Patent Application
20160162613
This application claims priority to Russian Application No. 2014149435 filed Dec. 9, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates to geophysics, in particular, to methods of seismic exploration.
Seismic exploration uses artificially induced elastic waves to identify boundaries of rock formations with different elastic properties. Seismic exploration is used for finding oil and natural gas fields, as well as for conducting various investigations of underground strata. The most widespread method of seismic exploration is the reflection method. Currently, this method is used for exploration of deposits of oil, gas and other minerals. In the reflection method, a seismic wave excited by explosion or mechanical impact propagates from a seismic signal source and travels through several reflecting boundaries in the earth crust, i.e. boundary surfaces of the rocks. A reflected wave is generated at each boundary, which travels back to the location where receivers are installed. Historically, source location is called an excitation surface, and receiver location is called an acquisition surface. It is also possible to use the terms “an excitation region” and “a reception region”; one has to keep in mind that excitation and acquisition can be carried out near the Earth or sea surface. In downhole seismic acquisition, excitation and reception regions are represented as excitation and reception lines.
Source and receiver locations can be different, depending on seismic acquisition conditions. For example, for onshore seismic acquisition, where seismic signals are emitted from shallow wells drilled 5-10 m from surface, seismic receivers are placed directly on surface, which in this case acts as an acquisition surface. For offshore seismic acquisition, where signal sources are submerged 5-10 m below sea surface, seismic receivers are also submerged under the sea surface, often at greater depths than the signal sources. In this case, acquisition surface is at some depth below the sea surface. For seismic acquisition in wells, sources are normally placed on the Earth surface or lowered in shallow wells, while the receivers are run into deep wells for registering seismic fields at a depth (rather than on surface). Location of seismic receiver in a well will be the acquisition surface in this case. Sometimes seismic sources can be disposed in a well, while receivers are placed on the Earth surface or also in wells.
Recording of seismic signals traveling from one source at the shotpoint (SP) is provided by multiple receivers or a receiver array, which are installed at different distances from SP. Using multiple receivers for recording seismic signals depends on the acquisition technology and economic factors, as it involves recording from multiple locations during a minimum time and at a minimum cost. Relative position of the seismic receivers and seismic signals sources (or SP) is called an acquisition system.
When planning locations of seismic receivers and seismic sources in the investigated area, several different factors should be taken into consideration, such as geological objective, anticipated quality seismic acquisition (i.e. seismic exploration), availability of equipment and whether the equipment can be installed on acquisition surface or in wells, economic factor and time factor. To optimize the acquisition system from the point of view of geological objective, seismic sources and seismic receivers should be placed so that the investigated reflecting boundaries would be displayed (illuminated) and their spatial position could be determined with as little error as possible.
In order to reduce ambiguity of identifying geological features, acquisition systems are used with redundant seismic sources and receivers, placed at a high density (Urupov A. K., Fundamentals of 3D seismic: Manual for higher education institutions.—Moscow: FSUE Oil and Gas Publishing House, 2004, p. 27-70).
Evaluation of a proposed acquisition system includes determining sizes of a reflecting element of the investigated object, called bin. Bin is an elementary fragment of the planned acquisition system. One bin corresponds to one trace obtained as a result of seismic image data processing. For 2D acquisition systems, a bin is a linear section located along the seismic receiver line. Normally, bin size is 10, 20, 25 or 30 m, depending on quality specifications of a seismic survey. For 3D acquisition systems, bin is normally a rectangle. Normally, bin size is 20×20 m, 25×20 m, or other depending on acquisition configuration. Acquisition systems can be irregular, with different bin sizes and shapes. But from the point of view of seismic acquisition horizontal resolution, bin size defines minimum dimensions of geological features identified in seismic survey with the selected acquisition system and bin size.
The second important parameter of a seismic acquisition configuration is a fold number. The fold number is defined as a number of various rays reflected from a fragment of boundary whose size is equal to one bin. Existing methods of acquisition system optimization solve two tasks: increasing of the fold number and maintaining a uniform spatial distribution of deletions in bins. When planning a borehole acquisition system, increasing of the fold number is usually achieved by increasing a number of shotpoints and optimal location of shotpoints on the Earth surface. Therefore, approaches to planning seismic surveys are mostly focused on the selection of an optimum step between the SP locations, i.e. distances between the seismic signal sources (Urupov A. K. Fundamentals of 3D seismic: Manual for higher education institutions.—Moscow: FSUE Oil and Gas Publishing House, 2004, p. 46-52).
Traditional approaches to planning acquisition systems in seismic exploration are based on rigid selection of acquisition parameters to provide sufficient redundancy of the acquisition systems. These core acquisition parameters are a fold number and a bin size. It is believed that redundant acquisition density allows operators to avoid errors during the actual shooting. Normally, the parameters which can be varied during acquisition system planning are minimum and maximum distances between sources and receivers. To calculate the fold number and other parameters, a flat-boundary medium model can be used. It is rather a substantial simplification, which often leads to incorrect solutions. Using conventional approaches with multiple model runs, it is very difficult and time-consuming to find optimum locations of seismic sources on the excitation surface.
The proposed method provides for an improved quality of seismic survey with a required fold number by uniform illumination of target objects, saving costs of conducting field work because no repeated acquisitions are required.
According to the proposed method, a standard acquisition system is selected, the system comprises seismic signal sources disposed on an excitation surface and seismic signal receivers disposed on an acquisition surface, then a fold number is specified. A bin size is selected for a reflecting boundary, and the reflecting boundary is broken down into bins with the selected size. Ray tracing from each seismic signal source to each bin at the reflecting boundary and elongating of a reflected ray from the reflecting boundary to the acquisition surface are performed by computer simulation. A density of the seismic receivers location at the acquisition surface is calculated using a computer program. Then, based on the calculated seismic signal receiver location density, the seismic receivers are disposed at the acquisition surface for the selected seismic acquisition system providing the specified fold number.
The invention is explained by the drawings.
The method involves a ray-path computer simulation and calculating seismic signal receivers positions using a computer program based on known information about a geological object being studied (a reflecting boundary).
According to an embodiment of the invention, a standard acquisition system is selected, the system comprising a specified number of seismic signal sources and receivers disposed at some spacing (allowable for seismic equipment) in a borehole, on Earth or sea surface.
Then a required fold number is specified and a bin size is selected for a reflecting boundary. The bin size can be within certain limits, depending on frequency bank of the excited seismic signal and position of the geological object. The bin size is selected according to the size of first Fresnel zone (RF), calculated for a given model of the medium for the simplest acquisition system using common formulas (e.g., Zavalishin B. R. On sizes of boundary fragment generating reflected wave. Applied geophysics. Nedra, 1975, p. 77, or Goertz A., Milligan P., Karrenbach M., Paulsson B. Houston: Optimized 3D VSP survey geometry based on Fresnel zone estimates, SEG Annual Meeting, 2005. p. 2641-2645. VSP 2.5).
Seismic bin size is reflected in a spatial sampling step of the observed data processing results. In this case, the “degree of similarity” or correlation of two adjacent traces on the seismic data mainly depends on the selected bin size. Two seismic signals reflected from the adjacent bins will coincide if the bin size is less than (RF/7), therefore, this value defines a lower limit of the bin size. The bin size larger than (RF/2) is not feasible since the difference in the signals on adjacent tracks can be more than 25% of the total energy. Therefore, the optimal bin size (B) for seismic acquisition planning should be within the range:
No criteria is defined for selecting bin size within this range: such criteria may be economic constraints or constraints associated with duration of seismic survey.
Thus, the following apriori information should be used for implementing the proposed method:
Then the reflecting boundary, for which an acquisition system needs to be calculated, is broken down into bins of the specified size.
A computer simulation (see, for example, Alekseyev A. S., Gelchinsky B. Ya. On ray-path method of calculating wavefields in heterogeneous media with curvilinear interface boundaries. In book: Issues of dynamic theory of wave propagation. Issue III, Leningrad, Leningrad State University Publishing House, p. 107-160) is used for ray tracing from the seismic sources to each bin on the reflecting boundary and the reflected beams are continued to the specified acquisition surface. Ray tracing is understood to be any algorithm which is used for connecting two points in the space of a velocity model. It is unimportant what spatial properties are used. For example, a medium can be isotropic or anisotropic, as well as homogeneous or heterogeneous. What is important, however, is to obtain and use information on ingoing and outgoing angles of the rays in the model.
Each ray is traced to the reflecting boundary, is reflected, and continued to the acquisition surface. Three points are defined for each ray: a starting point of a ray, an exit point of the ray to the acquisition surface and the ray reflection point from the reflecting boundary. Thus, a system of rays is created connecting starting points of the ray with each bin (on the reflecting boundary) and with the surface where ray final points are located.
The resultant ray family is used for calculating optimal seismic receiver positions on the acquisition surface providing the specified fold number distribution.
The surface area with the ray final point positions is been fragmented into blocks similar to the bins on the reflecting boundary. The blocks dimension size dictates the smoothing power of the acquisition system optimization. Minimum recommended surface blocks size is twice bigger than bin size.
To find an optimal position of the receivers on the surface providing the specified fold number df, we have to find a correlation between the boundary and the Earth surface. The correlation will be defined by a connection matrix C, sizes N×M, where N—a number of grid cells on the Earth surface, and M—a number of bins identified on the reflecting boundary. Elements of the connection matrix Cij=k define fold number k in the bin connection j on the reflecting boundary and zone i on the Earth surface. Number k defines the number of rays reflected from the bin j and coming to the surface within a grid area i.
Cijds=df
The specified massif df can reflect fold number along the profile or specify fold number map for a 3D seismic acquisition system. Similarly, the seismic receiver distribution density derived from the equation can be either a density along the line, or characterize areal locations of the receivers on the Earth surface. A solution to the equation system is sought with a limitation to the vector dS. All elements of the vector should be positive as they define the density of receiver distribution on the acquisition surface. It means that value dSi, linked to the i-th cell, is equal to the number of rays ending in the given cell. Using calculated density dS, an optimal position of seismic receivers is calculated at the next step.
In this case, the optimal criteria for an acquisition system is the specified fold number at the specified geologic boundary.
At this stage, calculation of seismic receiver positions is made for the selected acquisition system and the calculated density dS. Another system can be selected, for example, a spiral system where the receivers are placed at different distances from each other. The distances are controlled by a spiral step and a distance between the points located on the spiral. A base map (line scheme) for placement of seismic receivers can be determined in advance.
The problem of distributing the points can be solved using any standard methods, such as direct calculation, trial and error method, or Monte Carlo method.
Additional conditions or additional optimal criteria can be applied when planning the acquisition system, such as:
Possibility of introducing additional optimization conditions is an important advantage of the proposed method. Restrictions on ray trajectories are imposed at the ray tracing stage. In this case, the collection of rays on which the connection matrix Cij is created will only contain rays that satisfy the imposed restrictions.
Optimization with the advantages of one rays over another rays is achieved by introducing normalization in the linear equation system. Such method is a standard approach in linear equation system problems (see, for example, Lowson C, Henson R. Numerical solution to the least square method, Moscow, Nauka, 1986, p.137-152).
Let us consider an example of disposing seismic receivers for a 3D VSP seismic survey. A homogeneous medium with a constant velocity and a horizontal reflecting boundary is selected as an initial model.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014149435 | Dec 2014 | RU | national |
