The invention relates generally to Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) passive optical networks (PONs) and specifically to the use of such networks for the simultaneous delivery of multiple RF bands, each nominally equivalent to a conventional CATV service, thereby increasing capacity and flexibility of such systems.
Telecommunications services generally fall into two major categories: broadcast services, in which all user terminals receive the same information, and switched services, in which each user terminal receives information specific to him/her. Network infrastructures can be similarly classified. An example of a broadband infrastructure is a conventional CATV network, while an example of a switched infrastructure is the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In general, it is more cost effective to deliver broadcast services on broadcast networks and switched services on switched networks.
While the thrust of the present invention is broadcast telecommunication services, and thus, typically one-way service, broadcast telecommunication services can also include two-way services for interactive services e.g., shopping and games and may include audio as well as video. Two-way services may include information, interactive shopping and games and other services. The upstream portion of the telecommunications would be provided in a known manner and not necessarily in the manner described for the present invention. Upstream services could, however, be combined with the downstream broadcast services of the present invention described herein.
Recent work has shown that the optical properties of certain passive devices can be exploited to permit a given infrastructure to emulate properties of both switched and broadcast infrastructures and thus efficiently provide both switched and broadcast service. In particular, the cyclical properties of Waveguide Grating Routers (WGRs) used in conjunction with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) provide flexible partitioning of both types of networks using the same physical infrastructure. WGRs are also sometimes called Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG), Phased Array (Phasar) or Dragone Routers. The WGR acts as the distribution element at the remote node. Any reference, therefore, to a WGR should be deemed to encompass any such device or other known device for performing similar functionality.
Much work has been done recently to demonstrate the possibilities of such a system to deliver large quantities of digital TV carriers. A particularly robust QPSK (quadrature-phase-shift-keying) transmission format permits the use of low quality and potentially inexpensive optical sources with wide optical bandwidths. In particular, it has been shown that the wavelength domain can be used to deliver “blocks” of television programming channels (one RF block per wavelength band) in a similar manner to known analog block converters. These demonstrations have been shown to deliver multiple 500 MHz blocks of QPSK modulated carriers of, for example, television channels from a Satellite service provider, using the location of the optical band as a multiplexing index.
The WGR permits simultaneous and cost-effective transmission of both broadcast and switched services with tremendous flexibility. Wavelength-specific lasers are used for high-speed point-to-point switched connections, while broadcasting uses broadband sources (Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or Amplified Spontaneous Emissions (ASE) sources), which illuminate all output ports of the WGR at once. Optical bandpass filters spanning a free spectral range (FSR) of the wavelength cyclic WGRs define cascadable service bands.
Using the cyclical or periodic properties of the WGR together with optical sources having wide optical spectra, favor broadcast delivery, while “line sources” with narrow spectra favor switched service delivery. The use of a wide optical spectrum floods the output optical channels so that each output port carries a replica, or spectral slice, of the signal on the input port. The linear properties of this passive device make it possible to overlay both types of services simultaneously on the same infrastructure. The ability to segregate such services has been termed “WDM-on-WDM” in recognition that a coarser scale of WDM (on the order of the period, or “free spectral range” of the WGR) can be used to segregate a multiplicity of both broadcast and point-to-point services on an intrinsically “dense WDM” infrastructure traditionally suitable for point-to-point switched services.
The present invention further increases the capacity (and flexibility) of the QPSK systems capable of delivering blocks of programming by frequency-division multiplexing multiple RF blocks onto each wavelength band. The user terminal may access this large video content by using a conventional satellite set-top box with a front end that has an optical filter for selecting the appropriate optical bands and an RF converter to select the appropriate RF carrier blocks.
The present invention, thus, multiplies the capacity of a known system by increasing the number of RF blocks for each wavelength band. The vast number of RF subcarriers, however, may drive the spectrally sliced channels at the receiver into a spontaneous-spontaneous (sp-sp) beat noise limited regime. Our novel method using multiple WGR input ports to expand the effective optical bandwidth of the received signal enables the present invention to higher capacity than would be possible with the more conventional method of using a single WGR input port. Data are presented showing the simultaneous operation of the entire service matrix of wavelength and RF bands containing 1280 video channels.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to increase the capacity and flexibility in the delivery of broadcast and switched services to a user terminal serviced by a remote node.
It is yet another object of the present invention to increase the delivery of blocks of programming by frequency division multiplexing multiple RF blocks onto each wavelength band.
It is a further object of the present invention to contain costs by using a front end coupled to a conventional satellite set-up box. The front end has an optical filter and an RF converter.
It is yet another object of the present invention to reduce the spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise by using multiple WGR input ports.
The invention is best described with reference to the detailed description and the following figures, where:
a depicts the system set up for generating the wavelength-frequency plan of
b shows the four independent RF blocks that are summed.
c depicts an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
a depicts the system concept of service multiplexing using WDM and RF carrier stacking.
b shows an alternative embodiment of the user site portion of the present invention.
a depicts the system set up for generating the wavelength-frequency plan of
c depicts an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In particular,
a shows a diagram of the system concept. At central office transmitter 305, the output of a broadband ASE source 306, for example, a gain-flattened Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) not shown, is sliced into multiple optical bands whose width matches the FSR of the distribution WGR at a Remote Node (RN) 310 (four bands are shown in the exemplary embodiment). Central office transmitter 305 is coupled to the remote node 310 in the exemplary embodiment via feeder fiber 315. Each spectral band is modulated with multiple blocks of RF subcarriers. In the case of the system demonstration for the present invention, four RF blocks were derived from a commercial satellite antenna. Each RF block of 500 MHz contained greater than 80 digital video channels multiplexed into 16 QPSK carriers in the 950-1450 MHz band. After block-conversion into blocks between 50-550, 550-1050, 1050-1550, and 1550-2050 MHz, these RF bands were combined to externally modulate each of the four optical bands. Consequently, the re-multiplexed optical signal in the feeder fiber contained the entire service matrix shown in the inset to
In principle, this service suite can be delivered to a WGR at a RN where it can be spectrally sliced and delivered to subscribers, along with switched traffic. Here, the present invention is concerned principally with the broadcast services. The remote node 310 is coupled to a user site 320 in the exemplary embodiment via distribution fiber 325. An optical filter 330 at the user/subscriber site 320, nominally matched to one of the transmitter (optical) WDM bands, selects a “column” (stack of RF blocks). The optical signal is detected with an optical-to-electrical converter 335, such as an Avalanche PhotoDiode (APD) or PIN-FET receiver, the resulting RF stack is block-converted and bandpass filtered to send the desired RF block to the set-top box. The present invention can be considered a new type of set-top box 340. The present invention is identical to a conventional commercially available set-top box, which has been modified to include a front end consisting of an optical bandpass filter and an RF block converter, as well as simple electrical circuitry to keep track of not only the conventional channel number but also the optical band number and RF block number. The present invention effectively multiplies the number of channels that can be accessed with the set-top.
b shows an alternative embodiment of the user site 320 of the present invention. Specifically, a coarse WDM (CWDM) is depicted with multiple inputs.
A problem with this scheme is that the spectral slice, the optical portion of the column sent to the detector from its corresponding WGR output port, has a narrow optical width (i.e. the WGR channel width). Adding RF blocks reduces (because of clipping limitations) the modulation depth of each RF carrier, mating the system susceptible to spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise Nsp-sp. The present invention reduces this impairment by passively splitting the broadcast signal and introducing it to the WGR on several input ports. This multiplies the effective optical bandwidth by the number of connected ports and decreases the optical power only by the splitter excess loss, not its splitting ratio. This feature, and the suppression of Mach-Zehnder interferometric noise, accrues by virtue of routing and cyclical properties of the WGR.
Referring to
Satellite TV broadcast signals from a Direct Satellite Service (DSS) were applied to the system so that the RF blocks represented realistic existing service loads. The receiver input is optically attenuated until the video was corrupted enough to create “blockiness” on the video or a chirp on the audio channel. Thus, the receiver sensitivity for any channel in any RF block in the service matrix could be measured. The delivery of “unstacked” 500 MHz blocks over several different wavelength bands and dispersion compensation techniques for broadband signal delivery in such systems have been demonstrated. Interest in the present invention is to deliver the entire service suite and to test the efficacy of the spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise reduction technique.
Whereas
Finally,
where m is the modulation index for the QPSK subcarriers, κ is the number of WGR input ports connected to the splitter, Bo is the optical bandwidth of a single WGR channel, NFAPD is the noise factor due to the APD avalanche, 0≦p≦1 is the degree of polarization (a polarizer for the modulator of the present invention was used so p=1), and Bc is the electrical bandwidth of a subcarrier (30 MHz). Decreasing m (increased number of RF carriers) and Bo (spectral slicing) ultimately make CNRsp-sp approach the minimum system CNR. At this point, equation (1) shows that increasing optical power does not help, but increasing effective optical bandwidth does. After a baseline sensitivity test (with WGR removed to obtain low sp-sp noise) the penalties associated with connecting multiple ports were measured and calculated. Expressed as an equivalent optical bandwidth, the theory is a universal curve. As can be seen, there is excellent agreement between the theory and experiment for both WGRs (1-6 ports for the 100 GHz WGR, and 2-6 ports for the 50 GHz WGR).
The broadcast delivery of 1280 digital video channels on a WDM PON has been described and demonstrated. While any services may be delivered besides video and only one-way services have been described herein. The present invention may be used to deliver two-way or interactive services as well. Four wavelength-division multiplexed ASE bands, each modulated with 64 QPSK subcarriers, were spectrally sliced at the RN's WGR. While these numbers of carriers were demonstrated, a lesser or greater number may be considered without departing from the spirit of the present invention. When only one input port of a 50-GHz WGR was connected, the relatively low optical modulation depth per QPSK subcarrier (required to avoid nonlinear distortion) in conjunction with spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise (caused by the decrease in optical bandwidth due to the filtering associated with the WGR) resulted in an infinite power penalty at the receiver due to spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise. This effect was suppressed with a novel remote node architecture, which increased the effective optical bandwidth.
It should be clear from the foregoing that the objectives of the invention have been met. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it should be noted that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications may be made by persons skilled in the art. The present application contemplates any and all modifications within the spirit and scope of the underlying invention disclosed and claimed herein.
This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/916,648, filed Jul. 30, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,286,761.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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6282005 | Thompson et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6721506 | Lam | Apr 2004 | B1 |
7085495 | Birk et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7286761 | Birk et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7466919 | Birk et al. | Dec 2008 | B1 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 09916648 | Jul 2001 | US |
Child | 11901741 | US |