Patent Application
20220341992
This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 21170062.0, filed Apr. 23, 2021, and titled “METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE OPERATING CONDITIONS OF A SWITCHING APPARATUS”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure relates to the technical field of electric power distribution grids. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method for estimating the operating conditions of a switching apparatus of an electric power distribution grid during its operating life.
Electric power distribution grids are commonly equipped with switching apparatuses designed to enable specific grid portions to properly operate by selectively managing the electrical connection of said grid portions with the remaining grid.
As it is known, in operation, a switching apparatus carries out closing and opening maneuvers to allow or prevent a current to flow along an electric line.
At each opening maneuver, a number of breaking components of the switching apparatus are subject to wear or damages due to fact that electric arcs normally raise between the electric contacts under separation and a certain amount of electric energy (arc energy) has necessarily to be dissipated to complete the opening maneuver.
For this reason, a switching apparatus is normally subject to maintenance interventions directed to checking the operating conditions of the breaking components and replacing possible damaged parts.
Maintenance of switching apparatuses of an electric grid is often carried out routinely, for example on the basis of a regular time scheduling or the number of operations carried out.
This approach, however, may lead to unnecessary intervention costs and service outages as some switching apparatuses may be still in condition to perform well, when they are subject to maintenance.
On the other hand, a periodic maintenance of the switching apparatus may equally lead to sudden faults and unexpected service interruptions of the switching apparatus if anomalous operating conditions are not discovered in a timely manner.
In general, it is quite difficult to understand when a switching apparatus really needs a maintenance intervention as the actual level of wear or damages, to which the breaking components of a switching apparatus are subject, depends on a number of factors linked to the specific history of the switching apparatus, such as the number of opening maneuvers carried out, the operating conditions in which each opening maneuver has been carried out, and the like.
In the market, there is a large demand for solutions allowing to plan predictive maintenance on switching apparatuses of electric power distribution grids, so that maintenance interventions are more effective and, at the same time, really needed to prevent sudden and unexpected service outages without bearing unnecessary costs.
In order to respond to this need, the present disclosure provides a method for estimating the operating conditions of a switching apparatus, according to the following claim 1 and the related dependent claims.
The method, according to the present disclosure, includes performing, upon the execution of an opening maneuver by said switching apparatus, the following steps:
In some embodiments, said second estimation value is calculated, for each electric phase, as the sum of the first estimation values calculated for each opening maneuver carried out by said switching apparatus.
In some embodiments, the method, according to the present disclosure, includes the step of providing an alarm signal, if it is determined that anomalous conditions present are in said switching apparatus.
In some embodiments, said step of adjusting one or more lumped parameters of said lumped-parameter model includes the steps of:
In some embodiments, the method, according to the present disclosure, is performed for opening maneuvers carried out by said switching apparatus in any operating conditions.
In some cases, however, the method, according to the present disclosure, may be performed only for opening maneuvers carried out by said switching apparatus in short-circuit conditions or overload conditions or both.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a computer program, according to the following claim 9.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a computerized device, according to the following claim 10.
Further characteristics and advantages of the present disclosure shall emerge more clearly from the description of preferred but not exclusive embodiments illustrated purely by way of example and without limitation in the attached drawings.
With reference to the mentioned figures, the present disclosure relates to a method for estimating the operating conditions of a switching apparatus installed in an electric line 100.
In general, the grid sector 200 may operate at low or medium voltage levels.
Within the framework of the present disclosure, the term “low voltage” relates to operational voltages up to 1.2 kV AC and 1.5 kV DC whereas the term “medium voltage” relates to operational voltages higher than 1.2 kV AC and 1.5 kV DC up to several tens of kV, e.g. up to 72 kV AC and 100 kV DC.
The grid sector 200 is electrically connected to an electric power source 300, which may be of any type, for example an electric power utility grid or another section of electric power distribution grid.
The grid sector 200 includes a number of electric lines 100 electrically connecting different grid portions or grid levels. Each electric line 100 has one or more of electric phases, normally three electric phases.
The grid sector 200 includes a number of switching apparatuses CB1, . . . , CBN, each adapted to control a current flow along a corresponding electric line 100. The switching apparatuses CB1, . . . , CBN are thus adapted to disconnect or connect different grid portions or grid levels of the grid sector 200.
Each switching apparatus CB1, . . . , CBN includes, for each electric phase, a number of breaking components (e.g. electric contacts, arc-breaking plates, arc runners, polymeric arc quenching parts, and the like), which may be conveniently accommodated in a suitable arc chamber or electric pole.
In particular, each switching apparatus CB1, . . . , CBN includes, for each electric phase, at least a pair of electric contacts CA, CB that can be coupled or separated to allow or prevent a current to flow through the switching apparatus and the corresponding electric line 100.
Each switching apparatus CB1, . . . , CBN can carry out a closing maneuver to move its electric contacts CA, CB from an uncoupled state to a coupled state and an opening maneuver to move its electric contacts CA, CB from a coupled state to an uncoupled state.
In general, the switching apparatuses CB1, . . . , CBN of the grid sector 200 may be of known type and they may include, for example, circuit breakers, disconnectors, contactors, switches, switch-disconnectors, or the like. For this reason, hereinafter, they will not be described in further details for the sake of brevity.
Each switching apparatus CB1, . . . , CBN includes or is operatively coupled to a controller T1, . . . , TP configured to control the operation of the switching apparatus.
In some embodiments, the controllers T1, . . . , TP are configured to detect, for each electric phase, detection values indicative of the current flowing through the switching apparatuses operatively coupled thereto, in particular when said switching apparatuses carry out an opening maneuver. To this aim, they may include or be coupled to current sensor means of known type, such as current transformers, Rogowski coils, Hall sensors or the like.
The controllers T1, . . . , TP of the grid sector 200 may be of known type and they may trip units, electronic relays, IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), or the like. For this reason, hereinafter, they will not be described in further details for the sake of brevity.
In general, the grid sector 200 may include a number of electric loads L1, . . . , LM, each of which consumes a corresponding amount of electric power provided by the electric power source 300, and possibly, a number of electric power generators G1, . . . , GR, each of which provides a corresponding amount of electric power.
The electric loads L1, . . . , LM and the electric power generators G1, . . . , GR of the grid sector 200 may be of known type and they will not be described in further details for the sake of brevity.
As mentioned above, the method, according to the present disclosure, is directed to estimating the operating conditions of a switching apparatus installed in an electric line.
For the sake of simplicity, the method, according to the present disclosure, is now described referring to a three-phase switching apparatus CB1 installed in an electric line 100 of the grid sector 200, as shown in
It is intended, however, that the method, according to the present disclosure, may be carried out for any switching apparatus of an electric power distribution grid.
The method of the present disclosure is carried out following the execution of an opening maneuver OM by the switching apparatus CB1.
In principle, the method of the present disclosure may refer to each opening maneuver carried out by the switching apparatus CB1, independently of the operating conditions, in which said opening maneuver is executed.
Notwithstanding the above, according to some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure may be performed only for the opening maneuvers carried out in specific operating conditions, namely in short-circuit conditions or overload conditions or both short-circuit and overload conditions.
For the sake of clarity, it is specified that:
The above-mentioned approach finds its technical ground in the circumstance that the level of wear or damages of the above-mentioned breaking components highly depends on the operating conditions in which the opening maneuver is carried out. As an example, electric stresses on breaking components are definitely much higher when the opening maneuver is carried out in short-circuit conditions.
The method of the present disclosure may therefore refer mainly to the opening maneuvers carried out in short-circuit conditions (and possibly in overload conditions) since these opening maneuvers mostly contribute to damaging the breaking components of the switching apparatus.
The method, according to the present disclosure, includes a step of acquiring, following the above-mentioned opening maneuver OM, detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] indicative of a current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing through the switching apparatus CB1 during said opening maneuver.
In a practical implementation of the method of the present disclosure, the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] are conveniently provided by a controller T1 included in or operatively coupled to the switching apparatus CB1. To this aim, the controller T1 may include or be coupled to suitable current sensor means of known type, as mentioned above.
Contextually to the acquisition of the detection values [ID], the method, according to the present disclosure, includes a step of providing a lumped-parameter model M describing, for each electric phase, the behavior of the switching apparatus CB1 during the opening maneuver OM.
The lumped-parameter model M is configured to describe, for each electric phase, the behavior of the switching apparatus in terms of ordinary differential equations (with a finite number of parameters) during the opening maneuver OM, in particular to describe the behavior of the current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing through the switching apparatus and of the voltage [V]=[V1arc, V2arc, V3arc] between the electric contacts CA, CB under separation of the switching apparatus.
Conveniently, the lumped-parameter model M includes, for each electric phase, a set of adjustable lumped parameters [E]=[E1, E2, E3], [R1=R2, R3], [L]=[L1, L2, L3].
Basing on the input values assigned to said lumped parameters, the lumped-parameter model M provides in output, for each electric phase, first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] indicative of the current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing through switching apparatus and second simulation values [VS]=[V1S, V2S, V3S] indicative of the voltage [V]=[V1arc, V2arc, V3arc] between the electric contacts CA, CB of the switching apparatus, during the opening maneuver OM.
The adoption of the above-mentioned lumped parameter model M finds its technical ground in the following considerations.
In order to calculate the electric energy (arc energy) released during an opening maneuver of the switching apparatus, it is necessary to know, for each electric phase, the behavior of the current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing along the switching apparatus and of the voltage [V]=[V1arc, V2arc, V3arc] between the electric contacts CA, CB under separation of the switching apparatus, during said opening maneuver.
The current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing through the switching apparatus CB1 during an opening maneuver can be directly measured through suitable current sensing means, as mentioned above. Instead, a direct measurement, for each electric phase, of the voltage [V]=[V1arc, V2arc, V3arc] between the electric contacts CA, CB of the switching apparatus, during an opening maneuver of the switching apparatus, is generally not allowed by international standards for obvious safety reasons, since such a measurement would jeopardize the galvanic separation between the electric contacts.
The above-mentioned lumped parameter model M allows solving this problem as it can describe the behavior of these physical quantities, during an opening maneuver of the switching apparatus, without carrying out any direct voltage measurement.
Obviously, in order to achieve this result, the above-mentioned lumped parameters of the lumped-parameter model M needs to be suitably adjusted at each opening maneuver of the switching apparatus, which is taken into consideration, in such a way to describe correctly the behavior of the electric line 100 during said opening maneuver.
The method, according to the present disclosure, therefore includes a step of adjusting, for each electric phase, one or more lumped parameters of the lumped-parameter model M in such a way that the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] calculated by the lumped-parameter model M match the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D].
In practice, in this step of the method of the present disclosure, the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] indicative of the actual behavior of the current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing along the switching apparatus, during the opening maneuver OM, are used to calibrate the above-mentioned parameters [E], [R], [L] of the lumped-parameter model M in such a way this latter correctly describes the behavior of the electric line 100 during the opening maneuver OM.
Once the lumped parameters [E], [R], [L] have been suitably adjusted, it is possible to know in full, for each electric phase, the behavior of the current [I]=[i1, i2, i3] flowing along the switching apparatus and, above all, the behavior of the voltage [V]=[V1arc, V2arc, V3arc] between the electric contacts CA, CB under separation of the switching apparatus, during the opening maneuver OM. This allows estimating the electric energy (arc energy) released during said opening maneuver.
In some embodiments, the step of adjusting the lumped parameters [E], [R], [L] of the lumped-parameter model M includes performing a calibration procedure, which is now described in detail.
In some embodiments, initially, the above-mentioned calibration procedure includes the following steps:
These steps of the calibration procedure allow initially setting the lumped parameters [E], [R], [L] of the lumped-parameter model M to given known values.
In some embodiments, the above-mentioned test values [IT]=[I1T, I2T, I3T] are indicative of the maximum short-circuit current that can flow through the switching apparatus.
In this case, the test values [IT] may be collected by measuring the current flowing along the switching apparatus during an opening maneuver carried out in short-circuit conditions, when a short-circuit fault is caused to occur at a short distance (for example up to few cm), from the switching apparatus.
The lumped parameter model M provides in output first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] coinciding with the test values [IT]=[I1T, I2T, I3T] and second simulation values [VS]=[V1S, V2S, V3S] indicative of the voltage between the electric contacts under separation.
As it is possible to appreciate, at this initial stage of the calibration procedure, the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] may be quite different from the acquired detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D]. The above-mentioned simulation values [IS] and detection values [ID] are still not homogeneous and they may refer to completely different operating conditions of the switching apparatus.
Therefore, starting from this initial condition, the lumped parameters [E], [R], [L] of the lumped-parameter model M still need to be further adjusted in order to make the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] suitably approximate the acquired detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D].
In some embodiments, the above-mentioned calibration procedure includes a step of adjusting, for each electric phase, one or more lumped parameters of the lumped-parameter model M (which may be the first lumped parameters [E]) in such a way that the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S], which are provided in output by the lumped-parameter model M, match the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] in terms of initial time and phase sequence.
This step of the calibration procedure allows making homogeneous and synchronized in time the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] and the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] in such a way that these values refer to a same observation time interval and to a same electric phase sequence.
Referring to
Referring to
In some embodiments, the above-mentioned calibration procedure includes a step of adjusting, for each electric phase, one or more parameters of the lumped-parameter model M (which may be the second and third lumped parameters [R], [L]) in such a way that the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S], which are provided in output by the lumped-parameter model M, match the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] in terms of peak current and power factor.
As it is possible to notice, the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] now substantially match the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] (in terms of current amplitude and current peaks) in the period of time preceding the opening maneuver.
In some embodiments, the above-mentioned calibration procedure includes a step of adjusting, for each electric phase, one or more parameters of the lumped-parameter model M (which may be the first lumped parameters [E]) in such a way that the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S], which are provided in output by the lumped-parameter model M, match the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] in terms of opening instants.
As it is possible to notice, the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] and the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] now show the same opening instants tO1, tO2, tO3 for each electric phase. Thus, the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] substantially match the detection values [ID]=[I1D, I2D, I3D] in the period of time before the opening maneuver OM and during said opening maneuver.
Once the parameters of the lumped parameter model M have been duly calibrated, the method, according to the present disclosure, includes a step of calculating, for each electric phase, basing on the first simulation values [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S] and the second simulation values [VS]=[V1S, V2S, V3S], a first estimation value [EN]=[EN1, EN2, EN3] indicative of an amount of arc energy released during the opening maneuver OM.
As mentioned above, the first estimation value [EN]=[EN1, EN2, EN3] represents an estimation of the electric energy released during the opening maneuver OM, which has to be somehow dissipated by the breaking components (for example the electric contacts CA, CB) of the switching apparatus during the opening maneuver OM.
The first estimation value [EN]=[EN1, EN2, EN3] thus provides an indirect estimation of the level of wear or damage, to which the breaking components (for example the electric contacts CA, CB) of the switching apparatus have been subject during the opening maneuver OM.
Conveniently, the first estimation value [EN] may be calculated according to the following relation:
[EN]=∫[P]=∫[VS]*[IS]
where [P]=[P1, P2, P3] is an estimation value of the electric power released during the opening maneuver OM and [IS]=[I1S, I2S, I3S], [VS]=[V1S, V2S, V3S] are the above-mentioned first and second simulation values provided in output by the lumped-parameter model M. For the sake of clarity, it is evidenced that the above-mentioned first and second simulation values [IS], [VS] are those provided in output by the lumped-parameter model M once the lumped parameters [E], [R], [L] have been duly adjusted through the above-illustrated calibration procedure. In other words, the above-mentioned first and second simulation values [IS], [VS] are those provided in output by the lumped-parameter model M once the latter has been duly calibrated in order to describe correctly the behavior of the switching apparatus CB1 during the opening maneuver OM.
The method, according to the present disclosure, includes now a step of calculating, for each electric phase, a second estimation value [ENTOT]=[ENTOT1, ENTOT2, ENTOT3] indicative of an estimated cumulative arc energy released during the operating life of the switching apparatus.
Conveniently, the second estimation value [ENTOT] is calculated, for each electric phase, based on the first estimation values [EN]=[EN1, EN2, EN3] calculated for the opening maneuver OM and for each opening maneuver previously carried out by said switching apparatus (and taken in consideration for the implementation of the method of the present disclosure).
In some embodiments, the second estimation value [ENTOT] is calculated, for each electric phase, as the sum on the first estimation values [E]=[EN1, EN2, EN3] calculated for each opening maneuver carried out by said switching apparatus.
The second estimation value [ENTOT]=[ENTOT1, ENTOT2, ENTOT3] conveniently provides an indirect estimation of the overall level of wear or damage, to which the breaking components (for example the electric contacts CA, CB) of the switching apparatus have been subjected during the whole operating life of the switching apparatus.
The method, according to the present disclosure, conveniently includes the step of comparing, for each electric phase, the second estimation value [ENTOT]=[ENTOT1, ENTOT2, ENTOT3], so calculated, with a predefined threshold value [ENTH]=[ENTH1, ENTH2, ENTH3].
Conveniently, the predefined threshold value [ENTH] is set-up based on suitable laboratory tests, which take into consideration the structural and installation characteristics of the switching apparatus.
The method, according to the present disclosure, conveniently includes the step of determining that anomalous conditions are present in the switching apparatus, if the second estimation value [ENTOT] exceeds the predefined threshold value [ENTH] for at least an electric phase.
In this case, in fact, it means that, very likely, the breaking components (for example the electric contacts CA, CB) of the switching apparatus have been subject to an excessive level of wear or damage. A maintenance intervention is therefore advisable in these conditions.
Instead, if the second estimation value [ENTOT] does not exceed the predefined threshold value [ENTH] for all the electric phases, it means that, very likely, the breaking components (for example the electric contacts CA, CB) of the switching apparatus are still in good operating condition. A maintenance intervention can therefore be postponed for cost saving purposes with a reasonable probability of not incurring in sudden faults and service outages of the switching apparatus.
In some embodiments, the method, according to the present disclosure, includes the step of providing an alarm signal, if it is determined that anomalous conditions present are in said switching apparatus. Conveniently, such an alarm signal may be locally provided in the form of an acoustic or light signal in such a way to be promptly appreciated by an operator on the field.
Also, the above-mentioned alarm signal may be remotely transmitted to a computerized device or platform for remote diagnostic purposes.
As mentioned above, the method of the present disclosure can be cyclically repeated for each opening maneuver of the switching apparatus, independently on the operating conditions of the electric line 100, in which said opening maneuver has been carried out.
However, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the above-illustrated steps of the method of the present disclosure may be cyclically repeated only for opening maneuvers of the switching apparatus, which have been carried out in short-circuit conditions or in overload conditions or in both these operating conditions.
The method, according to the present disclosure, is particularly suitable for being implemented by a computerized device.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure thus relates to a computer program including software instructions to carry out the method, according to the present disclosure.
The computer program is stored or storable in a storage medium, e.g., in a memory of the computerized device.
In a further aspect, the present disclosure further relates to a computerized device including computerized resources (e.g. one or more microprocessors) configured to execute software instructions to carry out the method, according to the present disclosure.
According to possible embodiments of the present disclosure, such a computerized device may be a controller (e.g. an electronic protection relay, a trip unit or an IED) installed on board a switching apparatus or operatively associated thereto.
According to other possible embodiments of the present disclosure, the computerized device may be a stand-alone controller installed on the field or positioned at a remote location with respect to the grid sector 200.
The method, according to the present disclosure, is quite effective in estimating the actual operating conditions of the breaking components of the switching apparatus.
Such an estimation is based on a calculation of the electric energy (arc energy) released during the opening maneuvers of the switching apparatus. The calculation of the released electric energy is, in turn, carried out by suitably modelling the behavior of the switching apparatus during each opening maneuver, starting from detection data (the detection values [b]), which are normally available to controllers designed to manage electric power distribution grids.
By automatically executing the method of the present disclosure for an opening maneuver of the switching apparatus, a controller can easily carry out a post-event analysis of the operating conditions of the switching apparatus and provide predictive information about the presence of possible anomalous operating conditions in the switching apparatus.
As it is apparent, this capability is quite useful to plan maintenance interventions in an effective way and to optimize maintenance costs.
Besides, the information during the execution of the method of the present disclosure can be easily exploited for other purposes.
For example, the first and second simulation values [IS], [VS] provided by the lumped-parameter model M can be suitably combined with topology data related to the grid sector, in which the switching apparatus is installed. This allows estimating the actual position of a fault (e.g. a short-circuit fault) along an electric line 100.
As a further example, the first and second simulation values [IS], [VS] provided by the lumped-parameter model M for a given switching apparatus can be processed for checking the behavior of adjacent switching apparatuses. For example, if the above-mentioned simulation values are indicative of a very high current flowing along the switching apparatus during an opening maneuver, a grid controller may issue an alert if an adjacent switching apparatus, which should have intervened as well, has not operated for some reasons.
As yet another example, the first estimation values [EN] provided by the method of the present disclosure can be integrated with simulation data obtained from a gas dynamic model of the switching apparatus in order estimate possible gas pressure peaks or damages at cabinet level.
The method, according to the present disclosure, is particularly adapted to be implemented using the hardware and software resources that are already present in a controller installed on the field. The method, according to the present disclosure, is thus particularly adapted for being implemented in digitally enabled power distribution networks (smart grids, micro-grids and the like).
The method, according to the present disclosure, is of relatively easy and cost-effective practical implementation on the field.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21170062.0 | Apr 2021 | EP | regional |
