The cDNA generated was kept at −80° C. until its use.
RT-qPCR reactions were carried out using a Mx3005P™ (Stratagene, USA) equipment. The reactions were performed in a final volume of 10 μl, composed of 2 μl of cDNA, Fast Start Universal SYBR Green Master (ROX) 1× (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany), 300 nM of direct and reverse primers for the amplification of TβRII-A, TβRII-B and GAPDH[P3 (SEQ ID No 2) and P2 (SEQ ID No 3), P1 (SEQ ID No 5) and P2 (SEQ ID No 3) and GAPDH-F (SEQ ID No 11) and GAPDH-R (SEQ ID No 12)] and 200 nM for the amplification of TβRII-Se [P3 (SEQ ID No 2) and P4 (SEQ ID No 7)]. In each assay the samples were analyzed in triplicate.
As a control normalizing gene, primers that amplify the constitutive gene of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the sequences of which are: GAPDH-F: 5′ GTCAGTGGTGGACCTGACC 3′ (SEQ ID No 11), GAPDH-R: 5′ TGAGCTTGACAAAGTGGTCG 3′ (SEQ ID No 12), were utilized.
The conditions for amplification were: 1 cycle of 15 minutes at 95° C. and 40 cycles of 10 seconds at 95° C. and 30 seconds at 62° C. Afterwards, a dissociation curve to assess the presence of nonspecific amplification products was carried out. The sequences of the primers employed were: P1: 5′CTGTAATAGGACTGCCCATC 3′(SEQ ID No 5), P2: 5′ TCTCTAGTGTTATGTTCTCGTC 3′ (SEQ ID No 3), P3: 5′ GCACGTTCAGAAGTCGGTTAA 3′ (SEQ ID No 2), P4: 5′ GCACTTTGGAGAAGCAGGATT 3′ (SEQ ID No 7). For the specific amplification of the different isoforms of TβRII, diverse combinations of these primers were used. For TβRII-A, the primers P2 and P3 were used; for TβRII-B, P1 and P2 and for TβRII-Se, the primers P3 and P4 (see
Statistics: The statistical analysis of the data coming from the RT-qPCR's was performed by means of the InfoStat version 2010 software (Di Rienzo, J. A. et al., http://www.infostat.com.ar).
The analysis of the correlations was performed through Spearman's test. To carry out these tests the OriginPro 8.5.1 (Origin Lab Corporation, Northampton, Mass., USA software was utilized. In all of the cases, values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Peripheral blood was collected by venipuncture from 16 RA patients. Patients were diagnosed according to the ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria (Aletaha et al., 2010). All procedures were approved by CER Medical Institute Research Ethics Committee, and the Comisión Conjunta de Investigación en Salud, Department of Health, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, registered under the number 2919/653/13. Procedures were performed after signing off a voluntary informed consent, by the donors. Exclusion criteria included severe anaemia, autoimmune diseases different from RA, any other disease/condition able to increase ESR, treatment with biological drugs, treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) except methotrexate, and with drugs with known effect on the TGF-β signalling cascade (losartan).
Clinical determinations included swollen and tender joints, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, such as physician global VAS, patient global VAS, and pain VAS. ESR was determined by the Westergren Method (Expert Panel on Blood Rheology, 1993). Disease activity of RA was determined by the 28 joint count disease activity score, including ESR values, or DAS28-ESR with three variables (Prevoo et al., 1995). Categories of disease activity based on the DAS28-ESR were defined as follows: remission=DAS28≤2.4, low=2.4<DAS28≤3.6, moderate=3.6<DAS28≤5.5, high=DAS28>5.5 (Aletaha et al., 2005). Clinical determinations were assessed by three independent rheumatologist. Additional information regarding the volunteers is listed in Table 4.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purified by Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pa.) gradient centrifugation, 3-4 hours after venipuncture.
Cell purity was assessed by measuring and plotting Forward Scatter (FSC) versus Side Scatter (SSC) parameters in a FACSCalibur platform (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.).
Total RNA from each blood cell population was obtained using the SV Total RNA Isolation System. Total RNA was quantitated by using the RiboGreen RNA quantification Assay (Invitrogen). The presence of RT-qPCR inhibitors, in the RNA samples, was checked by using the qPCR amplification of the SPUD amplicon. cDNA was generated using 0.5 μg RNA, Superscript IV Reverse Transcriptase, and oligo dT(20) primers, according to the indications stated by the manufacturer (Invitrogen). mRNA integrity was estimated by the 3′:5′ assay by RT-qPCR using GAPDH primers. To measure the mRNA levels of TGF-β type II receptor splice variants (TβRII-A and TβRII-B and TβRII-Se), qPCR was performed in a StepOne real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). Reactions, in triplicates, were performed in 10 μl containing 2 μl of cDNA (dilution 1/15), 300 nM of the corresponding Forward and Reverse primers, and Power SYBR Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems).
The qPCR amplification conditions were: 10 minutes at 95° C., 1 cycle, and 40 cycles of 15 seconds at 95° C. and 60 seconds at 60° C. Subsequently, a melting curve was performed to check amplification specificity. The sequence of the primers used was as follows:
For the specific amplification of each TβRII splice variant different primer combination was used: for TβRII-A primers P2 and P3, for TβRII-B primers P1 and P2, and for TβRII-Se primers P3 y P4. After RT-qPCR, we obtained three cycle threshold (Ct) values: CtTβRII-A, CtTβRII-B, and CtTβRII-Se.
The Ct value determined by RT-qPCR is the cycle number at which the fluorescence signal crossed the threshold line. These Ct values were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA levels, (primer GAPDH forward: 5′ TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGC 3′ (SEQ ID No 11) Primer GAPDH reverse: 5′ GGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGAG 3′) (SEQ ID No 12) giving rise to the following ΔCt values: ΔCtTβRII-A=(CtTβRII-A−CtGAPDH), ΔCt TβRII-B=(CtTβRII-B−CtGAPDH), and ΔCtTβRII-Se=(CtTβRII-Se−CtGAPDH).
Values are expressed as means and, in square brackets, minimum and maximum values.
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160103481 | Nov 2016 | AR | national |
This application is a national stage entry of PCT/ES2017/070752 filed Nov. 14, 2017, under the International Convention and claiming priority over Argentinean application No. 20160103481 filed Nov. 14, 2016.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/ES2017/070752 | 11/14/2017 | WO | 00 |
