Patent Application
20230213528
The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing, file name: Q281873 sequence listing as filed.XML; size: 444,906 bytes; and date of creation: Nov. 28, 2022, filed herewith, is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to a method for discriminating a microorganism using mass spectrometry.
Homology analysis based on DNA base sequences has been known as one of methods for discriminating types of microorganisms and has been widely used for classification, identification or the like of microorganisms (see, for example, Patent Literature 1). In this method, DNA is first extracted from a test microorganism, and the DNA base sequence of a region, such as rRNA genes, existing in high conservation in all organisms is determined. Next, using the DNA base sequence, a database involving a large number of DNA base sequence data of known microorganisms is searched and a base sequence showing high similarity to the DNA base sequence of the test microorganism is selected. Then, the species from which the base sequence is derived is determined to be of the same species or closely related species to the test microorganism.
However, with such a method utilizing the DNA base sequence, it takes a relatively long time to extract DNA from a test microorganism and to determine a DNA base sequence, so that there is a problem that it is difficult to quickly identify the microorganisms.
Therefore, in recent years, a method of identifying a microorganism based on a mass spectrum pattern obtained by mass spectrometry of a test microorganism has been increasingly used. According to the mass spectrometry, analytical results can be obtained in a short time using a trace amount of a microorganism sample, and continuous analysis of multiple specimens is easily carried out, so that simple and quick microorganism identification is possible. In this method, a solution containing proteins extracted from a test microorganism, a suspension of a test microorganism or the like is analyzed by a mass spectrometer using a soft ionization method such as MALDI-MS (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry). Note that the “soft” ionization method is an ionization method that hardly causes decomposition of a high-molecular weight compound. Then, the test microorganism is identified by comparing the obtained mass spectrum pattern with mass spectrum patterns of known microorganisms that have been involved in advance in a database in large numbers. Such a method is called a fingerprint method because a mass spectrum pattern is used as information (that is, a fingerprint) specific to each microorganism.
However, in the identification of microorganisms by the fingerprint method using mass spectrometry, it is possible to identify at the genus level or a relatively distant species level, but discrimination between closely related species and identification at the level of subspecies, pathogenic types, strains or the like as a classification level lower than the species are normally considered to be difficult. Further, in the fingerprint method, it is not determined from which protein each peak appearing on the mass spectra originates, leaving a problem of the theoretical basis of identification and reliability. Therefore, in order to solve the problem, utilizing the fact that about half of peaks obtained by mass spectrometry of microbial cells is derived from ribosomal proteins, a method of attributing the type of protein from which a peak is derived by associating a mass-to-charge ratio of the peak obtained by mass spectrometry with a calculated mass estimated from the amino acid sequence obtained by translating base sequence information of ribosomal protein genes have been developed (see Patent Literatures 2 and 3). According to this method, it is possible to perform microorganism identification with high reliability based on the theoretical basis by using mass spectrometry.
However, since peaks with different mass-to-charge ratios differ depending on the classification level of microorganisms (family, genus, species, subspecies, pathogenic type, serotype, strain, etc.), for example, in order to perform discrimination reproducibly at the pathogenic type or strain level, it is necessary to select marker peaks that can be used for discrimination at the pathogenic type or strain level to be identified. For example, as marker proteins for identifying and discriminating Pseudomonas putida and its analogous cells, 23 ribosomal subunit proteins (L5, L13, L14, L15, L18, L19, L20, L22, L23, L24, L28, L30, L35, L36, S7, S8, S10, S13, S14, S17, S19, S20, and S21) are available (Patent Literature 2).
Incidentally, Listeria monocytogenes (hereinafter, “Listeria” is abbreviated as “L.”) is known as one causative bacterium for food poisoning. Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium belonging to the genus Listeria of gram-positive bacteria and has characteristics such as growth ability at low temperature (4° C.) and salt tolerance.
In the genus Listeria, 18 bacterial species have been discovered so far (Non Patent Literature 1) and numerous findings particularly about 8 species discovered in the 1960's and 1980's (Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Listeria innocua (L. innocua), Listeria welshimeri (L. welshimeri), Listeria seeligeri (L. seeligeri), Listeria ivanovii (L. ivanovii), Listeria grayi (L. grayi), Listeria marthii (L. marthii), and Listeria rocourtiae (L. rocourtiae)) have been reported as conventional species (Non Patent Literatures 2 and 3). According to such findings, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii have pathogenicity to animals and, in particular, Listeria monocytogenes has been reported to infect humans frequently via familiar uncooked ready-to-eat foods such as meat, dairy products, vegetables, etc., causing outbreaks of food poisoning. In addition, when pregnant women, newborns, elderly persons, and immunity deficient persons such as patients suffering from AIDS or cancer, and organ transplant patients are infected with Listeria monocytogenes, severe symptomatic listeriosis such as sepsis or meningitis is caused, which may lead to death. Further, in recent years, examples have also been reported in which Listeria innocua infected patients develop listeriosis (Non Patent Literature 3).
Listeria monocytogenes is known to have 13 serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4ab, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, and 7), serotype 4b is the most common in epidemic outbreak cases, and serotype 1/2b and serotype 1/2a have been reported to be included (Non Patent Literature 4). In addition, Listeria monocytogenes can be genetically classified into four evolutionary lineages (lineages I, II, III, and IV) (Non Patent Literature 5). Serotypes frequently isolated from infected individuals belong to lineages I and II, and more specifically, serotypes 1/2b, 3b, 4b, 4d, and 4e belong to the lineage I and serotypes 1/2a, 1/2c, 3a, and 3c belong to the lineage II. On the other hand, serotypes 4a and 4c belong to the lineage III. The lineage IV is a recently proposed classification, and it has been reported that serotypes 4a, 4b, and 4c may belong to IV (Non Patent Literature 6). The lineages III and IV are less isolated from humans and are mainly detected from ruminants.
For this reason, among Listeria bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes need to be managed in the food field and the medical field as food poisoning bacteria harming humans, and development of a rapid detection method and an identification and discrimination technology has been desired.
Heretofore, as a method for discriminating serotypes of the genus Listeria and Listeria monocytogenes, pulse field gel electrophoresis (Non Patent Literature 7), multi-locus sequence typing method (Non Patent Literatures 8 and 9), microarray method (Non Patent Literature 10) and the like have been reported. However, each of these methods poses a problem that complicated operations are needed and a time is required.
Meanwhile, in the clinical field and the food field, a microorganism identification technology using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been rapidly spreading in recent years. This is a method of identifying a microorganism based on a mass spectrum pattern obtained using a trace amount of a microorganism sample, and an analysis result can be obtained in a short time. In addition, continuous analysis of multiple specimens is easily carried out, so that simple and quick microorganism identification is possible.
For this reason, it has been attempted to discriminate Listeria bacteria using MALDI-TOF MS by a plurality of research groups (Non Patent Literatures 11 to 14). For example, Non Patent Literature 10 reports that Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria ivanovii, and Listeria seeligeri have been discriminated by pattern matching of all detected mass peaks with existing databases and calculating their scores. In addition, serotype 4a and serotype 4c of Listeria monocytogenes are distinguished by the fact that specific mass peaks (mass-to-charge ratios [m/z] 5590 and 11179) are detected as indexes (biomarkers).
On the other hand, according to Non Patent Literature 12, it is possible to identify species of Listeria grayi only, with 6 bacterial species of the genus Listeria being discriminated at the genus level. In Non Patent Literature 14, it has been reported that Listeria monocytogenes is classified into groups of serotype 1/2a, serotype 1/2b, and serotype 4b by using peaks of five detection masses (m/z 5594.85, 6184.39, 11871.31, 5601.21, 11199.33) as biomarkers.
As described above, although there are a plurality of reports on discrimination of bacterial species of Listeria bacteria and the serotype of Listeria monocytogenes by MALDI-TOF MS, from which protein each peak appearing on the mass spectra or each biomarker peak originates is not determined, lacking in the theoretical basis of identification and discrimination as well as reliability. In addition, the results of identification and discrimination are different from research group to research group, and unified views have not yet been obtained. In other words, a highly reliable marker protein that can be suitably used for discrimination of bacterial species and serotype of Listeria bacteria has not yet been established.
The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and an object of the present invention is to select a marker protein capable of reproducibly and quickly discriminating a bacterial species of the genus Listeria and to provide a method for discriminating a microorganism using the marker protein.
As a result of diligent discussion, the present inventors have found that Listeria bacteria can be discriminated by using at least one of 17 ribosomal proteins L3, L4, L23, L2, L24, L6, L18, S5, L15, S13, S11, L10, L21, L13, S9, L31, S16 as a marker protein for discriminating Listeria bacteria contained in a sample by mass spectrometry, and that Listeria bacteria can be discriminated reproducibly and quickly in particular by using at least one of 8 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9, L31, S16 among these 17 ribosomal proteins.
That is, a method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention, which has been made to solve the above problem, includes:
a) a step of subjecting a sample containing a microorganism to mass spectrometry to obtain a mass spectrum;
b) a reading step of reading a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from a marker protein from the mass spectrum; and
c) a discrimination step of discriminating which bacterial species of Listeria bacteria the microorganism contained in the sample contains based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z,
wherein
at least one of 17 ribosomal proteins L3, L4, L23, L2, L24, L6, L18, S5, L15, S13, S11, L10, L21, L13, S9, L31, S16 is used as the marker protein.
Particularly in the method for discriminating a microorganism, it is preferable to use at least one of 8 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S9, L31, S16 among the 17 ribosomal proteins.
The method for discriminating a microorganism is suitable as a method for discriminating one of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Listeria innocua (L. innocua), Listeria welshimeri (L. welshimeri), Listeria seeligeri (L. seeligeri), Listeria ivanovii (L. ivanovii), Listeria grayi (L. grayi), and Listeria rocourtiae (L. rocourtiae) as a bacterial species of the Listeria bacteria.
Specifically, the discrimination step discriminates whether or not Listeria monocytogenes is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S11, and S9, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, and S9, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins S11, S9, L31, and S16, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, L31, and S16, or a mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, L15, and S9, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, S11, and S9.
When the microorganism is discriminated as containing Listeria monocytogenes, the discrimination step further discriminates a lineage of Listeria monocytogenes based on a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L24 and L6.
The discrimination step discriminates whether or not Listeria innocua is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S16 or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15 and L31. Then, when the microorganism is discriminated as containing Listeria innocua, the discrimination step further determines a strain of Listeria innocua based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L18.
In addition, the discrimination step discriminates whether or not a strain of a group similar to a type strain (reference strain) of Listeria innocua in pattern of a mass-to-charge ratio of a ribosomal protein is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S16, or a mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31.
Further, the discrimination step classifies a strain contained in the microorganism into a group similar to a type strain of Listeria innocua in pattern of a mass-to-charge ratio of a ribosomal protein or a non-similar group based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S16 or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31.
Also, the discrimination step discriminates whether or not Listeria ivanovii is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal proteins S9 and L31.
Further, when the microorganism is discriminated as containing Listeria ivanovii, the discrimination step further discriminates a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii based on at least one of a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L18 and a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L15.
Then, the discrimination step discriminates whether or not Listeria ivanovii ivanovii (L. ivanovii ivanovii) as a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L15 or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, and discriminates whether or not Listeria ivanovii londiniensis (L. ivanovii londiniensis) as a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, and L31, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S11, and L31, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S9, and L31, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S11, and L31.
Further, the discrimination step discriminates whether or not Listeria seeligeri is contained in the microorganism based on a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S11.
When the microorganism is discriminated as containing L. seeligeri, the discrimination step further determines a strain of L. seeligeri based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9.
The discrimination step discriminates whether or not a strain of a group similar to a type strain of Listeria seeligeri in pattern of a mass-to-charge ratio of a ribosomal protein is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L24, L18, L15, S11, and L31.
The discrimination step classifies a strain contained in the microorganism into a group similar to a type strain of Listeria seeligeri in pattern of a mass-to-charge ratio of a ribosomal protein or a non-similar group based on at least a mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins S9 and L18 or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins S9 and S1.
Further, the discrimination step discriminates whether or not Listeria welshimeri is contained in the microorganism based on at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S11 or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S9.
In addition, the discrimination step discriminates whether the bacterial species of the Listeria bacteria contained in the microorganism is Listeria grayi or Listeria rocourtiae based on a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, S11, S9, L31, and S16.
Also, in the above method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention, the discrimination step may discriminate which bacterial species of Listeria bacteria the microorganism contained in the sample contains using a cluster analysis in which at least a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak of each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L18, S9, and L31 and a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak of one of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, and S11, or a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak of each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L18, S9, and S16 and a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak of one of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, and S11 are used as indexes, and in particular, if the cluster analysis in which all of the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of peaks derived from 8 marker proteins (L24, L18, S9, L31, S16, L6, L15, S11) are used as indexes, it is possible to accurately discriminate which bacterial species of Listeria bacteria the microorganism contained in the sample is.
In this case, it is preferable to further include a step of creating a dendrogram representing a discrimination result by the cluster analysis.
In the method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention described above, a ribosomal protein having a mutation peculiar to a bacterial species of the genus Listeria is used as a marker protein, and therefore, the bacterial species of the genus Listeria can be reproducibly and quickly discriminated. By using a ribosomal protein having a mutation peculiar to a bacterial species of the genus Listeria as a marker protein and carrying out cluster analysis using a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the marker protein on the mass spectra as an index, the bacteria of the genus Listeria contained in a plurality of samples can be collectively discriminated.
Hereinafter, a specific embodiment of a method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention will be described.
The TOF 12 includes an extraction electrode 13 that extracts ions from the ionization unit 11 to guide the ions into an ion flight space in the TOF 12 and a detector 14 that detects ions mass-separated in the ion flight space.
The substance of the microorganism determination unit 20 is a computer such as a workstation or a personal computer, and a central processing unit (CPU) 21 as a central processing unit, a memory 22, a display unit 23 including a liquid crystal display (LCD), an input unit 24 including a keyboard, a mouse and the like, and a storage unit 30 including a mass storage device such as a hard disk and a solid state drive (SSD) are connected to each other. An operating system (OS) 31, a spectrum creation program 32, a genus/species determination program 33, and a subclass determination program 35 (program according to the present invention) are stored in the storage unit 30 and also, a first database 34 and a second database 36 are stored. The microorganism determination unit 20 further includes an interface (I/F) 25 to control direct connection with an external device and connection via a network such as a Local Area Network (LAN) with an external device or the like and is connected to the mass spectrometry unit 10 from the interface 25 via a network cable NW (or wireless LAN).
In
Also, in
A large number of mass lists related to known microorganisms are registered in the first database 34 of the storage unit 30. These mass lists enumerate the mass-to-charge ratios of ions detected upon mass spectrometry of a certain microorganism cell and include, in addition to the information of the mass-to-charge ratios, at least information (classification information) of the classification group to which the microbial cell belongs (family, genus, species, etc.). Such mass lists are desirably created based on data (actual measurement data) obtained by actual mass spectrometry of various microbial cells in advance by the same ionization method and mass separation method as those by the mass spectrometry unit 10.
When creating a mass list from the actual measurement data, a peak appearing in a predetermined mass-to-charge ratio range is first extracted from the mass spectrum acquired as the actual measurement data. At this point, by setting the mass-to-charge ratio range to about 2,000 to 35,000, protein-derived peaks can be mainly extracted. Also, by extracting only peaks whose peak height (relative intensity) is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold, undesirable peaks (noise) can be excluded. Since the ribosomal protein group is expressed in a large amount in the cell, most of the mass-to-charge ratios listed in the mass list can be derived from the ribosomal proteins by setting the threshold appropriately. Then, the mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of the peaks extracted in the above manner are listed for each cell and registered in the first database 34 after adding the classification information and the like. In order to suppress variations in gene expression due to culture conditions, it is desirable to standardize culture conditions in advance for each microbial cell used for collecting actual measurement data.
Information about marker proteins to discriminate known microorganisms at a level lower than the classification level discriminable by the genus/species determination program 33 is registered in the second database 36 of the storage unit 30. That is, information about marker proteins to discriminate the classification subordinate to the genus (species, subspecies, pathogenic type, serotype, strain, etc.) when the genus/species determination program 33 can discriminate the genus of a known microorganism and to discriminate the classification subordinate to the species (subspecies, pathogenic type, serotype, strain, etc.) when the species of a known microorganism can be discriminated is registered. Information about the marker protein includes at least information about the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the marker protein in the known microorganism. In the second database 36 according to the present embodiment, as information about marker proteins to discriminate which of 7 species (Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Listeria innocua (L. innocua), Listeria ivanovii (L. ivanovii), Listeria seeligeri (L. seeligeri), Listeria welshimeri (L. welshimeri), Listeria rocourtiae (L. rocourtiae), and Listeria grayi (L. grayi)) of the genus Listeria the test microorganism is, mass-to-charge ratio values of at least 8 ribosomal proteins, the mass-to-charge ratio value of L24 (m/z 11180.22, 11194.25, 11254.35, 11558.65), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L6 (m/z 19270.04, 19256.01, 19097.81, 19371.01), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L18 (m/z 13096.86, 13110.89, 13082.84, 13066.84), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L15 (m/z 15782.02, 15797.08, 15811.1, 15743.01, 15601.77), the mass-to-charge ratio value of S11 (m/z 13655.65, 13674.66, 13683.67, 13591.66, 13591.67), the mass-to-charge ratio value of S9+Ac (m/z 14283.40, 14359.50, 14302.45, 14372.55, 14330.55), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L31 type B (m/z 9259.36, 9290.34, 9271.3, 9327.44), and the mass-to-charge ratio value of S16 (m/z 10234.94, 10252.97, 10003.54, 10230.88) are stored. The subclass determination program 35 uses at least one of these 8 ribosomal proteins to discriminate which of the 7 bacterial species of Listeria genus is the test microorganism.
Specifically, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S11, and S9, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, and S9, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins S11, S9, L31, and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, L31, and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, L15, and S9, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, S11, and S9, whether or not Listeria monocytogenes is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.
Also, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S16 or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15 and L31, whether or not Listeria innocua is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.
Further, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal proteins S9 and L31, whether or not Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.
Further, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S11, whether or not Listeria seeligeri, is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.
Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S11 or the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S9, whether or not Listeria welshimeri is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.
As described above, the above 8 ribosomal proteins can be used as marker proteins to discriminate the bacterial species of the genus Listeria alone or as a combination of a plurality of ribosomal proteins and therefore, the value of the mass-to-charge ratio is stored in the second database 36 together with information about the bacterial species.
When discriminated that Listeria monocytogenes is contained in the test microorganism, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L24 and L6, the lineage of Listeria monocytogenes can be discriminated. Thus, the ribosomal proteins S9, L24, and L6 can also be used as marker proteins to discriminate Listeria monocytogenes lineage (Lineage), and the ribosomal proteins L24, L18, L15, S11, S9, and L31 can also be used as marker proteins to discriminate the serotype of Listeria monocytogenes. Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratio of these ribosomal proteins are also stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating the lineage and serotype of Listeria monocytogenes.
In addition, when discriminated that Listeria innocua is contained in the test microorganism, the strain of the innocua can be determined based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L18.
Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, whether or not a strain (for example, Listeria innocua ATCC33090T(L.innocuaATCC33090T)) as a group similar to the type strain (reference strain) of Listeria innocua in pattern of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein is contained in the microorganism can be discriminated.
Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, the strains contained in the microorganism can be classified into a group similar to the type strain of Listeria innocua in pattern of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein and a non-similar group.
Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratios of these ribosomal proteins L18, S16, and L31 are also stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating the strain of Listeria innocua.
In addition, when discriminated that Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism, based on at least one of the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L18 and the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L15, the subspecies of Listeria ivanovii can be discriminated.
Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L15 or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, whether or not Listeria ivanovii ivanovii (L.ivanovii ivanovii) as a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism can be discriminated.
Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, and L31, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, 511, and L31, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S9, and L31, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, 511, and L31, whether or not Listeria ivanovii londiniensis (L.ivanovii londiniensis) as a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism can be discriminated.
Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratios of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, L31, L15, and S11 are also stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating the subspecies of Listeria ivanovii.
Also, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, 511, S9, L31, and S16, whether the bacterial species of Listeria bacteria contained in the test microorganism is Listeria grayi or Listeria rocourtiae can be discriminated.
Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratios of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, 511, S9, L31, and S16 are stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating Listeria grayi or Listeria rocourtiae.
The fact that the 8 ribosomal proteins described above can be used for discrimination of bacterial species of the genus Listeria, discrimination of lineage and serotype of Listeria monocytogenes, determination of strains of Listeria innocua and grouping of strains, and discrimination of subspecies of Listeria ivanovii and the like is derived from the result of determining the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins for each bacterial species or each strain of the genus Listeria and attributing the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins of each bacterial species or each strain. For example, with respect to Listeria innocua, ribosomal proteins useful for grouping the strains are selected by comparing the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins of Listeria innocua ATCC33090T (L. innocua ATCC33090T) as the type strain and the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins of Listeria innocua GTCO2960 (L. innocua GTCO2960), which is not the type strain (for details, refer to Examples to be described below,
The value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the marker proteins stored in the second database 36 is desirably selected by comparing the calculated mass obtained by translating the base sequence of each marker protein into an amino acid sequence with the mass-to-charge ratio detected by actual measurement. The base sequence of the marker protein may be, in addition to determining by sequencing, acquired from a public database, for example, a database or the like of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and used. When calculating the calculated mass from the amino acid sequence, it is desirable to consider cleavage of the N-terminal methionine residue as a post-translational modification. More specifically, when the penultimate amino acid residue is Gly, Ala, Ser, Pro, Val, Thr, or Cys, the theoretical value is calculated assuming that the N-terminal methionine is cleaved. In addition, molecules added with protons are actually observed by MALDI-TOF MS and thus, it is desirable to determine the calculated mass by factoring in protons (that is, the theoretical value of the mass-to-charge ratio of ions obtained when each protein is analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS).
Note that a portion or all of the information about the marker proteins stored in the second database 36 may also be stored in the first database 34.
The discrimination procedure of bacterial species of the genus Listeria using a microorganism discrimination system according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in
First, the user prepares a sample containing constituent components of a test microorganism and sets the sample to the mass spectrometry unit 10 to perform mass spectrometry. At this point, in addition to a cell extract or a cellular component such as a ribosomal protein purified from a cell extract, bacterial cells or a cell suspension may be used as it is.
The spectrum creation program 32 acquires a detection signal obtained from the detector 14 of the mass spectrometry unit 10 via the interface 25 and creates a mass spectrum of the test microorganism based on the detection signal (step S101).
Next, the genus/species determination program 33 checks the mass spectrum of the test microorganism against a mass list of known microorganisms recorded in the first database 34 and extracts a mass list of known microorganisms having a mass-to-charge ratio pattern similar to the mass spectrum of the test microorganism, for example, a mass list including peaks that coincide with each peak in the mass spectrum of the test microorganism within a predetermined error range (step S102). Subsequently, the genus/species determination program 33 refers to the classification information stored in the first database 34 in association with the mass list extracted in step S102, thereby determining the classification (genus or species) of the known microorganism corresponding to the mass list (step S103). If the test microorganism is not bacteria belonging to the genus Listeria, or the test microorganism is a bacterium belonging to the genus Listeria and the bacterial species thereof is determined (No in step S104), the classification is output the display unit 23 as a classification of the test microorganism (step S112) before the discrimination processing is terminated. On the other hand, if the species is a bacterium belonging to the genus Listeria and the bacterial species thereof is unknown (Yes in step S104), then the processing proceeds to the discrimination processing by the subclass determination program 35. If it is determined in advance that the sample contains Listeria bacteria by other methods, the processing may proceed to the subclass determination program 35 without using the genus/species determination program using a mass spectrum.
In the subclass determination program 35, first the subclass determination unit 39 reads the mass-to-charge ratio values of the 8 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 as marker proteins from the second database 36 (step S105). Subsequently, the spectrum acquisition unit 37 acquires the mass spectrum of the test microorganism created in step S101. Then, the m/z reading unit 38 selects peaks appearing in the mass-to-charge ratio range stored in the second database 36 in association with each of the marker proteins on the mass spectrum as peaks corresponding to each of the marker proteins and reads the mass-to-charge ratios thereof (step S106). Then, the cluster analysis is performed using the read mass-to-charge ratio as an index. More specifically, the subclass determination unit 39 compares the mass-to-charge ratio with the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of each marker protein read out from the second database 36 and determines the attribution of the protein with respect to the read mass-to-charge ratio (Step S107). Then, the cluster analysis is performed based on the determined attribution to determine the species of the test microorganism (step S108), and the determined species is output to the display unit 23 as the discrimination result of the test microorganisms (step S109).
In the foregoing, an embodiment to carry out the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment and appropriate modifications are permitted within the scope of the spirit of the present invention.
For example, in the above embodiment, for convenience of description, to which species of the genus Listeria the test microorganism belongs is determined and then, the serotype and lineage of Listeria monocytogenes are discriminated, but the determination and the discrimination may be performed simultaneously. Also, the discrimination of serotypes and lineage of bacterial species of Listeria monocytogenes may be omitted.
Hereinafter, an experiment conducted to demonstrate the selection procedure of marker proteins in the present invention and the effect of the present invention will be described.
In order to construct a protein mass database, 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, two strains of Listeria innocua, two strains of Listeria ivanovii, three strains of Listeria seeligeri, one strain of each of Listeria welshimeri, Listeria grayi (L. grayi, and Listeria rocourtiae, and so 24 strains in total were used (
The DNA sequence of the ribosomal protein encoded into the S10-spc-alpha operon and the ribosomal protein genes of biomarker candidates was sequenced by DNA sequencing with a primer designed based on the consensus sequence upstream and downstream of the target region of a genome sequencing strain. More specifically, the genomes were extracted from various strains of the genus Listeria shown in
Further, a mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein was calculated from the amino acid sequence obtained by translating the DNA base sequence of the ribosomal protein gene determined as described above and the mass of each amino acid shown in
Bacterial cells were recovered from the Brain Heart Infusion liquid medium or agar medium, and about 3 colonies of bacterial cells were suspended in 0.5 mL of 70% ethanol. The suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 2 minutes, and the obtained bacterial cell pellet was dried in a vacuum drier for 5 minutes to evaporate the ethanol. 10 μL of 35% formic acid was added to the dried pellet and stirred, which was obtained as an analysis sample. 1.5 μL of the analysis sample was added to 10 μL of a sinapinic acid matrix agent (solution containing 20 mg/mL sinapinic acid (Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) in a solution of 50v/v % acetonitrile and lv/v % trifluoroacetic acid) and sufficiently mixed. Then, 1.5 μL of the mixed solution was dropped on a sample plate and allowed to air dry. For the MALDI-TOF MS measurement, an AXIMA microorganism identification system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto City, Japan) was used and the sample was measured in the positive linear mode and in the spectral range of 2000 m/z to 35000 m/z. The theoretical mass value calculated by the above method was matched with the measured mass-to-charge ratio with a tolerance of 500 ppm and appropriately corrected. For the calibration of the AXIMA microorganism identification system, the Escherichia coli DH5a strain was used.
(4) Construction of a Protein Mass Database for Discrimination of Listeria monocytogenes
With respect to the above 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, the theoretical mass value of the ribosomal protein described above was checked against the peak chart obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement and regarding the ribosomal proteins that could be actually detected, it was confirmed that there was no difference between the theoretical mass value and the actual measurement value. Next, the ribosomal proteins encoded into the S10-spc-alpha operon and other ribosomal proteins of the biomarker candidates were examined for the relationship between Listeria monocytogenes strain or serotype and the mass-to-charge ratio. The result is shown in
As can be seen from
The DNA base sequences of 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313T, JCM 2873, JCM 7671, JCM 7672, JCM 7673, JCM 7674, JCM 7675, JCM 7676, JCM 7677, JCM 7678, JCM 7680, JCM 7683, ATCC 51772, and ATCC 19115) and two strains of Listeria seeligeri (JCM 7679 and JCM 7682) are as follows.
SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16: DNA base sequence of L3 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 32: DNA base sequence of L4 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 48: DNA base sequence of L23 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 64: DNA base sequence of L2 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 65 to 80: DNA base sequence of L24 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 81 to 96: DNA sequence of L6 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 97 to 112: DNA nucleotide sequence of L18 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 128: the DNA nucleotide sequence of S5 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 129 to 144: DNA base sequence of L15 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 145 to 160: DNA base sequence of S13 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 161 to 176: DNA base sequence of S11 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 177 to 192: DNA base sequence of L10 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 193 to 208: DNA base sequence of L21 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 209 to 224: DNA nucleotide sequence of L13 in the above 16 strains.
SEQ ID NOs: 225 to 240: DNA sequence of S9 in the above 16 strains.
However, among the above 15 ribosomal proteins, L3, L4, L23, L2, L10, and L21 have one or more strains having a difference in theoretical mass value from other strains of 500 ppm or more and are considered as biomarker candidates to be used for discrimination of the strains, the peak shape was unclear or the peak intensity was insufficient and so it was not possible to detect the peak and therefore, these ribosomal proteins are considered to be inappropriate as stable biomarkers.
In addition, though ribosomal proteins S5 and L13 were able to detect peaks in MALDI-TOF MS measurement, the difference in theoretical mass value from other strains was 500 ppm or less, which makes the ribosomal proteins inappropriate as biomarkers. Further, S13 (m/z 13578.69 or 13552.65) overlaps with the peak of another ribosomal protein L20 (m/z 13552.08) and both peaks cannot be distinguished so S13 is still inappropriate as a biomarker.
On the other hand, 6 ribosomal proteins, L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9+Ac, were detected in a stable manner regardless of the strain and the difference in theoretical mass value from other strains was 500 ppm or more and so were considered to be useful as biomarkers. Therefore, in the present embodiment, these 6 ribosomal proteins were used as biomarkers for discriminating the serotype or strain (or lineage) of Listeria monocytogenes in MALDI-TOF MS measurement.
The 6 biomarkers L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9+Ac, which have been shown to be useful for discriminating serotypes or strains of Listeria monocytogenes, were detected in a stable manner in all the strains of Listeria monocytogenes in MALDI-TOF MS measurement and thus, it was expected that the peaks of these proteins are likely to be detected in a stable manner in the same way even for samples of different species of the genus Listeria.
Thus, with respect to 10 strains of 6 species of Listeria grayi, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria rocourtiae, Listeria seeligeri, and Listeria welshimeri that were available from public distributors of the genus Listeria, the theoretical mass values of the 6 marker proteins were calculated by the method described above. As a result of MALDI-TOF MS measurement on these 10 strains, the peaks of the above 6 proteins were detected in a stable manner. In addition to the above 6 biomarkers, it was found that the ribosomal proteins L31 type B and S16 detected as distinct mass peaks showed characteristic peak masses depending on the species of the genus Listeria. Therefore, these two ribosomal proteins are also considered to be biomarkers that can be used to discriminate species of the genus Listeria, and a table of theoretical mass values for discrimination of species of the genus Listeria with respect to 8 ribosomal proteins newly including L31 type B (m/z 9259.36, 9290.34, 9327.44, or 9271.3) and S16 (m/z 10234.94, 10252.97, 10230.88, or 10003.54), in addition to the above 6 ribosomal proteins (L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9), was created (
The 56th amino acid of the ribosomal protein S11 of Listeria grayi has been specifically changed to lysine and further, in the result of MALDI-TOF MS measurement, the mass peak was observed at the position where the mass of the methyl group (CH3) was added. From the above, the theoretical mass value was calculated assuming that S11 of Listeria grayi was methylated. Also, since S11 of Listeria rocourtiae (L. rocourtiae was observed to have a peak at a position larger than the theoretical mass value by about 17 in m/z, 17 was added to the theoretical mass value. Further, with respect to S16, theoretical values were calculated from the sequence information of genome-sequenced strains, and it was confirmed that the theoretical values are not different from the measured values of the strains actually measured this time. In addition, two patterns of DNA sequences were registered in S16 of Listeria monocytogenes, but the amino acid sequences matched.
The DNA base sequences of the above 8 ribosomal proteins determined in the above manner in 8 strains of 6 species are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 241 to 304 in the sequence listing. The outline of the sequence corresponding to each sequence number is as follows.
SEQ ID NOs: 241 to 248: DNA bae sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC 33090T of Listeria innocua. The strain ATCC 33090T is the type strain (standard strain) of Listeria innocua.
SEQ ID NOs: 249 to 256: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain GTCO2960 of Listeria innocua.
SEQ ID NOs: 257 to 264: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain JCM7681 of Listeria ivanovii ivanovii.
SEQ ID NOs: 265 to 272: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC44954 of Listeria ivanovii londiniensis.
SEQ ID NOs: 273 to 280: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC35967T of Listeria seeligeri.
SEQ ID NOs: 281 to 288: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain GTC02963 of Listeria welshimeri.
SEQ ID NOs: 289 to 296: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain GTC16429T of Listeria rocourtiae.
SEQ ID NOs: 297 to 304: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC19120T of Listeria grayi.
The mass pattern of the protein was analyzed by the fingerprint method using SARAMIS (trademark, Spectral Archive and Microbial Identification System), and it was confirmed that all the strains were bacteria of the genus Listeria. Subsequently, profile data was created by evaluating those having the mass-to-charge ratio of the peak on the mass spectrum of each strain matching the mass-to-charge ratio of a biomarker protein without mutation as “1”, those that did not match as “2” to “5” (2 to 5 indicate mutually different mass-to-charge ratios), and those in which no peak corresponding to the biomarker protein was present as “0”. This data was imported into PAST software (Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway) and cluster-analyzed by the proximity coupling method using the Kimura algorithm. In addition, a phylogenetic tree (
(7) Identification of the Strain or Serotype/Lineage of Listeria monocytogenes
By associating the mass-to-charge ratio of a peak obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement with the theoretical mass values of the above 6 ribosomal proteins, the attribution of the type of protein from which the peak was derived was analyzed to identify the strain of Listeria monocytogenes. For the analysis of attribution of protein types, software for discriminating bacteria was developed and used based on S10-GERMS (S10-spc-alpha operon Gene Encoded Ribosomal protein Mass Spectrum) method (see Patent Literature 3).
First, the above software was activated to register the theoretical mass value for each strain of the 6 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9+Ac (the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L24 (m/z 11180.22, 11194.25, 11254.35), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L6 (m/z 19270.08(19270.80), 19256.01), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L18 (m/z 13096.86, 13110.89), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L15 (m/z 15782.02, 15797.08), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein S11 (m/z 13655.65, 13674.66), and the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein S9+Ac (m/z 14283.40, 14359.50, 14302.45)). Two theoretical mass values m/z 19270.08 and 19270.04 of L6 having a mass difference of 500 ppm or less were deemed not to be distinguishable from each other and so were registered as m/z 19270.08.
Next, mass spectrum data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement was analyzed for each strain to examine whether or not the peak corresponding to a biomarker was correctly attributed to the theoretical mass value of the registered biomarker. As a result, as shown in
From the above, it is verified that L24 (m/z 11180.22, 11194.25, 11254.35), L6 (m/z 19270.08, 19256.01), L18 (m/z 13096.86, 13110.89), L15 (m/z 15782.02, 15797.08, 15668.86), S11 (m/z 13655.65, 13674.66) and S9+Ac (m/z 14283.40, 14359.50, or 14302.45) are useful marker proteins for discrimination of the serotype and lineage of Listeria monocytogenes in MALDI-TOF MS measurement. In addition, accurate masses of these marker proteins were calculated from these genetic information and these marker proteins were also checked against actual measurement values and therefore, it became clear that a mass database with high reliability can be constructed.
The species of the genus Listeria was discriminated using SARAMIS and the species of the genus Listeria was discriminated by cluster analysis using the theoretical mass values of 8 ribosomal proteins shown in
Next, based on the database of theoretical mass values shown in
When the actual measurement values of 8 ribosomal proteins were compared with the theoretical values and attributed, the results shown in
As can be seen from
A dendrogram (lineage diagram) showing the attribution result using the 8 ribosomal proteins shown in
In the above embodiment, the second database 36 was caused to store the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins as marker proteins to discriminate which of the 7 bacterial species of the genus Listeria the test microorganism belongs to, but in the above embodiment, the second database 36 may also be caused to store the total of 17 ribosomal proteins, 15 ribosomal proteins (L3, L4, L23, L2, L24, L6, L18, S5, L15, S13, S11, L10, L21, L13, and S9) found in the process of constructing a protein mass database to discriminate Listeria monocytogenes and two ribosomal proteins (L31 (L31 type B), and S16) found in the process of constructing a protein mass database to discriminate the bacterial species other than Listeria monocytogenes, so that the subclass determination program 35 uses at least one of 17 ribosomal proteins to discriminate which of the bacterial species of the genus Listeria the test microorganism belongs to.
Further, in the above embodiment, the lineage of Listeria monocytogenes is discriminated by cluster analysis, but the lineage may also be discriminated by comparing the actual measurement value of one or more ribosomal proteins with the theoretical mass value. For example, the lineage may be discriminated from actual measurement values of mass peaks corresponding to the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, and S9. In particular, the ribosomal proteins L24 and L6 are useful as marker proteins to distinguish between a lineage I and other lineages, because a unique mass shift was observed in the lineage I of Listeria monocytogenes.
Further, distinct peaks could be detected in MALDI-TOF MS measurements of the ribosomal protein L18 and a unique mass shift was observed in Listeria seeligeri. Therefore, the ribosomal protein L18 may be used as a marker protein to discriminate Listeria seeligeri.
Also, the ribosomal protein S16 having a mass-to-charge ratio characteristic of L. innocua and the ribosomal protein S9 capable of discriminating a strain of Listeria seeligeri are useful as biomarkers to discriminate species of the genus Listeria. In addition, the ribosomal proteins L18, L15 become useful marker proteins to discriminate subspecies of Listeria ivanovii, and the ribosomal protein S11 becomes a useful marker protein to discriminate Listeria welshimeri.
This application is a Rule 53(b) Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/089,922 filed Sep. 28, 2018, which is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2016/060868 filed Mar. 31, 2016, the respective disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16089922 | Sep 2018 | US |
| Child | 18059404 | US |
