Patent Application
20230393158
The present disclosure relates generally to methods for determining whether a subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder.
Mental and behavioural disorders are patterns of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These disorders cause substantial distress for the patients experiencing the symptoms and their families. Common mental disorders include, for instance, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Fortunately, there are effective strategies for preventing and treating many mental disorders. Early identification of individuals at an elevated risk of developing such disorders is important to provide early access to health care and social services, and to prevent the development of more serious conditions.
Various blood biomarkers may be useful for predicting whether an individual is at an elevated risk of developing various mental and/or behavioural disorders, such as mental disorders due to known physiological conditions, mood affective disorders, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic disorders, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness. Biomarkers predictive of the onset of these disorders would help to enable more effective screening and better targeted early treatment and prevention. Such biomarkers may be measured from biological samples, for example from blood samples or related biological fluids.
A method for determining whether a subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder is disclosed. The method may comprise determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject a quantitative value of at least one biomarker of the following:
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various embodiments. In the drawings:
A method for determining whether a subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder is disclosed.
The method may comprise determining in a biological sample obtained from the subject a quantitative value of at least one biomarker of the following:
Various blood biomarkers may be useful for predicting whether an individual person is at elevated risk of developing a broad range of mental and/or behavioural disorders. Such biomarkers may be measured from biological samples, for example from blood samples or related biological fluids.
Biomarkers predictive of mental and/or behavioural disorders could help to enable more effective screening and better targeted preventative treatment.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of albumin.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of glycoprotein acetyls.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to total fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of the ratio of linoleic acid to total fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids and/or oleic acid to total fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of the ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to total fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of the ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to total fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of the ratio of saturated fatty acids to total fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of fatty acid degree of unsaturation.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of docosahexaenoic acid.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of linoleic acid.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of monounsaturated fatty acids and/or oleic acid.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of omega-3 fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of omega-6 fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of saturated fatty acids.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of triglycerides in high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of triglycerides in low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of acetate.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of citrate.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of glutamine.
In an embodiment, the method comprises determining a quantitative value of histidine.
The metabolic biomarker(s) described in this specification have been found to be significantly different, i.e. their quantitative values (such as amount and/or concentration) have been found to be significantly higher or lower, for subjects who later developed a mental and/or a behavioural disorder. The biomarkers may be detected and quantified from blood, serum, or plasma, dry blood spots, or other suitable biological sample, and may be used to determine the risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, either alone or in combination with other biomarkers.
Furthermore, the biomarker(s) may significantly improve the possibility of identifying subjects at risk for a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, even in combination with and/or when accounting for established risk factors that may currently be used for screening and risk prediction, such as age, sex, smoking status, use of alcohol and/or recreational drugs, body mass index (BMI), ongoing medical conditions, traumatic experiences, life situations and conflicts, social isolation, socioeconomic factors, genetic risk and/or prior medical and/or family history of having mental and/or behavioural disorders and/or other comorbidities. The biomarkers described in this specification, alone or as a risk score (such as a multi-biomarker score), hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted absolute or relative risk, or in combination with other risk factors and tests, may improve prediction or even replace the need for other tests or measures. This may include improving prediction accuracy by complementing the predictive information from other risk factors, or by replacing the need for other analyses, such as physical examinations, psychological evaluations and/or laboratory tests such as checks for thyroid function and/or use of alcohol and/or drugs. The biomarkers or the risk score, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted absolute or relative risk according to one or more embodiments described in this specification may thus allow for efficiently assessing the risk for future development of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, also in conditions in which other risk factor measures are not as feasible.
In an embodiment, the method is a method for determining whether the subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder.
The method may comprise determining in the biological sample quantitative values of a plurality of the biomarkers, such as two, three, four, five or more biomarkers. For example, the plurality of the biomarkers may comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 (i.e. at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23 or all) of the biomarkers. The term “plurality of the biomarkers” may thus, within this specification, be understood as referring to any number (above one) of the biomarkers. The term “plurality of the biomarkers” may thus be understood as referring to any number (above one) and/or combination or subset of the biomarkers described in this specification. Determining the plurality of the biomarkers may increase the accuracy of the prediction of whether the subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder. In general, it may be that the higher the number of the biomarkers, the more accurate or predictive the method. However, even a single biomarker described in this specification may allow for or assist in determining whether the subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder. The plurality of the biomarkers may be measured from the same biological sample or from separate biological samples and using the same analytical method or different analytical methods. In an embodiment, the plurality of biomarkers may be a panel of a plurality of biomarkers.
In the context of this specification, the wording “comparing the quantitative value(s) of the biomarker(s) to a control sample or to a control value(s)” may be understood, as a skilled person would, as referring to comparing the quantitative value or values of the biomarker or biomarkers, to a control sample or to a control value(s) either individually or as a plurality of biomarkers (e.g. when a risk score is calculated from the quantitative values of a plurality of biomarkers), depending e.g. on whether the quantitative value of a single (individual) biomarker or the quantitative values of a plurality of biomarkers are determined.
In an embodiment, the method may comprise determining in the biological sample obtained from the subject a quantitative value or quantitative values of the following biomarkers:
In an embodiment, at least one biomarker comprises or is glycoprotein acetyls. The method may further comprise determining a quantitative value of at least one of the other biomarkers described in this specification.
The subject may be human. The human may be healthy or have an existing disease, such as an existing mental and/or behavioural disorder. Specifically, the human may have an already existing form of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, and the risk for developing a more severe form of the disorder and/or of another mental and/or behavioural disorder or other mental and/or behavioural disorders may be determined and/or calculated. The subject may, additionally or alternatively, be an animal, such as a mammal, for example, a non-human primate, a dog, a cat, a horse, or a rodent.
In the context of this specification, the term “biomarker” may refer to a biomarker, for example a chemical or molecular marker, that may be found to be associated with a disease or a condition or the risk of having or developing thereof. It does not necessarily refer to a biomarker that would be statistically fully validated as having a specific effectiveness in a clinical setting. The biomarker may be a metabolite, a compound, a lipid, a protein, a moiety, a functional group, a composition, a combination of two or more metabolites and/or compounds, a (measurable or measured) quantity thereof, a ratio or other value derived thereof, or in principle any measurement reflecting a chemical and/or biological component that may be found associated with a disease or condition or the risk of having or developing thereof. The biomarkers and any combinations thereof, optionally in combination with further analyses and/or measures, may be used to measure a biological process indicative of the risk for developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as mood affective disorders, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic disorders, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness.
The disorder may refer to a category of mental and/or behavioural disorders or to a specific disorder in this category. In the context of this specification, the term “a mental and/or a behavioural disorder” may be understood as referring to diseases, disorders and/or conditions with behavioral and/or psychological symptoms. The disorder may be acute or occasional, or a chronic condition, which in the context of this specification may be understood as persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects and/or a disease that comes with time. The signs and symptoms of mental and/or behavioral disorders may vary from mild to severe or disabling, depending on factors such as age and/or overall health of the subject.
The biomarker associations may be similar for the different mental and/or behavioural disorders. Therefore, the same individual biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers may be extended to also predict the risk for specific mental and/or behavioural disorders. Examples of such specific mental and/or behavioural disorders may include mood affective disorders, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic disorders, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness.
Mental and/or behavioural disorders described in this specification may be classified as follows. “ICD-10” may be understood as referring to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)—WHO Version for 2019. Similar diseases classified or diagnosed by other disease classification systems than ICD-10, such as ICD-9 or ICD-11, may also apply.
The term “Any Mental and/or Behavioural Disorder” may be understood as referring to any mental and/or behavioural disease, disorder or condition. Any Mental and/or Behavioural Disorder (or “mental and/or behavioural disorder”) may be understood as referring to any incident occurrence of ICD-10 diagnoses FOO-F99, T36-T50 and/or X60-X84.
Mental and/or Behavioural Disorder Subgroups may be understood as referring to diseases and/or conditions classified within the ICD-10 subchapter diagnoses for mental and/or behavioural disorders (F01-F09, F30-F29, F30-F39, F40-F48, T36-T50, X60-X84).
Specific mental and/or behavioural disorders may be understood as referring to diseases and/or disorders classified within the 3-character ICD-10 diagnoses for mental and/or behavioural disorders (F05, F06, F20, F31, F32, F33, F40, F41, F43, R41, T39, T40, T42, T43).
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder is a subgroup of mental and/or behavioural disorders, such as a subgroup defined by one or more ICD-10 subchapters described in this specification.
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder is a specific disease, such as a specific disease or disorder defined by a ICD-10 3-character code diagnosis.
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder is a disease or disorder among one or more of the following mental and/or behavioural disorder subgroups:
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder is one of the following ICD-10 3-character diagnoses or selected from disorders of the following ICD-10 3-character diagnoses:
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder may comprise or be death from a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a disorder denoted by the ICD-10 codes listed above, including poisoning and intentional self-harm.
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder may comprise or be a mental disorder due to known physiological conditions (F01-F09); schizophrenia, schizotypal, delusional, and/or other non mood psychotic disorder (F20-F29); mood [affective] disorder (F30-F39); anxiety, dissociative, stress related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic mental disorder (F40-F48); poisoning by, adverse effect of and/or underdosing of drugs, medicaments and/or biological substances (T36-T50); and/or intentional self-harm (X60-X84).
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder may comprise or be delirium due to known physiological condition (F05); other mental disorder due to known physiological condition (F06); schizophrenia (F20); bipolar disorder (F31); major depressive disorder, single episode (F32); major depressive disorder, recurrent (F33); phobic anxiety disorder (F40); other anxiety disorder (F41); reaction to severe stress, and/or an adjustment disorder (F43); other symptom or sign involving cognitive functions and awareness (R41); poisoning by, adverse effect of and/or underdosing of nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics and/or antirheumatics (T39); poisoning by, adverse effect of and/or underdosing of narcotics and psychodysleptics [hallucinogens] (T40); poisoning by, adverse effect of and/or underdosing of antiepileptic, sedative- hypnotic and/or antiparkinsonism drugs (T42); and/or poisoning by, adverse effect of and/or underdosing of psychotropic drugs, not elsewhere classified (T43).
In an embodiment, the mental and/or the behavioural disorder may comprise or be a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
The method may further comprise determining whether the subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder using a risk score, hazard ratio, and/or predicted absolute or relative risk calculated on the basis of the quantitative value(s) of the at least one biomarker or of the plurality of the biomarkers.
An increase or a decrease in the risk score, hazard ratio, and/or predicted absolute risk and/or relative risk may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing the mental and/or the behavioural disorder.
The risk score and/or hazard ratio and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk may be calculated based on any plurality, combination or subset of biomarkers described in this specification.
The risk score and/or hazard ratio and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk may be calculated e.g. as shown in the Examples below. For example, the plurality of biomarkers measured using a suitable method, for example with NMR spectroscopy, may be combined using regression algorithms and multivariate analyses and/or using machine learning analysis. Before regression analysis or machine learning, any missing values in the biomarkers may be imputed with the mean value of each biomarker for the dataset. A number of biomarkers, for example five, that may be considered most associated with the onset of the disease or condition may be selected for use in the prediction model. Other modelling approaches may be used to calculate a risk score and/or hazard ratio and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk based on a combination or subset of individual biomarkers, i.e. a plurality of the biomarkers.
The risk score may be calculated e.g. as a weighted sum of individual biomarkers, i.e. a plurality of the biomarkers. The weighted sum may be e.g. in the form of a multi-biomarker score defined as Σiβi*ci
+β0; where i is the index of summation over individual biomarkers, βi is the weighted coefficient attributed to biomarker i, ci is the blood concentration of biomarker i, and β0 is an intercept term.
For example, the risk score can be defined as: β1*concentration(glycoprotein acetyls)+β2*concentration(monounsaturated fatty acid ratio to total fatty acids)+β3* concentration(albumin)+β0, where β1, β2, β3 are multipliers for each biomarker according to the association magnitude with risk of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder and β0 is an intercept term. As a skilled person will understand, the biomarkers mentioned in this example may be replaced by any other biomarker(s) described in this specification. In general, the more biomarkers are included in the risk score, the stronger the predictive performance may become. When additional biomarkers are included in the risk score, the βi weights may change for all biomarkers according to the optimal combination for the prediction of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder.
The risk score, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted relative risk and/or absolute risk may be calculated on the basis of at least one further measure, for example a characteristic of the subject. Such characteristics may be determined prior to, simultaneously, or after the biological sample is obtained from the subject. As a skilled person will understand, some of the characteristics may be information collected e.g. using a questionnaire or clinical data collected earlier. Some of the characteristics may be determined (or may have been determined) by biochemical or clinical diagnostic measurements and/or medical diagnosis. Such characteristics could include, for example, one or more of age, height, weight, body mass index, race or ethnic group, smoking, and/or family history of mental and/or behavioural disorders.
The method may further comprise administering a treatment to the subject at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder to thereby treat the subject in order to prevent or treat the disease in the subject. The risk prediction for a mental and/or a behavioural disorder guided based on one or more of the biomarkers can be used to guide preventative efforts, such as psychotherapy, alcohol and smoking awareness, healthy diet, sufficient sleep, physical activity and/or clinical screening frequency and/or pharmacological treatment decisions. For example, the information of the future risk for a mental and/or a behavioural disorder can be used for guiding psychological care, psychosocial interventions, psychiatric treatment or treatment with, for instance, cholinesterase inhibitors, antidepressants, pychosomatic medicine, and/or mood stabilizers and stimulants.
In the context of this specification, the term “albumin” may be understood as referring to serum albumin (often referred to as blood albumin). It is an albumin found in vertebrate blood. Albumin is a globular, water-soluble, un-glycosylated serum protein of approximate molecular weight of 65,000 Daltons. The measurement of albumin using NMR is described e.g. in publications by Kettunen et al., 2012, Nature Genetics 44, 269-276; Soininen et al., 2015, Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 8, 212-206 (DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.114.000216). Albumin may also be measured by various other methods, for example by clinical chemistry analyzers. Examples of such methods may include e.g. dye-binding methods such as bromocresol green and bromocresol purple.
In the context of this specification, the term “glycoprotein acetyls”, “glycoprotein acetylation”, or “GlycA” may refer to the abundance of circulating glycated proteins, and/or to a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) signal that represents the abundance of circulating glycated proteins, i.e. N-acetylated glycoproteins. Glycoprotein acetyls may include signals from a plurality of different glycoproteins, including e.g. alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, alpha-1 antitrypsin, haptoglobin, transferrin, and/or alpha-1 antichymotrypsin. In the scientific literature on cardiometabolic biomarkers, the terms “glycoprotein acetyls” or “GlycA” may commonly refer to the NMR signal of circulating glycated proteins (e.g. Ritchie et al, Cell Systems 2015 1(4):293-301; Connelly et al, J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):219). Glycoprotein acetyls and a method for measuring them is described e.g. in Kettunen et al., 2018, Circ Genom Precis Med. 11:e002234 and Soininen et al., 2009, Analyst 134, 1781-1785. There may be benefits of using the NMR signal of glycoprotein acetyls for risk prediction above measurement of the individual proteins contributing to the NMR signal, for instance better analytical accuracy and stability over time, as well as lower costs of the measurement and the possibility to measure the NMR signal simultaneously with many other biomarkers.
In the context of this specification, the term “omega-3 fatty acids” may refer to total omega-3 fatty acids, i.e. the total omega-3 fatty acid amounts and/or concentrations, i.e. the sum of different omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids. In omega-3 fatty acids, the last double bond in the fatty acid chain is the third bond counting from the methyl end. Docosahexaenoic acid is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid.
In the context of this specification, the term “omega-6 fatty acids” may refer to total omega-6 fatty acids, i.e. the total omega-6 fatty acid amounts and/or concentrations, i.e. the sum of the amounts and/or concentrations of different omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-6 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids. In omega-6 fatty acids, the last double bond in the fatty acid chain is the sixth bond counting from the methyl end.
In one embodiment, the omega-6 fatty acid may be linoleic acid. Linoleic acid (18:2ω-6) is the most abundant type of omega-6 fatty acids, and may therefore be considered as a good approximation for total omega-6 fatty acids for risk prediction of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder.
In the context of this specification, the term “monounsaturated fatty acids” (MUFAs) may refer to total monounsaturated fatty acids, i.e. the total MUFA amounts and/or concentrations. Monounsaturated fatty acids may, alternatively, refer to oleic acid, which is the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid in human serum. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond in their fatty acid chain. The monounsaturated fatty acids may include omega-9 and omega-7 fatty acids. Oleic acid (18:1ω-9), palmitoleic acid (16:1ω-7) and cis-vaccenic acid (18:1ω-7) are examples of common monounsaturated fatty acids in human serum.
In one embodiment, the monounsaturated fatty acid may be oleic acid. Oleic acid is the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid, and may therefore be considered as a good approximation for total monounsaturated fatty acids for risk prediction of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder.
In the context of this specification, the term “saturated fatty acids” (SFAs) may refer to total saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids may be or comprise fatty acids which have no double bonds in their structure. Palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) are examples of abundant SFAs in human serum.
For all fatty acid measures, including omega-6, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids and/or saturated fatty acids, the fatty acid measures may include blood (or serum/plasma) free fatty acids, bound fatty acids and esterified fatty acids. Esterified fatty acids may, for example, be esterified to glycerol as in triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, or phosphoglycerides, or to cholesterol as in cholesterol esters.
In the context of this specification, the term “fatty acid degree of unsaturation” or “unsaturation” may be understood as referring to the number of double bonds in total fatty acids, for example the average number of double bonds in total fatty acids.
In the context of this specification, the term “HDL” refers to high-density lipoprotein.
In the context of this specification, the term “LDL” refers to low-density lipoprotein.
In the context of this specification, the term “VLDL” refers to very-low-density lipoprotein.
In the context of this specification, the phrase “low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides”, “high-density lipoprotein (HDL) triglycerides”, “triglycerides in HDL (high-density lipoprotein)”, or “triglycerides in LDL (low-density lipoprotein)”, may be understood as referring to total triglyceride concentration in said lipoprotein class or subfraction.
In the context of this specification, the phrase “high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size”, “low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size”, or “very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size”, may be understood as referring to the average diameter for the particles in said lipoprotein class or subfraction.
In the context of this specification, the term “acetate” may refer to the acetate molecule and/or acetic acid, for example in blood, plasma or serum or related biofluids.
In the context of this specification, the term “citrate” may refer to the citrate molecule and/or citric acid, for example in blood, plasma or serum or related biofluids.
In the context of this specification, the term “glutamine” may refer to the glutamine amino acid, for example in blood, plasma or serum or related biofluids.
In the context of this specification, the term “histidine” may refer to the histidine amino acid, for example in blood, plasma or serum or related biofluids.
In the context of this specification, the term “quantitative value” may refer to any quantitative value characterizing the amount and/or concentration of a biomarker. For example, it may be the amount or concentration of the biomarker in the biological sample, or it may be a signal derived from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) or other method suitable for detecting the biomarker in a quantitative manner. Such a signal may be indicative of or may correlate with the amount or concentration of the biomarker. It may also be a quantitative value calculated from one or more signals derived from NMR measurements or from other measurements. Quantitative values may, additionally or alternatively, be measured using a variety of techniques. Such methods may include mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography combined with MS, high performance liquid chromatography alone or combined with MS, immunoturbidimetric measurements, ultracentrifugation, ion mobility, enzymatic analyses, colorimetric or fluorometric analyses, immunoblot analysis, immunohistochemical methods (e.g. in situ methods based on antibody detection of metabolites), and immunoassays (e.g. ELISA). Examples of various methods are set out below. The method used to determine the quantitative value(s) in the subject may be the same method that is used to determine the quantitative value(s) in a control subject/control subjects or in a control sample/control samples.
The quantitative value, or the initial quantitative value, of the at least one biomarker, or the plurality of the biomarkers, may be measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, for example 1 H-NMR. The at least one additional biomarker, or the plurality of the additional biomarkers, may also be measured using NMR. NMR may provide a particularly efficient and fast way to measure biomarkers, including a large number of biomarkers simultaneously, and can provide quantitative values for them. NMR also typically requires very little sample pre-treatment or preparation. The biomarkers measured with NMR can effectively be measured for large amounts of samples using an assay for blood (serum or plasma) NMR metabolomics previously published by Soininen et al., 2015, Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 8, 212-206 (DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.114.000216); Soininen et al., 2009, Analyst 134, 1781-1785; and Würtz et al., 2017, American Journal of Epidemiology 186 (9), 1084-1096 (DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx016). This provides data on 250 biomarkers per sample as described in detail in the above scientific papers.
In an embodiment, the (initial) quantitative value of the at least one biomarker is/are measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
However, quantitative values for various biomarkers described in this specification may also be performed by techniques other than NMR. For example, mass spectrometry (MS), enzymatic methods, antibody-based detection methods, or other biochemical or chemical methods may be contemplated, depending on the biomarker.
For example, glycoprotein acetyls can be measured or approximated by immunoturbidimetric measurements of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin (e.g. as described in Ritchie et al., 2015, Cell Syst. 28;1(4):293-301).
E.g. monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and omega-6 fatty acids can be quantified (i.e. their quantitative values may be determined) by serum total fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (for example, as described in Jula et al., 2005, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 2152-2159).
In the context of this specification, the term “sample” or “biological sample” may refer to any biological sample obtained from a subject or a group or population of subjects. The sample may be fresh, frozen, or dry.
The biological sample may comprise or be, for example, a blood sample, a plasma sample, a serum sample, or a sample derived therefrom. The biological sample may be, for example, a fasting blood sample, a fasting plasma sample, a fasting serum sample, or a fraction obtainable therefrom. However, the biological sample does not necessarily have to be a fasting sample. The blood sample may be a venous blood sample.
The blood sample may be a dry blood sample. The dry blood sample may be a dried whole blood sample, a dried plasma sample, a dried serum sample, or a dried sample derived therefrom.
The method may comprise obtaining the biological sample from the subject prior to determining the quantitative value of the at least one biomarker. Taking a blood sample or a tissue sample of a subject or patient is a part of normal clinical practice. The collected blood or tissue sample can be prepared and serum or plasma can be separated using techniques well known to a skilled person. Methods for separating one or more fractions from biological samples, such as blood samples or tissue samples, are also available to a skilled person. The term “fraction” may, in the context of this specification, also refer to a portion or a component of the biological sample separated according to one or more physical properties, for instance solubility, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, density, or molecular size.
In the context of this specification, the term “control sample” may refer to a sample obtained from a subject and known not to suffer from the disease or condition or not being at risk of having or developing the disease or condition. The control sample may be matched. In an embodiment, the control sample may be a biological sample from a healthy individual or a generalized population of healthy individuals. The term “control value” may be understood as a value obtainable from the control sample or control samples and/or a quantitative value derivable therefrom. For example, it may be possible to calculate a threshold value from control samples and/or control values, above or below which the risk of developing the disease or condition is elevated. In other words, a value higher or lower (depending on the biomarker, risk score, hazard ratio, and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk) than the threshold value may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing the disease or condition.
An increase or a decrease in the quantitative value(s) of the at least one biomarker, or the plurality of the biomarkers, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of having or developing the disease or condition. Whether an increase or a decrease is indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing the disease or condition, may depend on the biomarker.
A 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, or for example 2-fold, or 3-fold, increase or a decrease in the quantitative value(s) of the at least one biomarker (or in an individual biomarker of the plurality of the biomarkers) when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing the disease or condition.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of albumin, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of glycoprotein acetyls, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to total fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of ratio of linoleic acid to total fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids and/or oleic acid to total fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to total fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to total fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of ratio of saturated fatty acids to total fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of fatty acid degree of unsaturation, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of docosahexaenoic acid, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of linoleic acid, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of monounsaturated fatty acids and/or oleic acid, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of omega-3 fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of omega-6 fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of saturated fatty acids, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of triglycerides in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of triglycerides in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, an increase in the quantitative value of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of acetate, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of citrate, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of glutamine, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a decrease in the quantitative value of histidine, when compared to the control sample or to the control value, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a risk score defined as β0+β1*concentration (glycoprotein acetyls)+β2* concentration (albumin), where β0 is an intercept term, β1 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the concentration of glycoprotein acetyls, and β2 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the concentration of albumin, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness.
In an embodiment, a risk score defined as β0+β1*concentration (glycoprotein acetyls)+β2* concentration (fatty acid measure), where β0 is an intercept term, β1 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the concentration of glycoprotein acetyls, β2 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the fatty acid measure, may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive functions and/or awareness. The fatty acid measure may be one or more of the following fatty acids or their ratio to total fatty acids: docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and/or fatty acid degree of unsaturation.
In an embodiment, a risk score defined as β0+β1*concentration (glycoprotein acetyls)+β2* concentration (albumin)+β3*concentration (fatty acid measure), where β0 is an intercept term, β1 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the concentration of glycoprotein acetyls, β2 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the concentration of albumin, and β3 is the weighted coefficient attributed to the concentration of the fatty acid measure may be indicative of the subject having an increased risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as a mood affective disorder, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and/or other nonpsychotic disorder, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or other symptom and/or sign involving cognitive function and/or awareness. The fatty acid measure may be one or more of the following fatty acids or their ratio to total fatty acids: docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and/or fatty acid degree of unsaturation.
The term “combination” may, at least in some embodiments, be understood such that the method comprises using a risk score, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk calculated on the basis of the quantitative value(s) of the biomarkers. For example, if quantitative values of both glycoprotein acetyls and albumin are determined, the quantitative values of both biomarkers may be compared to the control sample or the control value separately, or a risk score, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk calculated on the basis of the quantitative value(s) of both the biomarkers, and the risk score, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk may be compared to the control sample or the control value.
In an embodiment, the method may comprise determining in the biological sample obtained from the subject a quantitative value of the following biomarkers:
In an embodiment, the method may comprise determining in the biological sample obtained from the subject a quantitative value of the following biomarkers:
In an embodiment, the method may comprise determining in the biological sample obtained from the subject a quantitative value of the following biomarkers:
The following embodiments are disclosed:
The method according to any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the method further comprises determining whether the subject is at risk of developing a mental and/or a behavioural disorder using a risk score, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and/or predicted absolute risk or relative risk calculated on the basis of the quantitative value(s) of the at least one biomarker or of the plurality of the biomarkers.
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The description below discloses some embodiments in such a detail that a person skilled in the art is able to utilize the embodiments based on the disclosure. Not all steps or features of the embodiments are discussed in detail, as many of the steps or features will be obvious for the person skilled in the art based on this specification.
Biomarker measures quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were investigated as to whether they could be predictive of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, such as mood affective disorders, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic disorders, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness. All analyses were conducted based on the UK Biobank, with approximately 115 000 study participants with blood biomarker data from NMR spectroscopy available.
Details of the design of the UK Biobank have been reported by Sudlow et al 2015, PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. Briefly, UK Biobank recruited 502 639 participants aged 37-73 years in 22 assessment centres across the UK. All participants provided written informed consent and ethical approval was obtained from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee. Blood samples were drawn at baseline between 2007 and 2010. No selection criteria were applied to the sampling.
From the entire UK Biobank population, a random subset of baseline plasma samples from 118 466 individuals were measured using the Nightingale NMR biomarker platform (Nightingale Health Ltd, Finland). This blood analysis method provides simultaneous quantification of many blood biomarkers, including lipoprotein lipids, circulating fatty acids, and various low-molecular weight metabolites including amino acids, ketone bodies and gluconeogenesis-related metabolites in molar concentration units. Technical details and epidemiological applications have been reviewed (Soininen et al 2015, Circ Cardiovasc Genet; 2015;8:192-206; Wurtz et al 2017, Am J Epidemiol 2017;186:1084-1096). Values outside four interquartile ranges from median were considered as outliers and excluded.
The blood biomarker associations with the risk for a mental and/or a behavioural disorder were conducted based on UK Biobank data. Analyses focused on the relation of the biomarkers to the occurrence of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder after the blood samples were collected, to determine if the individual biomarkers associate with the risk for future development of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder. Examples using multi-biomarker scores, in the form weighted sums of biomarkers, were also explored to see if they could be predictive even more strongly than each individual biomarker.
Information on the disease events occurring after the blood samplings for all study participants were recorded from UK Hospital Episode Statistics data and death registries. All analyses are based on first occurrence of diagnosis, so that individuals with recorded diagnosis of the given disease prior to blood sampling were omitted from the statistical analyses. A composite endpoint of Any Mental and/or Behavioural Disorder was defined based on any incident occurrence of ICD-10 diagnoses FOO-F99, T36-T50 or X60-X84. More refined subtypes of the mental and/or the behavioural disorders were defined according to the ICD-10 diagnoses listed in Table 1.
The registry-based follow-up was from blood sampling in 2007-2010 through to 2020 (approximately 1 100 000 person-years). Specific diseases which had <100 disease events recorded during follow-up were left out of scope.
For biomarker association testing, Cox proportional-hazard regression models adjusted for age, sex, and UK Biobank assessment centre were used. Results were plotted in magnitudes per standard deviation of each biomarker measure to allow direct comparison of association magnitudes.
Baseline characteristics of the study population for biomarker analyses vs future risk of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder are shown in Table 1. The number of incident disease events occurring after the blood sampling is listed for all the conditions analysed.
βi*ci
+β0; where i is the index of summation over individual biomarkers, βi is the weighted coefficient attributed to biomarker i, ci is the blood concentration of biomarker i and β0 is an intercept term. βi multipliers are defined according to the multivariate association magnitude with the risk for Any Mental and/or Behavioural Disorder, examined in the statistical analyses of the UK Biobank study for the respective combination of biomarkers. The enhancements in association magnitudes were similar for the 14 specific types of mental and/or behavioural disorders listed in Table 1 as those shown here for Any Mental and/or Behavioural Disorder.
For illustration of intended applications related to the prediction of a mental and/or a behavioural disorder, further epidemiological analyses are illustrated below. These applications are exemplified for the prediction of the risk for mood affective disorders, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic disorders, delirium, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness. Similar results apply to the other mental and/or behavioural disorders listed in Table 1. Results are shown for a biomarker score combining the 24 biomarkers featured in
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that with the advancement of technology, the basic idea may be implemented in various ways. The embodiments are thus not limited to the examples described above; instead they may vary within the scope of the claims.
The embodiments described hereinbefore may be used in any combination with each other. Several of the embodiments may be combined together to form a further embodiment. A method disclosed herein may comprise at least one of the embodiments described hereinbefore. It will be understood that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to several embodiments. The embodiments are not limited to those that solve any or all of the stated problems or those that have any or all of the stated benefits and advantages. It will further be understood that reference to ‘an’ item refers to one or more of those items. The term “comprising” is used in this specification to mean including the feature(s) or act(s) followed thereafter, without excluding the presence of one or more additional features or acts.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20215021 | Jan 2022 | FI | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FI2022/050015 | 1/7/2022 | WO |
