Patent Application
20240080187
This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0110882, filed on Sep. 1, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a method for forming a virtual private network which provides a virtual private network using a key generated based on a post quantum cryptography, and a virtual private network operating system performing the same.
A Virtual Private Network VPN is a private communication network used by companies or organizations to communicate over a public network without revealing its contents to the outside, and may form a secure channel between devices using a special TCP/IP-based protocol called a tunneling protocol.
As a method for implementing a virtual private network, there is a virtual private network based on a secure sockets layer (SSL) that can be connected to an internal network regardless of a place or a type of a terminal. The SSL virtual private network encrypts information in communication between a web browser and a server, and thus, as a security solution having a function of protecting information even when the information is leaked through hacking, internal system resources can be safely used from a remote place to the Internet.
Meanwhile, with the development of quantum computers, security of an encryption algorithm used in an existing cryptosystem has been weakened, and accordingly, a need for Post Quantum Cryptography, which is an encryption algorithm in which security is maintained even by a quantum computer, has emerged, and a virtual private network also needs to be applied to Post Quantum Cryptography in which security is maintained even by a quantum computer.
The present invention relates to a method for forming a virtual private network using a post quantum cryptography in a process of providing a key to provide a virtual private network, and a virtual private network operating system performing the same.
A method for forming a virtual private network between a client and a server according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include: generating a key by utilizing a grid-based algorithm; generating a certificate based on the key; and performing communication through the virtual private network by utilizing the certificate, wherein the generating of the key may include: defining a key matrix corresponding to a random polynomial ring; sampling a first key vector corresponding to a grid and a second key vector having a first distance from the first key vector; and generating the key by utilizing the key matrix, the first key vector, and the second key vector.
In an embodiment, the defining of the key matrix may include generating a random number by using a random number generator, generating a seed by substituting the random number into a hash function, generating the random polynomial ring by using the seed, and defining the key matrix corresponding to the random polynomial ring.
In an embodiment, the sampling of the first key vector and the second key vector may include sampling the first key vector and the second key vector that are random by using a declination sampling scheme.
In an embodiment, the generating of the key using the key matrix, the first key vector, and the second key vector may include calculating a key value using the key matrix, the first key vector, and the second key vector, and generating a public key and a private key using the key value, the key matrix, the first key vector, and the second key vector.
The key value may be determined by adding the second key vector to a value obtained by multiplying the key matrix by the first key vector.
In an embodiment, the generating of the public key and the private key may comprise the steps of: generating the key matrix and the key value pair as the public key; and generating the key matrix, the key value pair, the first key vector, and the second key vector pair as the private key.
In an embodiment, the performing of the communication through the virtual private network using the certificate may include: signing, by the server, the certificate using upper N (N is a natural number) coefficients of the key matrix; performing, by the client, authentication on the server using upper N (N is a natural number) coefficients of the key matrix based on the signature; encrypting, by the client, a symmetric key using a public key included in the certificate when the authentication is completed; decrypting, by the server, the symmetric key using the public key; and performing communication through the virtual private network using the symmetric key.
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Advantages and features of the present disclosure and methods of achieving them will become apparent with reference to embodiments described in detail below together with the accompanying drawings. However, the technical spirit of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, but may be implemented in various different forms, and the following embodiments are provided to complete the technical spirit of the present invention and to completely inform a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs of the scope of the present invention, and the technical spirit of the present invention is only defined by the scope of the claims.
In adding reference numerals to elements in each drawing, it should be noted that the same elements will be designated by the same reference numerals, if possible, even though they are shown in different drawings. In addition, in describing the present invention, when it is determined that a detailed description of related known configurations or functions may obscure the gist of the present invention, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the inventive concept belongs. In addition, terms defined in commonly used dictionaries are not interpreted ideally or excessively unless they are clearly specifically defined. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. In the specification, a singular form includes a plural form unless specifically mentioned in the text.
In addition, in describing components of the present disclosure, terms such as first, second, A, B, (a), (b), and the like may be used. The term is used only to distinguish a component from another component, and the nature, sequence, or order of the corresponding component is not limited by the term. When it is described that a component is “connected”, “coupled”, or “connected” to another component, the component may be directly connected or connected to the other component, but it should be understood that another component may be “connected”, “coupled”, or “connected” between the components.
It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used in the present invention do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other components, steps, operations and/or elements, as mentioned.
Components included in any one embodiment and components including a common function may be described using the same name in another embodiment. Unless stated otherwise, the description described in any one embodiment may be applied to other embodiments, and the detailed description may be omitted within a redundant range or a range that can be obviously understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
Hereinafter, some embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings.
Referring to
An authenticator 100 may represent a terminal operated by an institution that issues a CA to users. The authenticator 100 may perform a role of verifying the identity of the holder of the certificate CA in order to secure the trust of the transaction through the certificate CA, and may perform overall tasks for issuing the certificate CA and performing authentication tasks such as extracting, discarding, updating, and replacing the certificate CA. When the virtual private network VPN is configured, the certificate CA may serve to confirm whether the client 200 is the server 300 that intends to configure the virtual private network VPN in order to guarantee the reliability of the server 300, and the authenticator 100 may transmit the certificate CA to the server 300 through a predetermined procedure of authenticating the server 300. In an embodiment, the certificate CA may include information about a key KEY (e.g., a public key and/or a private key).
The client 200 may be a terminal operated by a user who desires to communicate with the server 300 through the virtual private network VPN. The authenticator 100 and the client 200 may include various communication-enabled terminal devices such as a cellular phone, a smart phone, a laptop, a personal computer (PC), a navigation, a personal communication system (PCS), a global system for mobile communications (GSM), a personal digital cellular (PDC), a personal handyphone system (PHS), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an international mobile telecommunication (IMT)-2000, a code division multiple access (CDMA)-2000, a W-code division multiple access (W-CDMA), a wireless broadband internet (Wibro) terminal, a smart pad, a tablet PC, etc.
The server 300 may be a server that provides various data to the client 200 through the virtual private network VPN, an operating computer that operates the server, and the like, and in one example, may be implemented in the cloud. In an embodiment, the server 300 may transmit data to the client 200 by using an application program such as a website, an application, or the like.
Each configuration of the virtual private network operating system 10 may be connected to communicate with each other in a wired or wireless manner, and when connected in a wired manner, each configuration included in the virtual private network operating system 10 may communicate with each other using a serial method, and when connected in a wireless manner, each configuration included in the virtual private network operating system 10 may communicate with each other using a wireless communication network, and the wireless communication network may include a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), the World Wide Web (WWW), a wired/wireless data communication network, a telephone network, a wired/wireless television communication network, 3G, 4G, 5G, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a 5th Generation Partnership Project (5GPP), a Long Term Evolution (LTE), a World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), Wi-Fi, Internet (Internet), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless Local Area Network (Wireless LAN), a Wide Area (WAN) Examples of the network include a communication network, a satellite broadcasting network, an analog broadcasting network, a digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) network, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
The authenticator 100 may transmit the certificate CA including the key KEY to the server 300 through authentication for the server 300, and the server 300 may perform signature SIGN on the certificate CA. The client 200 may check whether the server 300 is a legitimate counterpart for forming the virtual private network VPN based on the signature SIGN, and form the virtual private network VPN through a handshake operation with the server 200 by using the key KEY included in the certificate. According to the technical spirit of the present disclosure, the signature SIGN included in the certificate CA may be generated by a post quantum algorithm using a grid-based algorithm, and accordingly, even in a situation in which the certificate CA is exposed by an attacker using quantum computing when the certificate CA is transmitted between the client 200 and the server 300, information on the signature SIGN included in the certificate CA may not be exposed by the attacker, and accordingly, the virtual private network VPN may be formed in a safe environment.
Although
In an embodiment, the client 200 may receive the certificate CA from the server 300, and may authenticate whether the certificate CA is authenticated by the authenticator 100 Ver_CA. Accordingly, the client 200 may check whether the server 300 is a proper subject for forming the virtual private network VPN.
In this specification, the operation of the virtual private network operating system 10 and the components included therein may mean an operation performed by a processor included in each component based on a computer program including at least one instruction stored in a storage device included in each component, and the storage device may include a non-volatile memory, a volatile memory, a flash memory, a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid state drive (SSD), or the like. The processor may include at least one of a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU), a Neural Processing Unit (NPU), a RAM, a ROM, a system bus, and an application processor.
Referring to
Although
The client 200 and the server 300 may perform the handshake using the certificate, and may share the symmetric key through the handshake T200. In the present specification, the handshake may mean a series of processes in which the client 200 and the server 300 initiate communication in order to communicate using the virtual private network VPN, and in the symmetric key scheme, a symmetric key may be exchanged as a result of the handshake. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the signature operation of the server 300 and the authentication operation of the client 200 may be performed during the handshake, and at this time, the key included in the certificate may be utilized.
The client 200 and the server 300 may perform communication through the virtual private network VPN by using the exchanged symmetric keys T310.
According to the technical spirit of the present disclosure, a post quantum algorithm based on a grid algorithm may be used in a series of operations for forming the virtual private network VPN, and accordingly, even if a certificate is stolen by a hacker in the step of transmitting the certificate from the authenticator 100 to the server 300 T130 or the hand shake step T200, a key included in the certificate may not be decrypted by quantum computing, and as a result, the security of the virtual private network operating system 10 may be increased.
Referring to
The information about the public key may include information about a public key algorithm and the public key. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the public key algorithm may correspond to a post quantum key generation algorithm to be described below in
In addition, a signature algorithm may correspond to a post quantum signature algorithm to be described below in
It should be understood that the structure of the certificate CA of
Referring to
The authenticator 100 may sample the first key vector and the second key vector using a grid-based algorithm. The grid-based algorithm refers to an encryption algorithm based on mathematical problems on a grid called a grid problem, and the grid problem includes a Shortest Vector Problem (SVP), a Shortest Independent Vectors Problem (SIVP), and a Closest Vector Problem (CVP). The security of the grid-based algorithm is based on the fact that it is difficult to solve the above-described grid problem, and since it is difficult to find a grid point closest to an arbitrary position in a grid of hundreds of dimensions, if a key is matched to the corresponding grid point, it is difficult to find a private key corresponding to the position through quantum computing, and thus the grid-based algorithm may be an alternative. In one example, if any location on the grid corresponds to a public key and a particular location close to the public key corresponds to a private key, the private key can be hidden at the intersection of the multidimensional grid, the number of possibilities of shortest vectors for the private key is infinite, and the process of traversing the range of possibilities and the number of permutations in the quantum computer cannot take advantage of the advantages of the quantum computer over the existing computer due to its complex nature. That is, the encryption key may be determined only when the attacker knows his or her own path through the grid, that is, the attacker has no way to calculate the path, so it may be said that it is theoretically impossible for the attacker to calculate the private key. In an embodiment, a Gaussian distribution method and a dejection sampling method may be used to sample key vectors among a plurality of vectors generated using the grid-based algorithm.
The authenticator 100 may generate a public key and a private key by utilizing the generated key matrix, the first key vector, and the second key vector S300.
According to the technical idea of the present disclosure, a hacking attempt by quantum computing may be prevented by utilizing a grid-based algorithm in a process of generating a key for the virtual private network VPN, and accordingly, security of the virtual private network VPN may be increased.
Referring to
The authenticator 100 may generate a seed by substituting the key random number into a hash function S120, and generate a random polynomial ring using the seed S130. In addition, the authenticator 100 may define a key matrix corresponding to the random polynomial ring S140.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, when defining a key matrix, a random number generator, a hash function, and a random polynomial ring are used to maximize randomness of the key matrix, and as a result, randomness of a key may be maximized.
Referring to
k=A·v1+v2 Equation 1
The authenticator 100 may generate a key matrix and a key value as a public key S320, and generate a key matrix, a key value, a first key vector, and a second key vector as a private key S330. In one example, the public key (pk) and the private key (sk) may be generated as shown in Equation 2 below.
pk=(A,k), sk=(A,k,v1,v2) Equation 2
The authenticator 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure may generate a public key and a private key using a key value defined using a grid-based algorithm, increase security of the public key by including a key vector in the private key, and fully decode data using the private key.
Although
Referring to
The server 300 may include the generated signature in the authentication certificate and transmit the authentication message to the client 200 T230. The client 200 may obtain a public key and a signature from the certificate T240, and authenticate the server 300 by using the authentication message, the public key, and the signature T250. The authentication operation of the client 200 will be described later with reference to
When the authentication of the server 300 is successful, the client 200 may transmit the symmetric key encrypted by the public key to the server 300 T260, and the server 300 may decrypt the symmetric key by using the private key T270. Thereafter, the client 200 may communicate with the server 300 through the virtual private network VPN using the symmetric key.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, by performing the handshake between the client 200 and the server 300 using the public key using the grid-based algorithm, the public key in the certificate may not be exposed to the attacker even when the attacker captures the certificate in the process of transmitting the certificate between the client 200 and the server 300, and by utilizing the unique signature algorithm and the authentication algorithm, the signature of the server 300 and the authentication of the server 300 may be smoothly performed even when the public key using the grid-based algorithm is used.
According to an embodiment, in the signature step T220, the server 300 may generate a signature random number using a random number generator S221. The server 300 may calculate a first matrix by multiplying the key matrix included in the public key by the generated signature random number, and obtain upper N (N is a natural number) coefficients of the polynomial ring corresponding to the calculated first matrix as first bits S222. In one example, the server 300 may obtain the first bit by listing the top N coefficients in the polynomial ring. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the server 300 may determine the hash value by using the top N coefficients in the polynomial ring, thereby enabling accurate authentication in the authentication procedure despite the grid-based algorithm.
The server 300 may generate a first hash value by substituting a value obtained by adding the first bit and the authentication message into a hash function S223. In an example, the authentication message may indicate a message having a meaning arbitrarily determined by the server 300, and the action of adding the first bit and the authentication message may mean an action of adding the first bit to a bit value corresponding to the authentication message.
The server 300 may generate a signature value by adding a signature random number to a value obtained by multiplying the first key vector included in the private key by the first hash value S224. For the first hash value h1, the first key vector v1, and the signature random number rn, the signature value sv may be determined according to the following Equation 3.
sv=h1·v1+rn Equation 3
The server 300 may check whether the generated signature value is equal to or less than a predetermined value S225. The server 300 may include the signature value and the first hash value as the signature in the certificate and transmit the certificate to the client 200 when the generated signature value is less than or equal to the predetermined value S226, and when the generated signature value is not less than or equal to the predetermined value, the server 300 may generate a new signature random number and perform the operation of generating the signature value again.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the server 300 may secure post quantum for a signature by determining the signature value using a grid-based key vector, a hash value, and a signature random number, and may secure high security by adopting the signature value only when the signature value is equal to or less than a predetermined value.
According to an embodiment, in the authentication step T250, the client 200 may obtain a signature including a signature value and a first hash value, and a public key including a key matrix and a key value from the certificate S251. The client 200 may check whether the signature value is equal to or less than a predetermined value S252. In an embodiment, the predetermined value may be a value previously discussed with the server 300, and the client 200 may primarily determine whether the signature value is altered by determining whether the signature value is less than or equal to the predetermined value.
The client 200 may calculate a value obtained by subtracting a value obtained by multiplying the signature value by the key matrix and a value obtained by multiplying the first hash value by the key value. The client may calculate the following second matrix B with respect to the signature value sv, the key matrix A, the first hash value h1, and the key value k.
B=sv·A−h1·k Equation 4
By Equation 1 and Equation 3, the second matrix B may be calculated as follows.
B=rn·A−h1·v2 Equation 5
The client 200 may obtain upper N coefficients of the polynomial ring corresponding to the second matrix B as second bits S254. The client 200 may generate a second hash value by substituting a value obtained by adding the second bit and the authentication message into a hash function S255. In one example, the portion of the second matrix B may not be included in the upper coefficient, and accordingly, hash values for upper bits of the first matrix and the second matrix, which are multiples of the key matrix A, may be equal to each other only when the signature is valid according to the property of the hash function.
Therefore, when the first hash value included in the signature is equal to the second hash value obtained by the calculation S256, the client 200 may encrypt the symmetric key by using the public key S257 and transmit the encrypted symmetric key to the server 200, and when the first hash value included in the signature is not equal to the second hash value obtained by the calculation S256, the client 200 may terminate the handshake due to the authentication failure S258.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, by performing a signature and an authentication procedure by using an upper coefficient of a matrix, an accurate authentication procedure may be performed despite a grid-based algorithm, and a safe virtual private network may be constructed even in quantum computing.
Although not shown, in one embodiment, the client 200 may additionally authenticate whether the certificate is valid through the authenticator 100.
Referring to
As described above, the processor 1100, the memory device 1200, the storage device 1300, the power supply 1400, and the display device 1500 included in the computing system 1000 may configure any one of the authenticator 100, the client 200, and the server 300 according to embodiments of the inventive concept to perform a method for forming a virtual private network. In detail, the processor 1100 may perform the operating method for the virtual private network operating system 10 described above with reference to
The processor 1100 may perform specific calculations or tasks. The processor 1100 may be a micro-processor or a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The processor 1100 may communicate with the memory device 1200, the storage device 1300, and the display device 1500 through a bus 1600 such as an address bus, a control bus, or a data bus. According to an embodiment, the processor 1100 may also be connected to an expansion bus such as a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
The memory device 1200 may store data necessary for an operation of the computing system 1000. For example, the memory device 1200 may be implemented as a DRAM, a mobile DRAM, an SRAM, a PRAM, an FRAM, an RRAM, and/or an MRAM. The storage device 1300 may include a solid state drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM, etc. The storage device 1300 may store programs, application program data, system data, operating system data, and the like related to the method for forming the virtual private network described above with reference to
The display device 1500 is an output means for notifying a user, and may notify a user or the like of information on a method for forming a virtual private network by displaying the information on the method. The power supply 1400 may supply an operating voltage required for an operation of the computing system 1000.
According to the technical idea of the present invention, in a process of generating a key for utilizing a virtual private network, a key is generated by utilizing a post quantum cryptography including a grid algorithm, thereby providing high security, and providing a safe virtual private network which is not hacked even in a quantum computer.
Exemplary embodiments have been invented in the drawings and specification as described above. Although embodiments have been described using specific terms in the present specification, they are used only for the purpose of describing the technical spirit of the present invention and are not used to limit the meaning or limit the scope of the present invention described in the claims. Therefore, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications and other equivalent embodiments are possible therefrom. Therefore, the true technical protection scope of the present invention should be determined by the technical spirit of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2022-0110882 | Sep 2022 | KR | national |
