Patent Application
20070220810
The present invention relates to gasifier equipment and to the process of gasification of carbon containing solids into combustible gases. The improvement may be used to enrich the calorific density and hydrogen content of the produced syngas while simultaneously improving the thermal efficiency of the gasification process.
Gasification processes convert carbon-containing solids of liquids into combustible gases that ideally contain all the energy originally present in the feed. In reality this is not easily achieved, although with good thermal management it is possible to operate with energy efficiencies in excess of 90%. The technique yields a combustible gas, which is typically rich in carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane from a carbon containing solid. Gaseous fuels have many advantages over solid fuels. They are typically cleaner burning reducing particulate carbon, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. It is also much easier to remove sulphur, halogen and nitrogen containing volatile compounds from the syngas through scrubbing and adsorption techniques prior to combustion rather than cleaning the flue gases or the solid fuels. It is becoming increasingly attractive to consider maximizing the hydrogen concentration in the produced syngas through the water gas shift reaction and then sequestering the carbon dioxide for this gas stream. This technique is being adopted by some integrated gasification combined cycle (“IGCC”) coal gasification plants as a method to reduce carbon oxide emissions.
Almost all carbon containing solids are suitable fuels for gasification systems. Examples include, but are not limited to, coals, lignites, plant matter and plant matter derived products, animal wastes, oil and oil derived products. Increasing interest is being expressed towards the use of biomass and animal wastes as these offer a potentially viable route to creating fuel streams which do not contribute to the addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The mechanism is that the plant picks up carbon dioxide during the growing season and a similar quantity of carbon dioxide is released during combustion resulting in a near net zero addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This technique offers a large scale route were a significant fraction of the energy requirements of the planet can be readily produced in an environmentally friendly manner as well as being eligible for carbon based tax credits as presently offered by various governments.
One disadvantage of gasification is that the gas stream produced has a relatively weak energy density. For an air blown system the energy content per unit volume is around a fifth to a seventh that contained in natural gas and around one twentieth that of liquefied petroleum gas (“LPG”). This low energy density detracts from the economics of compressing the gas and transporting through pipelines to anywhere other than over short to moderate distances. Thus the gaseous fuel produced from gasification is typically used on or near the production facility.
The use of biomass as a feedstock for gasification systems is becoming increasingly economically as well as environmentally attractive. Potential local uses for the syngas may include, running generators to produce electrical power, using the fuel to offset natural gas in heating applications or to convert the syngas into a liquid fuel, and other uses. The conversion to a liquid fuel can be readily accomplished by the catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide by hydrogen to produce methanol, ethanol or synthetic middle distillates. In this case the fuel can be readily transported to be the market place.
A typical biomass has an energy density around 18 kJ/g on a dry basis. On a wet basis this value can be substantially less and can even be less than zero, indicating that the fuel is not capable of burning in a sustainable manner while liberating energy. On a dry basis biomass has a calorific value around half that of coal. The low energy density, its low packing density and difficulty in handling make the economics of transporting biomass large distances unfeasible. Thus the utilization of biomass for small to medium scale distributed energy producing processes has some synergy. The biomass for such a process would be sourced locally and probably within a twenty mile radius. Power may be generated and used to reverse feed already saturated power delivery lines. In such a system local communities would utilize locally grown biomass and potentially make use of some volume of waste currently being land filled to generate their own power or convert the material into fuels. In effect a community could become power and fuel self sufficient while producing no greenhouse gas emissions.
Biomass is a very broad term and includes all solids derived from plant matter, animal wastes as well as organic municipal waste. Suitable biomasses include, but are not limited to, sawdust, wood, straw, alfalfa seed straw, barley straw, bean straw, corn cobs, corn stalks, cotton gin trash, rice hulls, paper, municipal solid waste, barks and animal wastes. It is interesting that almost all biomass has the same ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen, which is summarized as CH1.4O0.6.
The stoichiometric gasification equation is shown below:
CH1.4O0.6+0.2O2→CO+0.7H2 (1)
Performing an energy balance across the system reveals that the products contain more energy than the reactants, hence some of the biomass is burnt to offset this imbalance. Hence a more realistic gasification process may be represented as:
CH1.4O0.6+0.4O2→0.7CO+0.6H2+0.3CO2+0.1H2O (2)
If air is used as the oxidant the process becomes
CH1.4O0.6+0.4O2+1.6N2→0.7CO+0.6H2+0.3CO2+0.1H2O+1.6N2 (3)
As can be seen in equation (3) the nitrogen associated with the oxygen acts to dilute the energy containing components by approximately one half. The reaction may also be facilitated through utilizing steam as the oxidant. This process is expressed as:
CH1.4O0.6+0.4H2O→CO+1.1H2 (4)
The syngas produced through equation 4 has a much higher energy density than air derived syngas. The total energy content of the syngas is also about twice than the air derived product, however, the process is strongly endothermic and requires a substantial external energy input. The energy can be transferred into the process through heat transfer mechanisms, this may include externally heating the gasifier, through the use of heating elements within the gasifier or through passing hot inert solids into the gasification bed. Either of these techniques greatly complicates the overall design of the gasifier. A second technique utilizes a large excess of superheated steam, such that the sensible heat contained in the steam is used to provide the energy for the process. However, this involves the construction of a large steam generator, thus increasing the capital expenditure of the process and generates the need for an external fuel input.
The present invention comprises, in one exemplary embodiment, a method which allows the waste heat generated from an external process, which is fueled by syngas, to be recycled into a gasification process to enhance the energy density of the syngas produced as well as the overall gasification efficiency of the system. The invention also relates to a method of utilizing the waste heat contained in a stream exiting in the syngas-fueled process to vaporize water and produce steam. The steam is then upgraded by first exchanging energy with the hot syngas exiting the gasifier and then within the gasifier itself to a temperature where significant steam gasification of the biomass occurs. The process within the gasifier is driven by introducing a small amount of air into the gasifier such that some biomass is directly combusted to provide the heat required by the endothermic processes. By the exchange of heat in this manner the volume of oxygen required by the process is vastly reduced and hence the volume of associated nitrogen diluent introduced is also minimized. This manner of operation significantly reduces the cost of the ancillary equipment as no external steam or oxygen generator is required. The method maximizes the energy content of the produced gas and under certain circumstances allows gasification efficiencies greater than 100% to be achieved. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the gasification efficiency is defined as the energy content of the produced gas divided by the energy content in the original biomass. The improvement becomes much increased if amounts of steam much higher than required by stoichiometry are utilized. Particularly favorable results are achieved with steam ratios in the range of 1:10 times that of stoichiometry.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the drawings in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures of which:
Gasification systems often make use of air as the oxidant in the process. The disadvantage of the use of air is that the associated nitrogen acts to dilute the syngas produced and results in the production of a syngas with a low energy density. A weak syngas can still be readily utilized but results in larger downstream equipment, higher blower costs and higher de-rates of downstream electrical generation equipment. The nitrogen can be removed from the system by utilizing an air separation unit to enrich the air. The gas produced in this case has a much higher energy density, approaching twice that obtained from an air blown system, but the capital and operational costs of an air separation unit is high. A third technique is to utilize steam as the oxidant. Utilizing steam results in a syngas which has a high calorific value and is high in hydrogen and so exhibits good flame velocity attributes. However, the gasification reactions which involve steam are highly endothermic such that external energy must be supplied to the system, either through external heating techniques, the introduction of hot inert material into the gasification bed or through the use of large volumes of excess steam such that the steam contains appreciable quantities of sensible heat. This results in a process which requires some form of external energy input and as such requires utilizing a fuel.
In the present invention, the external process that is consuming the syngas produced in the gasifier is thermally integrated with the gasification process itself. By operating in this regime waste heat from the process can be efficiently and conveniently used to enhance the gasification process to produce a syngas with a higher energy density, a higher in hydrogen concentration and in a thermally more efficient manner as compared to an air blown system. The exemplary embodiment of the method described hereinbelow utilizes a gasifier operating with and without the energy recycle and discusses how the process becomes integrated within a continuous process to convert biomass into electrical power using an internal combustion engine generator and a turbine powered generator.
The invention will be further described in connection with the following examples, which are set forth for purposes of illustration only. Parts and percentages appearing in such examples are by weight unless otherwise stipulated.
A 15 cm, down-draft stratified gasifier with an integral tar cracking and hydrocarbon reforming lower chamber was used to convert biomass into syngas. In the upper zone the biomass undergoes the decomposition process commencing with devolatization followed by flaming pyrolysis and finally char gasification. In the lower zone a small amount of air is introduced into the syngas such that a small fraction is further oxidized. The heat liberated by this oxidation allows higher order hydrocarbons and tars to be broken down into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The result of the thermal treatment is that a syngas which is essentially free of tars and higher order hydrocarbons is produced. The air flow to the gasifier was adjusted such that the maximum bed temperature was 850° C. The syngas produced exiting the system was cooled to 40° C. such that any condensable matter is liquefied. The syngas was filtered using a 5 micron polyester filter, passed through a blower and was then used to power a 4 KW YAMAHA™ TRIFUEL™ generator. The air entering the system was preheated in a plate heat exchanger using the hot syngas exiting the gasifier, in a counter current arrangement. A gas chromatograph was used to analyze the composition of the gas exiting the gasifier system. A typical analysis of the syngas produced is shown below in Table 1.
In a subsequent experiment the oxidant was adjusted to contain a mixture of air and steam. The steam flowrate used represented the volume of steam that could be raised using half of the waste heat that is available to be captured from the generator. A similar experiment was conducted, the oxidants again being preheated by the syngas exiting the system and the gas analysis was found to be as shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2 clearly demonstrates the improvements in the syngas energy density and hydrogen content that are achieved by recycling the waste heat from an external device into the gasification system.
Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.
Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope and spirit of the appended claims. It should further be noted that any patents, applications and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This application claims benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/785,519, filed Mar. 24, 2006, entitled METHOD TO IMPROVE GASIFICATION EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE USE OF WASTE HEAT, and 60/785,520, filed Mar. 24, 2006, entitled GASIFICATION SYSTEMS, and commonly assigned to the assignee of the present application, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60785519 | Mar 2006 | US | |
| 60785520 | Mar 2006 | US |
