Patent Application
20170130287
The present invention relates to a method for heat treatment, a heat treatment apparatus, and a heat treatment system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for heat treatment, a heat treatment apparatus, and a heat treatment system, configured to supply atmosphere gas, which is constituted of neutral gas or inactive gas, to a heat-treatment chamber having in-furnace structures and the like made of graphite so as to perform heat treatment of materials to be treated, while performing highly precise control by using Ellingham diagram information.
For heat treatment of metal, various heat treatments have conventionally been used depending on application purposes, the heat treatments including a standardization treatment such as annealing/normalizing, a hardening/toughening treatment, such as quenching/tempering and thermal refining, a surface hardening treatment, such as nitriding and surface improvement, and brazing and sintering of metal products. While these atmosphere heat treatments are performed in atmosphere gases, such as atmospheric air, inert gases, oxidizing gases, and reducing gases, which are supplied to a heat treatment furnace, the properties of metals that are subjected to the heat treatments are drastically changed by components of these atmosphere gases. Accordingly, it is necessary to control the components of the atmosphere gases supplied into the heat treatment furnace with sufficient precision and to visualize the status of the atmosphere in the furnace with high precision.
As a first conventional technology that performs feedback control on the flow rate of the gas supplied to a heat treatment furnace in response to a signal coming from an oxygen potentiometer placed inside the heat treatment furnace, a method of adjusting the atmosphere gas in a bright annealing furnace disclosed in Patent Literature 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-2317) will be described with reference to
The mixed gas is heated and combusted at high temperature (1100° C.) in a gas converter with heating function 15, and then the gas is quenched and dehumidified in a gas quenching/dehumidifier system 16, before being supplied to a bright annealing furnace 17. Oxygen partial pressure is measured by the oxygen potentiometer 18 provided inside the bright annealing furnace 17, and based on this measurement value, carbon potential (CP) is calculated by a carbon potential computation controller 19. Then, the calculated value is compared with a preset carbon content in an object to be treated, and the flow rate of hydrocarbon gas supplied to the gas mixer 13 is feedback-controlled via the flow control valve V1 so that the calculated value is matched with the preset carbon content. This prevents oxidation and decarbonization of the material to be treated in the bright annealing furnace 17.
Next, as a second conventional technology, a method of controlling furnace gas in bright heat treatment disclosed in Patent Literature 2 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-215717) will be described with reference to
In
A carbon monoxide analyzer 23 also detects the partial pressure of residual carbon monoxide in the heat chamber 21, and when the detection value is higher than a set value set in a carbon monoxide partial pressure setting unit 25, inert gas, such as nitrogen, is discharged to the outside of the furnace while being supplied to the heat chamber 21, so that the amount of residual carbon monoxide is controlled to be constant. As a consequence, even when moisture, oxides, and oil and fat adhere to the surface of metals to be treated, the bright treatment is implemented without causing oxidation, decarbonization, carbon deposition, and carburization.
As a third conventional technology, a method of calculating heat treatment conditions by using an Ellingham diagram to reduce metal oxide to metal is disclosed in Patent Literature 3 (WO 2007/061012).
Moreover, as a fourth conventional technology, Patent Literature 4 (Japanese Patent No. 3554936) discloses a technology that forms a carbon wall as an inner wall of a furnace, supplies inactive gas such as nitrogen gas, other than hydrogen, as furnace atmosphere to cause a reaction between oxygen and the carbon wall to generate carbon monoxide (CO), and sinters a molded product made of metal powder under reducing atmosphere achieved with the carbon monoxide (CO). In this method, there is no concern about hydrogen explosion over a wide temperature range, and a small amount of residual oxygen O2 reacts with solid carbon in the inner wall of the furnace so that an equilibrium state of carbon is automatically maintained in accordance with heat treatment temperature, which prevents generation of excessive carbon.
As a fifth conventional technology, Patent Literature 5 (Japanese Patent No. 3324004) discloses a technology that forms a carbon wall as an inner wall of a furnace, and brazes stainless steel by using a conveyer belt made of carbon under a furnace atmosphere constituted of argon gas.
Furthermore, as a sixth conventional technology, Non Patent Literature 1 (Keikinzoku (Light Metals) Vol. 57, No. 12) discloses a technology that uses a continuous nonoxidizing atmosphere including in-furnace structures made of graphite, such as graphite heat insulators, graphite inner/outer muffles, graphite heaters, and graphite conveyance belts, and supplies argon gas or nitrogen gas to this continuous nonoxidizing atmosphere furnace so as to braze titanium under an oxygen partial pressure of 10−15 Pa or less. As in the fourth conventional technology, this furnace is free from concern about hydrogen explosion and is capable of thermally dissociate difficult-to-reduce metal oxides, so that the surface of metal to be treated can substantially be deoxidized.
The first conventional technology in Patent Literature 1 is configured so that the gas converter with heating function 15 combusts hydrocarbon gas and exothermic converted gas at high temperature to generate atmospheric gas. This causes various problems, including concern about explosion due to the use of explosible gas, increase in both size of the apparatus itself and power consumption, and difficulty in control due to complicated atmosphere control caused by change in carbon potential (CP) by temperature.
A furnace gas control method in the bright heat treatment disclosed in Patent Literature 2 has the problem stated in Patent Literature 1. In addition, although there is a description about controlling the residual oxygen amount and the residual carbon monoxide amount to be constant, no description is provided regarding how to determine a preferred condition range, i.e., the range of the bright treatment which does not cause decarbonization.
Furthermore, in Patent Literature 3 that discloses a metal, a method and apparatus for manufacturing the metal, and an application thereof, there is a description about reducing metal oxides to produce metal with reference to an Ellingham diagram representative of an equilibrium state of a reaction system with ΔG0 as an ordinate and temperature as an abscissa. However, it is impossible to identify where, in the preferred condition range and in the condition range out of the preferred conditions, the furnace is currently operated. Moreover, in the case where, for example, the preferred condition is changed, it is impossible to dynamically cope with the change. Furthermore, there is no description regarding analyzing the operation conditions of the furnace based on optimum set conditions and signals from the sensors by using an operation history in the case where defective articles are generated in mass production, and performing failure analysis of a lot that includes the defective articles.
Although calculating ΔG0 is mentioned in paragraph [0011] in which the metal, the method and apparatus for manufacturing the metal, and the application thereof in Patent Literature 3 are described, there is no description whatsoever regarding use of ΔG0 as a means for displaying the status of the heat treatment furnace in operation and how to control the status of the heat treatment furnace expressed by ΔG0.
Moreover, a method of sintering metal disclosed in Patent Literature 4, a brazing method disclosed in Patent Literature 5, and a method of brazing industrial unalloyed titanium with the continuous nonoxidizing atmosphere furnace disclosed in Non Patent Literature 1 are similar to those in the present invention in the point of supplying neutral gas or inactive gas to the heating chamber constituted from a graphite muffle. However, in the case of the heat treatment methods disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 to 3, there is no description or suggestion about displaying the status of the heat treatment furnace in operation on a display device as a point on an Ellingham diagram in real time.
In all the documents stated above, no disclosure is made about visualizing the current status of atmosphere in the furnace with high precision and controlling the status of the furnace by using the visualized information.
The present invention provides a method for heat treatment, a heat treatment apparatus, and a heat treatment system which suitably solved the aforementioned problems.
A heat treatment apparatus of the present invention includes: a heat treatment furnace that heat-treats materials to be treated; a gas supply device that supplies atmosphere gas constituted of neutral gas or inactive gas to the heat treatment furnace; a control system that controls a flow rate from the gas supply device by referring to sensor information from a sensor, wherein the heat treatment furnace has in-furnace structures made of graphite, the heat treatment apparatus further including: a standard formation Gibbs energy computation unit that calculates standard formation Gibbs energy of the heat treatment furnace by referring to the information from the sensor; and a display data generation unit that generates the standard formation Gibbs energy as display data to be displayed on the Ellingham diagram corresponding to temperature of the heat treatment furnace.
The neutral gas or inactive gas may be any one of nitrogen gas, argon gas, and helium gas.
The standard formation Gibbs energy may be sampled in temporal sequence, a difference value between temporally adjacent data pieces may be calculated, and time at which the different value is equal to 0 may be calculated as reduction finish time of the materials to be treated.
The heat treatment apparatus may include: a conveyance mechanism that conveys the plurality of materials to be treated in sequence in a longitudinal direction of the heat treatment furnace; and sensors that are provided in a plurality of places along the longitudinal direction to calculate the standard formation Gibbs energy, wherein the standard formation Gibbs energy may be calculated in the respective places with reference to respective signals from the plurality of sensors, and a conveyance rate may be controlled by the conveyance mechanism, or a flow rate of the neutral gas or inactive gas or a flow velocity of the gas may be controlled, so that the calculated value falls within a control range.
The display data generation unit may generate the display data including a control range of the heat treatment furnace in the Ellingham diagram.
Moreover, the control range may include: a first control range indicative of a normal operation range of the heat treatment furnace; a second control range outside the first control range, wherein when a status on the Ellingham diagram is out of the first control range and goes into the second control range, an alarm is output but operation is continued; and a third control range outside the second control range, wherein when the status goes into the third control range, operation of the heat treatment apparatus is stopped.
The standard formation Gibbs energy computation unit may perform computation by using any one information piece of oxygen partial pressure and carbon monoxide partial pressure or both information pieces to calculate the standard formation Gibbs energy.
The standard formation Gibbs energy computation unit may further calculate the standard formation Gibbs energy by any one of a computation method with use of an oxygen sensor, a computation method with use of a carbon monoxide sensor, and a computation method with use of the information from both sensors.
The heat treatment apparatus may include a status monitoring & abnormality processing unit that directly monitors a status on the Ellingham diagram, outputs an alarm when the status deviates from the first control range, and outputs control information so as to stop the operation of the heat treatment apparatus when the status shifts to the third control range.
The heat treatment apparatus may include a heat treatment database that stores at least one of process information on the materials to be treated, log information about operation of the heat treatment apparatus, and accident information.
Moreover, a plurality of process conditions for evaluation may be set for the materials to be treated, the materials to be treated that are heat-treated in each of these conditions are evaluated, and the control range may be defined based on the evaluation results.
When a lot number of the materials to be treated is specified in case where the status of the materials to be treated shifts in sequence, the Ellingham diagram of the materials to be treated may sequentially be displayed on an identical screen or a plurality of screens.
The heat treatment database may include, a file of materials to be treated that stores a list or a library of the materials to be treated including at least one of various metals and alloys including carbon steel, and steel, nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), silicon (Si) and copper (Cu) containing an alloy element. The heat treatment database may also include a process control file that stores a list or a library of the heat treatments including at least one of a bright treatment, a refining treatment, a hardening/tempering treatment, brazing, and sintering.
Further, the heat treatment apparatus may include a display device that simultaneously or switchingly displays at least two or more out of the Ellingham diagram, a chart indicative of time transition in control parameter of the heat treatment apparatus, and the information from the sensor.
The sensor and the control system may be connected via a communication line, so that the control system may monitor in real time whether the sensor and the communication line normally operate, while performing offset correction and noise correction of a signal from the sensor.
The heat treatment system of the present invention may include: a heat treatment furnace that heat-treats materials to be treated; a gas supply device that supplies atmosphere gas constituted of neutral gas or inactive gas to the heat treatment furnace; a control system that controls a flow rate from the gas supply device by referring to sensor information from a sensor, wherein the heat treatment furnace may have in-furnace structures made of graphite, and include a heat-treatment chamber in which heat treatment of the materials to be treated is performed. The heat treatment apparatus may further include: a standard formation Gibbs energy computation unit that calculates the standard formation Gibbs energy of the heat treatment furnace by referring to the information from the sensor; a display data generation unit that generates an Ellingham diagram of the heat treatment furnace and the standard formation Gibbs energy as display data to be displayed on the Ellingham diagram according to temperature of the heat treatment furnace; and a terminal device that displays the display data via a communication line, while transmitting the control information for controlling the control system.
A method for heat treatment of the present invention may be a method for heat treatment that heat-treats materials to be treated in a heat-treatment chamber provided in a heat treatment furnace, the method comprising: making in-furnace structures of the heat treatment furnace from graphite; supplying atmosphere gas constituted of neutral gas or inactive gas to the heat treatment furnace; calculating standard formation Gibbs energy of the heat treatment furnace by referring to sensor information from respective sensors that detect a status during heat treatment; and generating an Ellingham diagram of the heat treatment furnace and the standard formation Gibbs energy as display data to be displayed on the Ellingham diagram according to temperature of the heat treatment furnace.
The method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention can display an Ellingham diagram, a control range, and an operational status of the heat treatment furnace on a display device, so that the operational status of the heat treatment furnace can be monitored in real time from a perspective of the Ellingham diagram.
The method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention can grasp whether or not the status of the heat treatment furnace is within the control range set on the Ellingham diagram and two-dimensionally grasp a margin to a boundary of the control range when the status is in the control range. Furthermore, the control range is divided into a normal operation range, an alarm output/continuous operation range set outside the normal operation range, and an operation stop range set further outside the alarm output/continuous operation range to normalize a control method in each range, so as to achieve decrease in occurrence rate of a defective lot and reduction in operation stop period. As a consequence, the heat treatment apparatus excellent in mass productivity can be provided.
Further in the method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention, sensor signals regarding the operational status, shift in system status on the Ellingham diagram and the like are stored as log data, which makes it easy to perform failure analysis and the like. Moreover, alarm information can be sent to persons concerned before fatal shutdown occurs, and quick recovery to the normal operation condition can be implemented.
Further in the method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention, data about materials to be treated and treatment processes is stored in a database as libraries. When the materials to be treated and the treatment processes are changed, it becomes possible to swiftly switch the operation of the heat treatment furnace by selecting these libraries. Therefore, the present invention is also applicable to limited manufacture with a wide variety.
Furthermore, when the method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention are applied to bright annealing heat treatment, it becomes unnecessary to execute after-treatments, such as acid pickling performed after the heat treatment, since the product surface is bright-finished, or it becomes possible to omit a process of removing a decarburized layer (such as cutting, etching and polishing) after the heat treatment since there is no decarbonization on the surface in process of the heat treatment.
Since hydrogen gas is not used, there is no concern about explosion during heat treatment, so that extremely safe operation is realized for the heat treatment furnace.
If the flow rate of reducing gas, such as hydrocarbon gas, is increased to enhance the reducing property in the conventional heat treatment furnace, soot may be generated in the heat treatment furnace and contaminate the heat treatment furnace with carbon, and/or the materials to be treated may be carburized. In the case of heat treatment such as the bright treatment and annealing, it is difficult to perform atmosphere control to prevent carburization and decarbonization, since the carbon potential (CP) changes with temperature.
In contrast, the method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention does not use any reducing gas such as hydrocarbon gas, which eliminates the possibility of soot generation. Since only neutral gas or inactive gas is supplied to a heat treatment furnace, carburization and decarbonization do not occur in the materials to be treated.
Since the flow rate or flow velocity of neutral gas or inactive gas supplied from the supply source of the gas is adjusted with a flow control valve, control of atmosphere gas can considerably be simplified.
In the case of heat-treating easy-to-reduce materials to be treated, such as copper, control is performed so that the status of the heat treatment furnace falls within a control range set on the Ellingham diagram. As a result, the flow rate of the neutral gas or inactive gas supplied to the heat treatment furnace can considerably be reduced as compared with difficult-to-reduce materials to be treated. This makes it possible to curtail the expense of gas accordingly.
Since the oxygen partial pressure in the heat treatment furnace can be maintained extremely low (10−15 Pa or lower), it becomes possible to perform heat dissociation of metal oxides which are extremely difficult to reduce, and to thereby perform heat treatment of metal in a deoxidized state.
Moreover, in the method for heat treatment and the heat treatment apparatus according to the present invention, heat treatment is performed while the heat treatment furnace is maintained at about 1 atmospheric pressure. Accordingly, as compared with the conventional heat treatment furnace having a vacuum furnace, evaporation from materials to be treated can considerably be decreased.
Moreover, in the method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention, the need for a gas converter that combusts hydrocarbon gas to generate conversion gas is eliminated, so that the entire apparatus can be downsized. This eliminates the necessity of supplying electric power to the gas converter, so that considerable power reduction in the entire apparatus can be achieved.
Hereinafter, the embodiments of a method for heat treatment, a heat treatment apparatus, and a heat treatment system of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
A gas supply device 32 supplies atmosphere gas constituted of neutral gas or inactive gas to the heat treatment furnace 31. A control system 33 controls temperature of the heat treatment furnace 31 and the like and controls the gas supply device 32 and the like in response to signals from various sensors. A terminal device 34 reciprocally inputs and outputs information via a control system 33 and a communication line 35.
The heat treatment furnace 31 includes various sensors including, more particularly, a temperature sensor 311 that measures temperature, and an oxygen sensor 312 that measures residual oxygen partial pressure (O2 partial pressure).
The heat treatment furnace 31 also includes a carbon monoxide sensor (CO sensor) 313 that samples a part of atmosphere gas in the heat treatment furnace 31 with a gas sampling device 315, and measures a carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure) inside the heat treatment furnace 31 based on the sampled atmosphere gas. The atmosphere gas analyzed with the carbon monoxide sensor (CO sensor) 313 is discharged as analysis exhaust gas.
Although the temperature sensor is an indispensable sensor, it is not necessary to provide all the other sensors. More specifically, there are following methods of measuring standard formation Gibbs energy ΔG0 of the heat treatment furnace 31: (1) a method of using the carbon monoxide sensor (CO sensor) 313; (2) a method of using the oxygen sensor 312; and (3) a method of using a combination of the methods (1) and (2). In accordance with these methods (1) to (3), necessary sensors may be provided.
The gas supply device 32 includes a flow control valve 321 that controls a flow rate or a flow velocity of neutral gas or inactive gas in response to control signals of a control unit 334, a flowmeter 322 that measures neutral gas or inactive gas whose flow rate or flow velocity has been adjusted, and an output gas sensor 323 that measures a dew point or an oxygen partial pressure of the gas supplied to the heat treatment furnace 31.
Note that the output gas sensor 323 is provided in order to detect deviation of the dew point from a normal control range due to occurrence of abnormalities in the gas supply device 32, and the like. However, the precision of the dew-point sensors which are currently available on the market leaves much to be desired. Accordingly, instead of using the dew-point sensor as the output gas sensor 323, a method of using information from an oxygen sensor and the like may be used to detect whether or not the output gas from the gas supply device 32 is normal.
Based on the signals from the output gas sensor 323, the control unit 334 or an arithmetic processor 333 determines whether or not the dew point and the like are within the control range. When the dew point is determined to be within the control range, neutral gas such as nitrogen gas or inactive gas such as argon gas and helium gas is supplied to the heat treatment furnace 31 from the gas supply device 32.
The control system 33 has a display device 331 that displays an operational status of the heat treatment furnace, more specifically, a point that represents the status on an Ellingham diagram, and information such as a control range set on the Ellingham diagram. The control system 33 also has an input device 332 that outputs input information to an arithmetic processor 333. Further, there is provided an arithmetic processor 333 that uses signals from various sensors placed inside the heat treatment furnace 31 and from the CO sensor 313 provided outside the heat treatment furnace 31 and uses the information stored in a heat treatment database 335 to perform arithmetic processing. The arithmetic processor 333 also outputs control signals for controlling the flow control valve 321 and the like to the control unit 334. There are also provided the control unit 334 that controls the heater 316, the flow control valve 321 and the like in response to the control signals from the arithmetic processor 333, and the heat treatment database 335 that stores and manages material information on the materials to be treated 317, process information about the heat treatment, information about the control range, log information about operation of the heat treatment apparatus, accident data, and the like.
Moreover, the various sensors, such as the temperature sensor 311, the oxygen sensor 312, and the CO sensor 313, are connected to the control unit 334 or the arithmetic processor 333 via the communication line 36, such as a dedicated sensor bus, a general-purpose bus, or a wireless LAN. The control unit 334 or the arithmetic processor 333 monitors in real time whether or not the various sensors and the communication line 36 normally operate, while performing processing such as detection of signals from various sensors, sampling, A/D conversion, waveform equivalence, offset correction, and noise correction.
Next, the heat treatment furnace 31 will be described in detail with reference to
In the graphite outer muffle 42, a tunnel-like graphite inner muffle 43 formed from graphite is provided. The inside of this graphite inner muffle 43 serves as a heat-treatment chamber 410 in which heat treatment of the materials to be treated 317 is performed. The temperature of the heat-treatment chamber 410 is set at 800° C. to 2400° C. in one example. Graphite heaters 45 are placed on upper and lower directions of the graphite inner muffle 43 to heat the heat-treatment chamber 410. Each of the graphite heater 45 is made to pass through the graphite outer muffle 42 in a horizontal direction and is attached to the outer wall 41 via a bush 46.
Inside the heat-treatment chamber 410, a mesh belt 44 made of a C/C composite material is provided so as to be movable in a longitudinal direction along the lower side of the graphite inner muffle 43. The materials to be treated 317 are laid on the mesh belt 44 and are moved at a set velocity inside the heat-treatment chamber 410, together with the mesh belt 44, in a direction vertical to the page. When the temperature of the heat-treatment chamber 410 is 1000° C. or less, a mesh belt made of refractory metal may be used instead of the mesh belt made of a C/C composite material. A silicon carbide heater may be used instead of the graphite heater.
A heater box 47 hermetically formed from a metal plate material 48 is provided on both right and left sides of the outer wall 41. In this heater box 47, a gas supply clear aperture 49 is provided to supply neutral gas or inactive gas to the heat-treatment chamber 410. In
Since neutral gas or inactive gas pressurized to be slightly higher than 1 atmosphere is supplied to the heater box 47, the gas is supplied into the graphite outer muffle 42 through a gap between the graphite outer muffle 42 and the bush 46, and is further supplied to the heat-treatment chamber 410 through an unillustrated gap of the graphite inner muffles 43. Thus, the materials to be treated 317 laid on the mesh belt 44 are subjected to heat treatment under high temperature in a low-oxygen atmosphere gas constituted of neutral gas such as nitrogen gas or inactive gas such as argon gas and helium gas.
As described in the foregoing, the graphite heat insulator 41b, the graphite outer muffle 42, the graphite inner muffle 43, the graphite heater 45, and the mesh belt 44, which are main component members of the heat treatment furnace 31, are made of graphite materials. A small amount of residual oxygen contained in the atmosphere gas reacts with graphite and the like in the in-furnace structures and turns into carbon monoxide (CO), which is discharged out of the furnace together with the atmosphere gas. As a result, the residual oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere gas is lowered. Under high temperature, metal oxides formed on the surface of the materials to be treated 317 are thermally dissociated into oxygen and metal, and the thermally dissociated oxygen is released into the atmosphere gas having a lowered oxygen partial pressure. This oxygen reacts with graphite and the like that constitute the inner wall of the graphite inner muffle 43 and the mesh belt 44, and turns into carbon monoxide (CO), which is swiftly discharged out of the furnace together with atmosphere gas. Thus, heat dissociation of metal oxides is continuously performed only with neutral gas or inactive gas without using the reducing gas.
Now, the case where the materials to be treated 317 are iron (Fe) having oxidized surface and the bright treatment is performed thereon in the heat treatment furnace 31 will be described with reference to
As illustrated in
As this reaction further progresses, all the oxygen on the front surface of iron reacts with carbon (C) and turns into carbon monoxide (CO), which is released to the outside of the heat treatment furnace 31 together with atmosphere gas as illustrated in
As described in the foregoing, the method for heat treatment has characteristics as shown below.
1) The treatment can be performed in an inert atmosphere which is not explosible, so that safety is ensured.
2) The heat treatment is performed in neutral gas or in inactive gas, so that carburization and decarbonization phenomena of the materials to be treated do not occur.
3) The furnace can be operated under normal pressure, so that evaporation of metal to be treated can be suppressed more than evaporation in a vacuum method.
4) Since the oxygen partial pressure in the heat treatment furnace can be maintained extremely low, it becomes possible to perform heat dissociation of metal oxides, which are extremely difficult to reduce, and to thereby handle metal in a deoxidized state.
Next, the configuration and operation of the arithmetic processor 333 will be described with reference to
The arithmetic processor 333 includes a sensor I/F 66 that receives signals from various sensors, an oxygen partial pressure computation unit 61 that calculates oxygen partial pressure in the heat treatment furnace 31 with reference to a signal from the oxygen sensor 312 input via the sensor I/F 66, and a CO partial pressure computation unit 62 that calculates carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure) with reference to a signal input from the CO sensor 313.
A ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) computation unit 63 refers to the calculation results calculated respectively in the oxygen partial pressure computation unit 61, the CO partial pressure computation unit 62 to calculate ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) of the heat treatment furnace 31 in operation, and outputs the calculation result to a display data generation unit 64, the control unit 334, and a status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65.
There are several methods of calculating ΔG0, and some typical calculation methods will be described below.
ΔG0−RT·ln P(O2) (1)
2C+O2=2CO (2)
ΔG0(1)=−229810+171.5T (J−·mol−1) (3)
ΔG0=RT ln P(O2)=ΔG0(1)−2 RT ln P(CO) (4)
Here, R represents a gas constant, T represents absolute temperature, P(O2) represents oxygen partial pressure (O2 partial pressure), P(CO) represents carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure).
In the above-stated formulas, ΔG0 can be calculated from the oxygen partial pressure P(O2) by using the formula (1). The formula (2) represents a reaction among carbon (C), oxygen (O2) while the formula (3) indicates that ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) in this system of reaction is calculated with a linear function of absolute temperature (T).
In accordance with the formula (4), RT ln P (O2) can be calculated by using the carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure), and therefore an oxygen partial pressure P (O2) and ΔG0 can be obtained.
Next, the sensors necessary for calculation of ΔG0 will be described.
When attention is focused on the formula (1), ΔG0 can be calculated when the absolute temperature T and the oxygen partial pressure P(O2) are detected. Therefore, the temperature sensor 311 and the oxygen sensor 312 may be provided.
When attention is focused on a CO—O2 reaction to calculate ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) by using the formula (4), the carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure) needs to be detected. Accordingly, the CO sensor 313 may be provided as a sensor.
Moreover, precision may be enhanced by such a method of calculating ΔG0=RT ln P(O2) according to the formula (1) and RT ln P(O2)=ΔG0(1)−2RT ln P(CO) according to the formula (4), and selecting a method estimated to have the highest precision, or averaging, weighted-averaging or statistically processing respective calculation results.
Returning to the description with reference to
The display device 331 displays the display data output from the display data generation unit 64 with temperature as an abscissa and ΔG0 as an ordinate, in which standard formation Gibbs energy of the materials to be treated 317 at respective temperatures is displayed as approximate straight lines L1, L1′ and L1″ while standard formation Gibbs energy in the reaction of 2C+O2=2CO is displayed as an approximate straight line L2. Here, the approximation straight lines L1 represents standard formation Gibbs energy of titanium (Ti) and titanium oxide (TiO2), the approximation straight lines L1′ represents standard formation Gibbs energy of iron (Fe) and iron oxide (Fe2O3), and the approximation straight lines L1″ represents standard formation Gibbs energy of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (Cu2O), respectively.
Each metal has different standard formation Gibbs energy. The metals which locate at lower positions with respect to the ΔG0 axis are less susceptible to heat dissociation. For example, in the conventional heat treatment furnace with the oxygen partial pressure of 10−1 Pa and the furnace temperature of 1600 K (1327° C.), only copper oxide (Cu2O) is thermally dissociated into copper even when high purity neutral gas or inactive gas is used. Not only titanium, which is lower in standard formation Gibbs energy than copper, is not thermally dissociated, but also steel is not at all thermally dissociated.
Accordingly, in the past, vacuum methods have generally been used as a method of decreasing the oxygen partial pressure. In the atmosphere furnace, atmosphere gas containing reducing gas, such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide, has been used. However, these methods have a high possibility of causing failures as described in the foregoing. Contrary to this, the heat treatment furnace of the present invention can lower the oxygen partial pressure to 10−15 Pa or less in the atmosphere of normal pressure, which is constituted of only neutral gas or inactive gas. For example, when the oxygen partial pressure in the furnace is 10−19 Pa and the furnace temperature is 1600 K (1327° C.), iron oxides and titanium oxides are reduced by heat dissociation.
In a present invention, in accordance with the approximate straight lines L1, L1′, and L1″ of respective metals, control ranges R1, R1′, and R1″ and statuses P1, P1′ and P1″ in the heat treatment furnace 31 calculated by the ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) computation unit 63 are simultaneously displayed on an Ellingham diagram. The control ranges R1, R1′, and R1″ are set below the approximate straight lines L1, L1′, and L1″ and in the vicinity of the straight lines L1, L1′, and L1.″ For example, when the materials to be treated 317 are titanium, the control range R1 is read out from the heat treatment database 335 and are displayed on an Ellingham diagram together with the status P1 in the heat treatment furnace 31 calculated by the ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) computation unit 63. In the case of other metals, the control ranges set for the respective metals and their status points on the Ellingham diagram are similarly displayed.
The status P1, P1′, P1″ are updated at every sampling time by various sensors, e.g., at every second on a display screen. While the control ranges R1, R1′, R1″ and the status P1, P1′, P1″ are essential as the information displayed on the display device 331, the approximate straight lines L1, L1′, L1″ and the approximate straight line L2 are not necessarily essential in mass-production heat treatment apparatuses. Moreover, the update period may arbitrarily be set.
With reference to the Ellingham diagram displayed on the display device 331, an operator of the heat treatment apparatus illustrated in
The status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65 monitors in real time the parameters including temperature, O2 partial pressure, CO partial pressure in the heat treatment furnace 31 and ΔG0, while reading the control range R1 corresponding to the materials to be treated 317 and the like from the heat treatment database 335 and outputting an abnormal signal to the control unit 334 when the above-described parameters deviate from the specified control range.
As described above, the method for heat treatment, the heat treatment apparatus, and the heat treatment system according to the present invention can perform extremely stable operation on mass production, which also ensure economically efficient operation. More specifically, since heat treatment is performed by using neutral gas or inactive gas as atmosphere gas, complicated chemical reactions with the materials to be treated are not involved, so that the heat treatment is performed with simple chemical reactions. Accordingly, as compared with the methods of using hydrocarbon gas and the like, the heat treatment stably proceeds.
In the case of the reduction reaction illustrated in
In the above case, the arithmetic processor 333 can pre-estimate completion time of the reduction reaction based on time change in ΔG0. If this estimated time matches with the time, at which ΔG0 becomes a fixed value, based on the information from respective sensors, then the estimated time may be adopted as the completion time of the reduction reaction.
A description is now given of how the arithmetic processor 333 calculates the completion time of the reduction reaction based on time change in ΔG0 in the case where heat treatment is performed as batch treatment, with reference to
In
Meanwhile, as illustrated in
Therefore, the arithmetic processor 333 can calculate the completion time of the reduction reaction based on time change in ΔG0. In one example, the following method may be used. Based on time series data including sequential ΔG0 values, δ(n)=ΔG0(n)−ΔG0(n−1) is calculated. Here, ΔG0(n) and ΔG0(n−1) are values of ΔG0 at time n and at time n−1, respectively.
First, δ (n) takes a large negative value and then gradually decreases during a shift from the status ST2 to the status ST3. After the status ST3, δ (n) takes a positive value until it reaches the status ST4. During a shift from the status ST4 to the status ST5, δ (n) takes a positive value, and then gradually approaches 0, before being equal to 0 and stabilized in the status ST5. Since this relationship is not changed by various factors of the atmosphere gas or the materials to be treated 317, the completion time of the reduction reaction that sets ΔG0 equal to 0 can easily be calculated by using various approximate calculation methods.
When the reduction treatment of the materials to be treated 317 is finished according to the time calculated in this way, it is determined that normal heat treatment has been performed. Contrary to this, when the completion time deviates from the range of the calculated completion time, it is presumed that a certain abnormality has occurred and an audio or text alarm is output to the display device 331.
Moreover, when time change in ΔG0 or above-described δ (n) is out of the control range set for each time period during operation of the heat treatment, the flow rate of atmosphere gas or the flow velocity of the gas may be controlled to fall within a control range set for each subsequent time period.
A description is now given of how the arithmetic processor 333 calculates the completion time of the reduction reaction based on time change in ΔG0 in the case where heat treatment is performed as continuous treatment, with reference to
Thus, the value of ΔG0 in the heat-treatment chamber 810 continuously changes, and each of the ΔG0 sensor 1, the ΔG0 sensor 2, and the ΔG0 sensor 3 outputs a signal equivalent to ΔG0 at each position to the control system 33 of
When the abnormalities described above occur, the control system 33 performs control to slow the conveyance rate of the mesh belt 44, increase the flow rate of atmosphere gas or the flow velocity of the gas, or to execute these two processes at the same time so that ΔG0 is within the control range 3 in the end. The method of slowing the conveyance rate of the mesh belt 44 involves taking longer time to perform reduction treatment of the materials to be treated 317. The method of increasing the flow rate of atmosphere gas or the flow velocity of the gas involves decreasing the residual oxygen partial pressure in atmosphere gas and thereby increasing a reduction treatment rate. By applying these methods, the abnormalities of heat treatment are detected at the early stage, and the conveyance rate of the mesh belt 44, the flow rate of atmosphere gas, or the flow velocity of the gas are controlled, so that stable heat treatment is performed. This makes it possible to reduce a rejection rate.
Next, the heat treatment database 335 illustrated in
The heat treatment database 335 includes, as illustrated in
The process control file 102 stores specific process names, such as a bright treatment, a refining treatment, a hardening/tempering treatment, brazing, and sintering, and process conditions corresponding to the process names in a table format or as a library for each material to be treated 317. The process conditions to be stored include, as respective initial values, temperature of the heat treatment furnace 31, CO partial pressure, O2 partial pressure, ΔG0 as a result of computation in the ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) computation unit 63, a flow rate of neutral gas or inactive gas or a flow velocity of the gas in the flowmeter 322, a conveyance rate of the materials to be treated 317, and time control and process sequences of these parameters.
Based on an instruction from the input device 332, the arithmetic processor 333 read from the heat treatment database 335, a table or library specified from the file of materials to be treated 101 and the process control file 102 which are stored in the form of a table or a library, and displays the table or library on the display device 331. An operator confirms the displayed content, and if the displayed heat treatment conditions are acceptable, the operator starts the heat treatment under the conditions. Therefore, in the case of changing the heat treatment, the heat treatment can easily be changed based on the above-described procedures, so that the heat treatment such as the bright treatment, the refining treatment, and the hardening/tempering treatment, brazing, and sintering can promptly and flexibly be implemented.
As illustrated in
In
The log file 104 has a log data file 1041 that stores parameters from respective sensors in real time, the parameters including temperature of the heat treatment furnaces 31, CO partial pressure, O2 partial pressure, and a flow rate or flow velocity of gas or liquid passing through the flowmeter 322, a conveyance rate of the material to be treated 317, and ΔG0. The log file 104 also has an accident data file 1042 including the above log data file for the second control range and third control range illustrated in
The log file 74 is divided into the log data file 1041 and the accident data file 1042, so that the accident data file 1042 is preferentially analyzed when an accident occurs. As a result, accident analysis can efficiently be carried out.
Now, the control unit 334 will be described with reference again to
By using ΔG0 from the ΔG0 (standard formation Gibbs energy) computation unit 63 and the information on the control range R1, the control unit 334 controls the flow control valve 321 to control the gas flow rate or the gas flow velocity so that the status expressed by ΔG0 is aligned with the center of the control range. The control ranges R1, R1′, and R1″ are regions each set below the approximate straight lines L1, L1′, and L1″, where the materials to be treated 317 are reduced. At the same time, the control ranges R1, R1′, and R1″ are set below the approximate straight line L2. As long as atmosphere gas is controlled to be in these control ranges R1, R1′, and R1″, carbon (C) is also in the reduction region, so that a failure that decarbonization occurs due to oxidation of carbon present on the surface of the materials to be treated 317 is prevented.
The atmosphere gas inside the heat treatment furnace 31 is more oxidizing as ΔG0 is higher in the Ellingham diagram, whereas the atmosphere gas is more reducing as ΔG0 is lower in the Ellingham diagram. When the flow rate of the neutral gas or inactive gas or the flow velocity of the gas to be supplied to the heat treatment furnace 31 is controlled by controlling the flow control valve 321 of
The description has been given of the case where the control unit 334 controls the flow control valve 321 so as to control the gas flow rate or the gas flow velocity so that the status expressed by ΔG0 is aligned with the center of the control range. However, the conveyance rate of the mesh belt 44 may be controlled so that the status expressed by ΔG0 is aligned with the center of the control range. More specifically, as the conveyance rate of the mesh belt 44 is slowed, the reducing time becomes longer, which enables the materials to be treated 317, which need longer reduction treatment time, to be sufficiently reduced. On the contrary, for the materials to be treated 317 which can be reduced in short reduction treatment time, the conveyance rate of the mesh belt 44 is increased, so that the heat treatment efficiency of the furnace can be enhanced.
When serious abnormalities occur in operation of the furnace, the control unit 334 stops operation of the heat treatment apparatus by such an action as stopping a conveyance mechanism that conveys the materials to be treated 317 to the heat treatment furnace 31, based on the information from the status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65.
When serious abnormalities occur, the control unit 334 outputs an abnormal signal to the display data generation unit 64. Upon reception of the signal, the display data generation unit 64 executes alarm processing such as blinking the status P1, P1′, P1″ displayed on the display device 331 or issuing an alarm sound.
A description is now given of the method for heat treatment and the heat treatment apparatus of the present invention with reference to a flow chart illustrated in
In step S1, by using the input device 332, the materials to be treated 317 that are heat treatment target this time and a heat treatment process therefor are selected from a menu displayed on the display device 331. For example, carbon steel is selected as the materials to be treated 317, and P1 process is selected from the bright treatment as a heat treatment process.
Next, in step S2, the arithmetic processor 333 read process conditions, Ellingham diagram information, and a control range from the heat treatment database 335, and output these pieces of information to the control unit 334 and the display device 331. In step S31, based on the received process conditions, the control unit 334 starts to control the gas flow rate or the gas flow velocity by controlling the heater 316, the flow control valve 321, and the like, so that the temperature and ΔG0 are positioned in the center of the control range displayed in the Ellingham diagram. At the same time, the display device 331 displays the Ellingham diagram information and the control range in step S32.
Next, in step S4, various sensors output the detected sensor information to the arithmetic processors 333 directly or via the control unit 334. In step S5, the arithmetic processor 333 generates ΔG0 calculated by the formula (1) or (4) with reference to the oxygen partial pressure (O2 partial pressure) and the carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure) calculated in the respective computation units 61 and 62, or ΔG0 calculated based on computation results of the plurality of formulas, as display data to be displayed on the Ellingham diagram of the display device 331 together with the control range and the approximate straight lines L1, L1′, L1″ and L2 illustrated in
Next, in step S6, the status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65 determines whether or not the operational status of the heat treatment furnace 31 is within the control range of the Ellingham diagram. When the operational status is within the control range of the Ellingham diagram, the status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65 instructs the control unit 334 to continue operation. In step S7, the control unit 334 outputs control information for continuous operation to an unillustrated conveyance mechanism for the materials to be treated 317, the heater 316, and the flow control valve 321.
Contrary to this, when the operational status is out of the control range of the Ellingham diagram, the status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65 instructs the display data generation unit 64 to execute alarm processing such as blinking the status P1, P1′, P1″ on the display device 331 or issuing an alarm sound. At the same time, as illustrated in
As a consequence, when the status P1, P1′, P1″ are out of the first control range, an urgent mail or the like is sent to the PC of a production management engineer and the like, so that the production management engineer can quickly access the accident data file 1042 in the heat treatment database 335. The production management engineer analyzes the data in the accident data file 1042 by using an accident analysis tool to find out the cause of the accident, and gives instructions to a production site to cope with the situation.
Next, the processing in the case where the operational status of the heat treatment furnace 31 is out of the first control range of the Ellingham diagram in step S6 will be described in detail with reference to
When the status shifts from the first control range indicative of the normal operation to the second control range, the status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65 instructs the display data generation unit 64 to execute alarm processing in step S8. At the same time, the status monitoring & abnormality processing unit 65 transmits alarm information to the terminal device 34 in real time via the communication line 35.
When the status shifts from the first control range to the second control range, the control unit 334 performs feedback control in real time so that the status returns to the first control range. As illustrated in
When the status goes into the third control range (No in step S11), operation of the heat treatment furnace 31 is stopped as illustrated in step S13 in both of the automatic operation mode and the manual operation mode so as to prevent production of defective articles. Specifically, a conveying operation of a conveyor or a roller that conveys the materials to be treated 317 is stopped to prevent new materials to be treated 317 from being input into the heat treatment furnace 31. Once the status goes into the third control range as illustrated in
When it is determined in step S11 that the operational status of the heat treatment furnace 31 is within the second control range of the Ellingham diagram, operation is continued in step S12, and in step S6 or step S11, continuous monitoring of the operational status is performed to check which control range the status is positioned at.
To provide more detailed description with respect to the above-described operation, consider the case where the status P1 in the first control range shifts to a status P2 in the second control range in
More specifically, when the flow rate of neutral gas or inactive gas or the flow velocity of the gas is decreased, decrease in carbon monoxide partial pressure (CO partial pressure) in the atmosphere is suppressed. Therefore, a reaction from the left hand side to the right hand side in formula (2) is suppressed. Accordingly, as the flow rate of neutral gas or inactive gas or the flow velocity of the gas to be supplied to the heat treatment furnace 31 is decreased, the reducing property of atmosphere gas is lowered, and the status point shifts upward in the Ellingham diagram.
Back to
As described in the foregoing, the control range is divided into the first control range to the third control range, and the control method is adjusted for each range, so that decrease in occurrence rate of defective lots and reduction in operation stop period are achieved. As a consequence, the heat treatment apparatus excellent in mass productivity can be provided.
In
While
Meanwhile, the information
The method for heat treatment and the heat treatment apparatus according to the present invention are controlled by using the control range in the control range file 103 illustrated in
In step S21, a material to be treated, which is subjected to evaluation for determination of the control range, is selected from various materials to be treated, such as various metals and alloys including carbon steel, and steel, nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), silicon (Si) and copper (Cu) containing an alloy element. In step S22, a process suitable for the material to be treated which is selected in step S22, e.g., a process P1 of the bright treatment or the like, is selected. Next, in step S23, a plurality of process conditions for evaluation are prepared based on default process conditions of the selected process. Then, one process condition is selected from these process conditions for evaluation, and in step S24, the materials to be treated 317 are heat-treated by using the heat treatment apparatuses illustrated in
Next, in step S25, parameters including temperature of the heat treatment furnace 31, O2 partial pressure, CO partial pressure, gas flow rates or gas flow velocity from the flowmeter 322, and ΔG0 are each stored as evaluation log data in the log data file 1041.
In step S26, it is determined whether or not all the process conditions for evaluation are tried. If all the process conditions for evaluation are not tried, a process condition for evaluation which is not yet tried is selected in S23, and processing in steps S24 and S25 is repeated so as to repeat the heat treatment in all the process conditions for evaluation.
In step S27, each material to be treated which is heat-treated in each process for evaluation is evaluated. Specifically, color, surface hardness, presence/absence and degree of decarbonization and carburization, crystal structure based on X-ray diffractometry, shear strength of a joined part after brazing, and the like are evaluated for each material to be treated. Based on the evaluation result, a control range which satisfies target specifications is determined in step S28.
As specifically described in the foregoing, based on the flow of
A description is now given of other embodiments of the heat treatment apparatus of the present invention with reference to
When a lot number of the materials to be treated 317 is specified through the input device 332, it is possible to instantly display on the display device 331 which zone and which status on the Ellingham diagram the materials to be treated 317 of that lot number are present, together with the position of the zone and the process conditions. As for the lot in the cooling zone, an Ellingham diagram in the heating zone where the lot was previously heat-treated can be traced back and displayed.
In the above description, various gases including neutral gas such as hydrocarbon gas, and inactive gas such as argon gas and helium gas are supplied to the gas supply device from unillustrated gas supply sources, such as tanks, provided outside the gas supply device.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-150239 | Jul 2012 | JP | national |
The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/403,874, filed on Nov. 25, 2014, which is a National Phase Entry of International Application No. PCT/JP2013/066378, filed on Jun. 13, 2013, which claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2012-150239, filed on Jul. 4, 2012, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14403874 | Nov 2014 | US |
| Child | 15409080 | US |
