Method for fault location in uncompensated power lines with two-end unsynchronized measurement

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 8207743
  • Patent Number
    8,207,743
  • Date Filed
    Monday, June 23, 2008
    16 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, June 26, 2012
    12 years ago
Abstract
A method is provided for fault location in uncompensated power lines with two-end unsynchronized measurement, finding an application in the power industry and for overhead and overhead-cable transmission or distribution lines. The method according to the invention includes measuring the voltage and currents at both ends (A) and (B) of the section, obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence voltages (VA1, VB1) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively, obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence currents (IA1, IB1) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively, determining whether there is a three-phase balanced fault, and using either a first subroutine or a second subroutine (depending on whether or not there is a fault), determining a distance (d) to the fault.
Description

The present invention is concerned with a method for fault location in uncompensated power lines with two-end unsynchronized measurement, finding an application in the power industry and for overhead and overhead-cable transmission or distribution lines.


Two-end unsynchronized fault location technique has been known from the article “Unsynchronized two-terminal fault location estimation”, Novosel D., Hart D. G., Udren E., Garitty J., IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 130-138, January 1996 and from the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,776. In these documents the solution has been proposed, that different types of symmetrical components of the measured voltages and currents can be used for determining the distance to fault. However, use of the zero sequence components was not recommended, what results that the fault location methods for both single and double-circuit lines is identical. The method from the mentioned article and paper consist of the following steps.

    • Determination of the unknown synchronization angle by applying the lumped parameter line model, without counting for the line shunt capacitances. It is performed with iterative Newton-Raphson based solution of the trigonometric formula involving the unknown synchronization angle. The starting value for these calculations has to be set and the zero value has been recommended for that.
    • Determination of the distance to fault by applying the lumped parameter line model without counting for the line shunt capacitances.
    • Improvement of accuracy for determination of the distance to fault by applying the simplified consideration of the distributed parameter line model. It is performed by iterative calculation of the distance to fault with taking the longitudinal impedance and shunt admittance data for the line sections, which are determined by taking the fault distance result from the previous iteration. At the beginning of iterative calculations the fault distance result obtained during the determination of the distance to fault by applying the lumped parameter line model is taken as the starting value.


      The trigonometric formula used during the determination of the unknown synchronization angle has in general two solutions, if the angle range −π to +π is considered. There is no need to consider the wider angle range since the unknown synchronization angle is not too high and is surely from the range −π to +π. The iterative solution of the trigonometric formula used during the determination of the unknown synchronization angle by applying the lumped parameter line model, does not assure controlling which the solution, out of two possible solutions is achieved. Due to that, in some fault cases can happen that as a result of iterative calculations the wrong solution for the synchronization angle is achieved. The other drawback of the known method relies on using simplified considering the distributed parameter line model, again with using the iterative calculations.


From the US patent application US 2004/0167729 there is a known solution that partial overcoming of the drawbacks depicted in the known methods. In the method according to this invention it has been proposed to avoid iterative calculations of the synchronization angle by considering that the absolute value of unknown synchronization operator |e| of the unknown synchronization angle δ, has a value equal 1. As a result of such consideration the quadratic formula for the unknown distance to fault has been obtained, for which, in general, there are two solutions. In some rare cases both the solutions of the quadratic formula lay in the line range (0 to 1 in [p.u.]). In order to select which the solution is valid and corresponds to the real fault case, it has been recommended to repeat the calculation of the distance to fault, again with use of the quadratic formula, but with taking the other type of the symmetrical components. As a result of using such approach, i.e. canceling the unknown synchronization angle by mathematical manipulations, the drawback of the method known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,776 and Novosel D., Hart D. G., Udren E., Garitty J., article in relation of no controlling the achieved result for the synchronization angle has been assured.


Further improvement of the method of fault location using two-end unsynchronized measurements has been known from the article “Accurate location of faults on power transmission lines with use of two-end unsynchronized measurements” Iżykowski J., Molag R., Rosolowski E., Saha M. M., IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21,


NO. 2, Apr. 2006, pp. 627-633. The method according to the paper assures controlling which solution for the unknown synchronization angle, out of two possible solutions, is achieved. After the initial calculations, based on considering the lumped parameter line model without counting for the line shunt capacitances, the iterative Newton-Raphson based calculations are performed. In these iterative calculations both the synchronization angle and the distance to fault are treated as the unknowns and the distributed parameter line model is strictly considered. The results from the initial calculations are taken as the starting values for the iterative calculations. The iterative calculations are performed on the respective matrices and are not simple.


From international patent application WO02/048726 there are known method and device for location fault utilizing unsynchronized measurement of there phase voltages and currents acquired at the line terminals without synchronization. Phasors for symmetrical components of the measurement quantities are determined and used in the fault location algorithm. According to one embodiment , positive sequence phasors of post-fault quantities are used for estimation of the distance to fault and is distinctive that such estimation of a distance to fault is performed without essentially involving iterative techniques. In this embodiment , the fault location algorithm step is performed regardless of a the fault type. I later steps, the type fault may be obtained. According to another embodiment of the invention, at the occurrence of a fault, the type of fault is determined. If it is determined that is not a three-phase balanced fault, negative sequence phasors are used for the estimation of the distance to fault. On the other hand, if it is a three-phase balanced fault, the incremental positive sequence phasors are used.


From international patent application WO03/044547 there is known a method to locate a fault in a section of a transmission line using measurement s of current, voltage and angles between the phases at first A and a second B end of said section. The presented invention is characterized by the steps of, after the occurrence of a fault along the section, calculating a distance from A end or B end to the fault dependent on a fault current measured at one of said first and second ends and phase voltages measured at both of said first and second ends A and B, where the distance to fault is calculated from the end A or B where the fault is measured. The invention is particularly suitable when a current transformer at either of the first A or second ends B is saturated. If so , then a distance to a fault is calculated dependent on a fault current measured at the non-affected end and phase voltages measured at both the affected end and non-affected end.


From Swedish patent application No SE528863, published also as WO02007/079990 there is known a method for locating a fault in two-terminal power transmission or distribution line comprises the steps of receiving measurements of the three phase currents from both terminals, receiving measurements of the three phase voltages from one line terminal , receiving parameters of the line and receiving the fault type. Base on this information the distance to fault from the one terminal where the phase voltages were measured is determined and output. Since only the phase voltages of the line terminal are needed, the functionality of a device , in particular a current differential relay can be expended to determine the distance to fault in an off-line mode.


The essence of the inventive method for locating faults in a section of at least one transmission line consist of the following:

    • measuring the voltage and currents at both ends A and B of the section,
    • obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence voltages VA1, VB1 measured at the ends A and B, respectively,
    • obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence currents IA1, IB1 measured at the ends A and B, respectively,
    • determining whether if is a three-phase balanced fault or not, and
    • if there is not a three-phase balance fault then start the action for the positive and negative sequence quantities and a distributed parameter line model according to a subroutine I which is defined in the following steps:
    • obtaining the phasor of the negative sequence voltages VA2 VB2 measured at the ends A and B, respectively,
    • obtaining the phasor of the negative sequence currents IA2 IB2 measured at the ends A and B, respectively,
    • using an equivalent circuit diagram for the positive and negative sequence quantities and distributed parameter line model, determining the synchronization angle δ in term of a synchronization operator e from the formula:

      B2[e]2+B1e+B0=0,
    • where:
    • B2=G1S2−G2S1,
    • B1=G1T2+H1S2−G2T1−H2S1,
    • B0=H1T2−H2T1,
    • G1=VA1,
    • H1=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB1−cos h(γ1Ll)VB1,
    • S1=−Zc1LIA1,
    • T1=sin h(γ1Ll)VB1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB1,
    • G2=VA2,
    • H2=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB2−cos h(γ1Ll)VB2,
    • S2=−Zc1LIA2,
    • T2=sin h(γ1Ll)VB2−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB2,
    • solving the quadratic equation B2[e]2+B1e+B0=0, the two solutions are received e1 and e2,
    • choosing the e1 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e1∥<|1−|e2
    • or choosing the e2 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e1∥>|1−|e2∥,
    • the valid solution e is used in determining a distance d to fault according to a formula :






d
=


1

(



γ
_


1

L





)





tanh

-
1




(





V
_


B





1




cosh


(



γ
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L





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-



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1




sinh


(



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1













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1




sinh


(



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cosh


(



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)



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1

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_


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1










)









    • where:

    • l is the length of the line,

    • γ1L=√{square root over (Z1LY1L)} is the propagation constant of the line for the positive sequence,

    • Zc1L=√{square root over (Z1L/Y1L)} is the surge impedance of the line for the positive sequence,

    • Z1L is the impedance of the line for the positive sequence,

    • Y1L is the admittance of the line for the positive sequence,

    • e is a valid result which is chosen as e1 or e2,

    • if there is a three-phase balanced fault then start the action for positive and incremental positive sequence quantities and a distributed parameter line model according the a subroutine II which is defined in the following steps:

    • obtaining the phasor of the incremental positive sequence voltages VAΔ1,VBΔ1 measured at the ends A and B, respectively,

    • obtaining the phasor of the incremental positive sequence voltages VAΔ1,VBΔ1 measured at the ends A and B, respectively,

    • using an equivalent circuit diagram for the positive and incremental positive sequence quantities and distributed parameter line model, determining the synchronization angle δ in term e from the formula:

      B5[e]2+B4e+B3=0,

    • where:

    • B5=G3SΔ1−GΔ1S3,

    • B4=G3TΔ1+H3SΔ1−GΔ1T3−HΔ1S3,

    • B3=H3TΔ1−HΔ1T3,

    • G3=VA1,

    • H3=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB1−cos h(γ1Ll)VB1,

    • S3=−Zc1LIA1,

    • T3=sin h(γ1Ll)VB1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB1,

    • GΔ1=VAΔ1,

    • HΔ1=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IBΔ1−cos h(γ1Ll)VBΔ1,

    • SΔ1=−Zc1LIAΔ1,

    • TΔ1=sin h(γ1Ll)VBΔ1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IBΔ1,

    • solving the quadratic equation B5[e]2+B4e+B3=0, the two solutions are received e3 and e4,

    • choosing the e3 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e3∥<|1−|e4

    • or choosing the e4 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e3∥>|1−|e4

    • or choosing the e4 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e3∥>|1−|e4∥,

    • the valid solution eis used for determining a distance d to fault according to a formula:









d
=


1

(



γ
_


1

L





)






tanh

-
1




(





V
_


B





1




cosh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



Z
_


c





1

L





I
_


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1




sinh


(



γ
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)



-



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_


A





1













V
_


B





1




sinh


(



γ
_


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L





)



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_


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1

L





I
_


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1




cosh


(



γ
_


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L





)



-



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_


c





1

L





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_


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1










)


.








    • where:

    • l is the length of the line,

    • γ1L=√{square root over (Z1LY1L)} is the propagation constant of the line for the positive sequence,

    • Zc1L=√{square root over (Z1L/Y1L)} is the surge impedance of the line for the positive sequence,

    • Z1L is the impedance of the line for sequence,the positive sequence,

    • Y1L is the admittance of the line for the positive sequence.

    • e is a valid result which is chosen as e3 or e4.

    • A protection relay equipped with fault locator FL comprising means for performing the steps of the claim 1.

    • A computer program product comprising computer program code which when executed on a computing device caries out the steps of a method according to the claim 1.





The advantage of the method according to the invention is the overcoming of all the limitations and drawbacks of the known methods. The iterative calculations are completely avoided and the distributed parameter line model is considered from the very beginning. Simplicity of calculations is assured by simultaneous use of two kinds of symmetrical components of the measured voltage and current signals. Such simultaneous use of two kinds of symmetrical components of the measured voltage and current signals is not applied in any other known fault location technique. In particular, for all faults except three-phase balanced faults—the positive sequence and negative sequence quantities are used, and for three-phase balanced faults—the positive sequence and incremental positive sequence quantities are used. The present invention is characterized by use of very simple calculations (solution of the quadratic formula for complex numbers) and at the same time the distributed parameter line model is strictly, i.e. without simplifications, applied. The synchronization angle is determined accurately, with strict considering the distributed parameter line model, what allows accurate analytical synchronization of the measurements acquired asynchronously. Then, the distance to fault is calculated as in case of using synchronized measurements. Therefore, the accuracy of fault location according to the invented method is at the same level as in case of using the synchronized measurements. As a result of that, the GPS synchronization is not required for the invented method and there is no deterioration in the fault location accuracy at all.





The method according to the present invention is explained in an embodiment shown in the drawing, where



FIG. 1 presents a general diagram of the electric network for the implementation of the inventive method,


FIG. 2—an equivalent circuit diagram for a distributed parameter model of the transmission line A-B under the fault at point F, for the positive sequence,


FIG. 3—an equivalent circuit diagram for a distributed parameter model of the transmission line A-B under the fault at point F, for negative sequence,


FIG. 4—an equivalent circuit diagram for a distributed parameter model of the transmission line A-B under the fault at point F, for the incremental positive sequence,


FIG. 5—shows a flow-chart of the example of a fault locations algorithm according to the present invention.





The electric network for the implementation of the inventive method is presented in the FIG. 1. The network has two terminals A, at the beginning of the line and B at the end of the line. Between the terminals, along the length l of the line, at the distance to fault d from the line terminal A the fault point F is located. The fault locator FL is located at terminal A, however it can be also located at terminal B, or as a stand-alone device not associated with the line terminals, what is not depicted on the drawing.


In the exploitation conditions the fault locator is placed in a protection relay which is not presented on the drawings.


The method according to the invention can be realized as it is depicted in the FIG. 5 in the following steps.


Step 101.


The digital phasor data of three phase voltages VA and three phase currents IA from terminal A and digital phasor data of three phase voltages VB and three phase currents IB from terminal B, impedance Z1L and admittance Y1L of the line for the positive sequence, line length l, and fault type in terms whether it is unbalanced or three-phase balanced fault, are delivered as the input data of the fault locator FL.


Step 102.


In this step the positive sequence quantities of voltage and currents VA1,IA1,VB1,IB1 from both terminals are determined. The details of such calculation are well known to those skilled in the art.


Step 103.


In this step based on analysis of distributed parameter line model of the faulted transmission lines for the positive sequence quantities, depicted in FIG. 2 the positive sequence of voltage at the fault point F is determined in such way:

  • The positive sequence voltage at the fault point F VF1A, viewed from the side A (superscript: A) equals:

    VF1A=VA1e cos h1Lld)−Zc1LIA1e sin h1Lld)  (1)

    where:
  • e—unknown synchronization operator (the measurements at bus B are assumed as the base),
  • Zc1L=√{square root over (Z1L/Y1L)}—surge impedance of the line for the positive sequence,
  • γ1L=√{square root over (Z1LY1L)}—propagation constant of the line for the positive sequence,
  • VA1,IA1—phasors of the positive sequence voltage and currents, measured at the substation A,
  • Z1L—impedance of the line for the positive sequence,
  • Y1L—admittance of the line for the positive sequence,
  • l—length of the line,
  • d—distance to fault (pu).


The positive sequence voltage at the fault point F, viewed from the side B (superscript: B) equals:

VF1B=VB1 cos h1Ll(1−d))−Zc1LIB1 sin H1Ll(1−d))  (2)

which, after taking into account that:

cos h1Ll(1−d))=cos h1Ll)cos h1Lld)−sin h1Ll)sin h1Lld)  (3a)
sin h1Ll(1−d))=sin h1Ll)cos h1Lld)−cos h1Ll)sin h1Lld)  (3b)

can be presented as:

VF1B=(cos h1Ll)VB1−Zc1L sin h1Ll)IB1)cos h1Lld)+(−VB1 sin h1Ll)+Zc1L cos h1Ll)IB1)sin h1Lld)  (4)


The voltages (1) and (4) are to be compared:

VF1A=VF1B  (5)


Performing this comparison one obtains

(G1e+H1)cos h1Lld)+(S1e+T1)sin h1Lld)=0  (6)

where:

  • G1=VA1,
  • H1=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB1−cos h(γ1Ll)VB1,
  • S1=−Zc1LIA1,
  • T1=sin h(γ1Ll)VB1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB1.


Step 104


In this step it is determined whether the fault is a three phase balanced fault or unbalanced fault based on the input data, the subroutine I, for the positive and negative sequence quantities and a distributed parameter line model or the subroutine II for the positive and incremental positive sequence quantities and a distributed parameter line model is run.


Step 105a in Subroutine I


In this step the negative sequence quantities of voltage and currents signals VA2,IA2,VB2,IB2, from both line terminals A, B are determined. The details of such calculation are well known to those skilled in the art.


Step 106a in Subroutine I


In this step based on analysis of distributed parameter line model of the faulted transmission line for the negative sequence quantities, depicted in FIG. 3 the negative sequence of voltage at the fault point F is determined in such way:

  • surge impedance of the line for the negative sequence Zc2L is assumed in future consideration as equal to the impedance for the positive sequence Zc1L, as it is satisfied for real lines:

    Zc2L=Zc1L.  (7)


The propagation constant of the line for the negative sequence γ2L is assumed in future consideration as equal to the propagation constant of the line for the positive sequence γ1L:

γ2L1L.  (8)


The negative sequence voltage at the fault point F−VF2A, viewed from the side A (superscript: A) equals:

VF2A=VA2e cos h1Lld)−Zc1LIA2e sin h1Lld),  (9)

where:

  • VA2,IA2—phasors of the negative sequence voltage and currents, measured at the substation A.


The negative sequence voltage at the fault point F, viewed from the side B (superscript: B) equals:

VF2B=VB2 cos h1Ll(1−d))−Zc1LIB2 sin h1Ll(1−d)),  (10)

which, after taking into account (3a) and (3b) can be presented as:

VF2B=(cos h1Ll)VB2−Zc1L sin h1Ll)IB2)cos h1Lld)+(−VB2 sin h1Ll)+Zc1L cos h1Ll)IB2)sin h1Lld).  (11)


The voltages (9) and (11) are to be compared:

VF2A=VF2B.  (12)


Performing this comparison one obtains:

(G2e+H2)cos h1Lld)+(S2e+T2)sin h1Lld)=0,  (13)

where:

  • G2=VA2,
  • H2=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB2−cos h(γ1Ll)VB2,
  • S2=Zc1LIA2,
  • T2=sin h(γ1Ll)VB2−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB2.



107
a in Subroutine I


In this step the B2,B1,B0 coefficients are calculated by comparing the voltage at the fault point F for positive and negative sequence quantities:

  • Combining (6) and (13) one obtains the equation which after rearranging gives the following quadratic formula for the unknown synchronization operator e in which the unknown distance to fault d is not involved:

    B2[e]2+B1e+B0=0,  (14)

    where:
  • B2=G1S2−G2S1,
  • B1=G1T2+H1S2−G2T1−H2S1,
  • B0=H1T2−H2T1.


Solving the quadratic equation (14) the two solutions are received e1 and e2,


Step 108a in Subroutine I


In this step the valid results is selected. This selection is done base on the following criterion:

    • choosing the e1 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e1∥<|1−|e2


      or
    • choosing the e2 as a valid results for the synchronization angle e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e1∥>|1−|e2∥.


Additionally, for confirming the selection, the values of the synchronization angle δ12 are simply determined as: δ1=angle(e1), and δ2=angle(e2),and confronted with the fact that for valid results the module of selected synchronization angle δ, becoming the lover value.


Step 109


In this steps the distance to fault d is calculated from the following equation:









d
=


1

(



γ
_


1

L





)






tanh

-
1




(





V
_


B





1




cosh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



Z
_


c





1

L





I
_


B





1




sinh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



V
_


A





1













V
_


B





1




sinh


(



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)



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1

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I
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1




cosh


(



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)



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_


c





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L





I
_


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1










)


.






(
15
)







Step 105b in Subroutine II


In this step the incremental positive sequence quantities of voltage and currents signals VAΔ1,IAAΔ1,VBΔ1,IBΔ1, from both line terminals A, B are determined. The details of such calculation are well known to those skilled in the art.


Step 106b in Subroutine II


In this step based on analysis of distributed parameter line model of the faulted transmission lines for the incremental positive sequence, depicted in FIG. 4 the incremental positive sequence of voltage at the fault point F is determined in such way: the incremental positive sequence voltage at the fault point F−VFΔ1A, viewed from the side A (superscript: A) equals:

VFΔ1A=VAΔ1e cos h1Lld)−Zc1LIAΔ1e sin h1Lld),  (16)

where:

  • VAΔ1, IAΔ1—phasors of the incremental positive sequence voltage and currents, measured at the substation A.


The incremental positive sequence voltage at the fault point F, viewed from the side B (superscript: B) equals:

VFΔ1B=VBΔ1 cos h1Ll(1−d))−Zc1LIBΔ1 sin h1Ll(1−d)),  (17)

which, after taking into account (3a) and (3b) can be presented as:

VFΔ1B=(cos h1Ll)VBΔ1−Zc1L sin h1Ll)IBΔ1)cos h1Lld)+(−VBΔ1 sin h1Ll)+Zc1L cos h1Ll)IBΔ1)sin h1Lld)  (18)


The voltages (16) and (18) are to be compared:

VFΔ1A=VFΔ1B.  (19)


Performing this comparison and rearranging (3b) one obtains:

(GΔ1e+HΔ1)cos h1Lld)+(SΔ1e+TΔ1)sin h1Lld)=0,  (20)

where:

  • GΔ1=VAΔ1,
  • HΔ1=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IBΔ1−cos h(γ1Ll)VBΔ1,
  • SΔ1=−Zc1LIAΔ1,
  • TΔ1=sin h(γ1Ll)VBΔ1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IBΔ1.


The propagation constant of the line for the incremental positive sequence γΔ1L was assumed in the consideration as equal to the propagation constant of the line for the positive sequence γ1L.



107
b in Subroutine II


In this step the B5[e]2+B4e+B3=0 coefficients are calculated by comparing the voltage at the fault point F for positive and incremental positive sequence:


Combining (6) and (20) one obtains the result which after rearranging gives the following quadratic formula for the unknown synchronization operator e, in which the unknown distance to fault d is not involved.

B5[e]2+B4e+B3=0,  (21)

  • B5=G3SΔ1−GΔ1S3,
  • B4=G3TΔ1+H3SΔ1−GΔ1T3−HΔ1S3,
  • B3=H3TΔ1−HΔ1T3.


Solving the quadratic equation (21) the two solutions are received e3 and ejδ4.


Step 108b in Subroutine II


In this step the valid results is selected. This selection is done base on the following criterion:

    • choosing the e3 as a valid results for the synchronization angle e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e3∥<|1−|e4


      or
    • choosing the e4 as a valid results for the synchronization angle e if it is satisfied the following relation: |1−|e3∥>|1−|e4∥.


Additionally, for confirming the selection, the values of the synchronization angle δ12 are simply determined as: δ1=angle(e1), and δ2=angle(e2), and confronted with the fact that for valid results the module of selected synchronization angle δ, becoming the lover value.


Step 109


In this steps the distance to fault d is calculated from the following equation:









d
=


1

(



γ
_


1

L





)






tanh

-
1




(





V
_


B





1




cosh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



Z
_


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1

L





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1




sinh


(



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)



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V
_


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1













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sinh


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_


A





1










)


.






(
15
)







Step 105b in Subroutine II


In this step the incremental positive sequence quantities of voltage and currents signals VAΔ1,IAAΔ1, VBΔ1,IBΔ1, from both line terminals A, B are determined. The details of such calculation are well known to those skilled in the art.


Step 106b in Subroutine II


In this step based on analysis of distributed parameter line model of the faulted transmission lines for the incremental positive sequence, depicted in FIG. 4 the incremental positive sequence of voltage at the fault point F is determined in such way: the incremental positive sequence voltage at the fault point F−VFΔ1A, viewed from the side A (superscript: A) equals:

VFΔ1A=VAΔ1e cos h1Lld)−Zc1LIAΔ1e sin h1Lld),  (16)

where:

  • VAΔ1, IAΔ1—phasors of the incremental positive sequence voltage and currents, measured at the substation A.


The incremental positive sequence voltage at the fault point F, viewed from the side B (superscript: B) equals:

VFΔ1B=VBΔ1 cos h1Ll(1−d))−Zc1LIBΔ1 sin h1Ll(1−d)),  (17)

which, after taking into account (3a) and (3b) can be presented as:

VFΔ1B=(cos h1Ll)VBΔ1−Zc1L sin h1Ll)IBΔ1)cos h1Lld)+(−VBΔ1 sin h1Ll)+Zc1L cos h1Ll)IBΔ1)sin h1Lld)  (18)

or

    • choosing the e4 as a valid results for the synchronization operator e if it is satisfied thefollowing relation: |1−|e3∥>|1−|e4∥.


Additionally, for confirming the selection, the values of the synchronization angle δ34 are simply determined as: δ3=angle(e3), and δ4=angle(e4), and confronted with the fact that for valid results the module of selected synchronization angle δ, becoming the lover value.


Step 109


In this steps the distance to fault d is calculated from the following equation (15):






d
=


1

(



γ
_


1

L





)





tanh

-
1




(





V
_


B





1




cosh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



Z
_


c





1

L





I
_


B





1




sinh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



V
_


A





1













V
_


B





1




sinh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



Z
_


c





1

L





I
_


B





1




cosh


(



γ
_


1

L





)



-



Z
_


c





1

L





I
_


A





1










)









    • A computer program product comprising computer program code which when executed on a computing device caries out the steps of a method according to any of the claims 1-2.




Claims
  • 1. Method for locating faults in a section of at least one transmission line comprising: (a.) measuring the voltage and currents at both ends (A) and (B) of the section,(b.) obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence voltages (VA1, VB1) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(c.) obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence currents (IA1, IB1) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(d.) determining whether there is a three-phase balanced fault or not,(e.) if there is not a three-phase balance fault then: (e1.) start the action for the positive and negative sequence quantities and a distributed parameter line model according to a subroutine I which comprises the following steps: (e1a.) obtaining the phasor of the negative sequence voltages (VA2VB2) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(e1b.) obtaining the phasor of the negative sequence currents (IA2IB2) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(e1c.) using an equivalent circuit diagram for the positive and negative sequence quantities and distributed parameter line model, determining the synchronization angle (δ) in term of a synchronization operator (ejδ) from the formula: B2[ejδ]2+B1ejδ+B0=0,where:B2=G1S2−G2S1,B1=G1T2+H1S2−G2T1−H2S1,B0=H1T2−H2T1,G1=VA1,H1=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB1−cos h(γ1ll)VB1,S1=−Zc1LIA1,T1=sin h(γ1Ll)VB1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB1,G2=VA2,H2=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB2−cos h(γ1Ll)VB2,S2=Zc1LIA2,T2=sin h(γ1Ll)VB2−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB2, (e1d.) solving the quadratic equation B2[ejδ]2+B1ejδ+B0=0to determine (ejδ1)and (ejδ2), and(e1e.) choosing (ejδ1) as a valid result for the synchronization operator (ejδ) if it satisfies the following relation: |1−|ejδ1∥<1−|ejδ2∥ or choosing (ejδ2) as a valid results for the synchronization operator (ejδ) if it satisfies the following relation: |1−|ejδ1∥>|1−|ejδ2∥,(e2.) using the valid result (ejδ) to determine a distance (d) to fault according to a formula:
  • 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed by a protective relay.
  • 3. A computer program product comprising computer readable media having instructions for causing a computer to execute a method comprising: (a.) measuring the voltage and currents at both ends (A) and (B) of the section,(b.) obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence voltages (VA1, VB1) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(c.) obtaining the phasor of the positive sequence currents (IA1, IB1) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(d.) determining whether there is a three-phase balanced fault or not,(e.) if there is not a three-phase balance fault then: (e1.) start the action for the positive and negative sequence quantities and a distributed parameter line model according to a subroutine I which comprises the following steps: (e1a.) obtaining the phasor of the negative sequence voltages (VA2 VB2) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(e1b.) obtaining the phasor of the negative sequence currents (IA2 IB2) measured at the ends (A) and (B), respectively,(e1c.) using an equivalent circuit diagram for the positive and negative sequence quantities and distributed parameter line model, determining the synchronization angle (δ) in term of a synchronization operator (ejδ) from the formula: B2[ejδ]2+B1ejδ+B0=0,where:B2=G1S2−G2S1,B1=G1T2+H1S2−G2T1−H2S1,B0=H1T2−H2T1,G1=VA1,H1=Zc1L sin h(γ1Ll)IB1−cos h(γ1ll)VB1,S1=−Zc1LIA1,T1=sin h(γ1Ll)VB1−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB1,G2=VA2,H2=Zc1Lsin h(γ1Ll)IB2−cos h(γ1Ll)VB2,S2=Zc1LIA2,T2=sin h(γ1Ll)VB2−Zc1L cos h(γ1Ll)IB2, (e1d.) solving the quadratic equation B2[ejδ]2+B1ejδ+B0=0 to determine (ejδ1) and (ejδ2), and(e1e.) choosing (ejδ1) as a valid result for the synchronization operator (ejδ) if it satisfies the following relation: |1−|ejδ1∥>|1−|ejδ2∥ or choosing (ejδ2) as a valid result for the synchronization operator (ejδ) if it is satisfies the following relation: |1−|ejδ1∥>|1−|ejδ2∥,(e2.) using the valid result)(ejδ) to determine a distance (d) to fault according to a formula:
Priority Claims (1)
Number Date Country Kind
07460017 Jul 2007 EP regional
PCT Information
Filing Document Filing Date Country Kind 371c Date
PCT/EP2008/005223 6/23/2008 WO 00 5/12/2010
Publishing Document Publishing Date Country Kind
WO2009/010169 1/22/2009 WO A
US Referenced Citations (5)
Number Name Date Kind
4559491 Saha Dec 1985 A
5455776 Novosel Oct 1995 A
6097280 Takeda et al. Aug 2000 A
7283915 Saha et al. Oct 2007 B2
7286963 Saha et al. Oct 2007 B2
Foreign Referenced Citations (5)
Number Date Country
528863 Feb 2007 SE
0248726 Jun 2002 WO
03044547 May 2003 WO
2007079990 Jul 2007 WO
2009010169 Jan 2009 WO
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20110037480 A1 Feb 2011 US