Patent Application
20240316126
This application claims priority of Chinese Invention patent application Ser. No. 20/231,0296615.2, filed on Mar. 24, 2023.
The Sequence Listing submitted concurrently herewith with a file name of “PE-68173-AM-SEQUENCE LISTING.xml,” a creation date of Jul. 26, 2023, and a size of 5.14 kilobytes, is part of the specification and is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure relates to a method for increasing calcium absorption using a composition including a culture of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02.
Calcium deficiency-associated disorders are part of the global health issues and are common in children, women, and aged men. Calcium deficiency can diminish bone strength, potentially leading to rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, osteoporosis, etc. The former two are more commonly caused by a lack of vitamin D while the latter is more frequent caused by a deficiency of calcium. A prevalent way to increase calcium intake for delaying or improving a calcium deficiency-associated disorder is through the use of calcium supplements, such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium phosphate, and calcium lactate gluconate. Nevertheless, calcium contained in calcium supplements may not be absorbed effectively by the intestine due to a lack of vitamin D while excessive use of calcium supplements may increase urinary calcium levels, resulting in a high risk of kidney stones, which are made up of 80% to 90% calcium in the form of either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.
Probiotics are resident normal flora of the intestinal tract and are believed to play important roles in regulating proper intestinal immunity and digestion by balancing intestinal microflora. These beneficial microorganisms are widely used as live microbial dietary supplements and can help restoring intestinal microfloral balance. Many species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., Pediococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Bacillus spp., and Leuconostoc spp., are conferred with the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, and are widely used as probiotics.
It has been reported in Igarashi M. et al., (1994), Bifidus., 7: 139-147 that administration of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 and whey calcium could not significantly improve femur fracture properties of rats with ovariectomized osteoporosis, and further administration of lactulose was required to greatly improve the femur fracture properties. These results indicate that administration of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 and lactulose together can promote whey calcium absorption, and hence can increase the strength of bone.
In addition, it has been reported in Gilman J. et al., (2006), Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol., 7(1): 1-5 that administration of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis UCC 35624 was not effective in increasing calcium uptake and transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells in culture.
In spite of the aforesaid, there is still a need to develop an effective way for increasing calcium absorption.
Therefore, an object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for increasing calcium absorption, which can alleviate at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art, and which includes administering to a subject in need thereof a composition including a culture of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02.
The Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02 is deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) under an accession number CGMCC 15212.
Other features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent in the following detailed description of the embodiment(s) with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that various features may not be drawn to scale.
For the purpose of this specification, it will be clearly understood that the word “comprising” means “including but not limited to”, and that the word “comprises” has a corresponding meaning.
It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Taiwan or any other country.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present disclosure. Indeed, the present disclosure is in no way limited to the methods and materials described.
The present disclosure provides a method for increasing calcium absorption, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof a composition including a culture of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02.
The Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02 is deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) under an accession number CGMCC 15212.
As used herein, the term “administration” or “administering” means introducing, providing or delivering a pre-determined active ingredient to a subject by any suitable routes to perform its intended function.
As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any animal of interest, such as humans, monkeys, cows, sheep, horses, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, mice, and rats. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
In certain embodiments, the subject suffers from a calcium deficiency-associated disorder
According to the present disclosure, the calcium deficiency-associated disorder may be selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, osteopenia, rickets, joint pain, muscle cramp, hypertension, palpitation, anxiety, obesity, skin inflammation, hypocalcemia, dysmenorrhea, perimenopause, menopause, postmenopause, and combinations thereof.
According to the present disclosure, the culture of the lactic acid bacterial strain (i.e., the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02) may be prepared by culturing the abovementioned lactic acid bacterial strain in a liquid or solid medium suitable for growth and/or proliferation thereof.
As used herein, the term “culturing” can be used interchangeably with other terms such as “fermentation” and “cultivation”.
According to the present disclosure, the liquid medium suitable for cultivation may include, but is not limited to, MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) broth, MRS broth containing cysteine, and mineral medium containing glucose and soy peptone.
The procedures and conditions for cultivation may be adjusted according to practical requirements. In this regard, those skilled in the art may refer to journal articles, e.g., Hsieh P. S. et al. (2013), New Microbiol., 36:167-179.
According to the present disclosure, cultivation may be conducted at a temperature ranging from 25° C. to 40° C. for a time period ranging from 20 hours to 40 hours. In an exemplary embodiment, cultivation is conducted at 37° C. for 24 hours.
According to the present disclosure, the culture of the lactic acid bacterial strain is a liquid culture.
According to the present disclosure, the liquid culture may have a total bacterial concentration ranging from 106 CFU/mL to 1012 CFU/mL. In certain embodiments, the liquid culture may have a total bacterial concentration ranging from 106 CFU/mL to 1010 CFU/mL. In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid culture may have a total bacterial concentration of 9×106 CFU/mL. In another exemplary embodiment, the liquid culture may have a total bacterial concentration of 9×107 CFU/mL.
According to the present disclosure, the liquid culture may be free of cells.
As used herein, the term “free of” means that the liquid culture lacks a significant amount of a specified component (i.e., bacterial cells). In certain embodiments, the amount of the bacterial cells does not have a measurable effect on the properties of the liquid culture. In other embodiments, the liquid culture is completely free of bacterial cells.
According to the present disclosure, the liquid culture which is free of cells is obtained by subjecting a culture formed after culturing the lactic acid bacterial strain to a solid-liquid separation.
According to the present disclosure, the solid-liquid separation treatment may be performed using techniques well-known to those skilled in the art. Examples of the solid-liquid separation treatment may include, but are not limited to, a centrifugation treatment, a filtration treatment, a concentration treatment, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the solid-liquid separation treatment is a centrifugation treatment.
According to the present disclosure, the liquid culture may be subjected to a sterilization treatment, and hence may be free of viable bacterial cells.
According to the present disclosure, the culture which contains bacterial cells only is obtained by subjecting a culture formed after culturing the lactic acid bacterial strain to the aforesaid solid-liquid separation treatment so as to remove a liquid portion therefrom.
According to the present disclosure, the culture may be concentrated or non-concentrated, a liquid, a paste, a semi-solid, or a solid (e.g., a pellet, a granule, or a powder), and may be heat-inactivated, frozen, dried, or freeze-dried (e.g., may be in freeze-dried form or spray/fluid bed dried form).
According to the present disclosure, the composition may further include a culture of a probiotic microorganism selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 (BCRC 910437; CCTCC M 2011127), Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28 (BCRC 910536; CGMCC 17954), Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06 (BCRC 910813; CGMCC 15210), Lactobacillus paracasei ET-66 (BCRC 910753; CGMCC 13514), Bifidobacterium bifidum VDD088 (BCRC 910814; CGMCC 15211), and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition includes cultures of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, and Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06. In other embodiments, the relative proportion (e.g., bacterial number ratio or volume ratio) of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02, to Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, to Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, and to Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06 in the composition ranges from 1:0.2:0.2:0.2 to 1:5:5:5. In an exemplary embodiment, when the liquid cultures of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, and Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06 are free of bacterial cells, a volume ratio of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02, to Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, to Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, and to Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06 in the composition is 1:1:1:1.
According to the present disclosure, the composition may further include a calcium supplement. Examples of the calcium supplement may include, but are not limited to, calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium bis(phosphate), calcium lactate gluconate, calcium L-threonate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the calcium supplement is calcium chloride.
According to the present disclosure, the composition may be formulated as a food product using a standard technique well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the composition may be directly added to an edible material or may be used to prepare an intermediate composition (e.g., a premix) suitable to be subsequently added to the edible material.
As used herein, the term “food product” refers to any article or substance that can be ingested by a subject into the body thereof. Examples of the food product may include, but are not limited to, milk powders, fermented milk, yogurt, butter, beverages (e.g., tea, coffee, etc.), functional beverages, a flour product, baked foods, confectionery, candies, fermented foods, animal feeds, health foods, infant foods, and dietary supplements.
According to the present disclosure, the composition may be prepared in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into a suitable dosage form for oral, parenteral or topical administration using technology well known to those skilled in the art.
According to the present disclosure, the dosage form suitable for oral administration includes, but is not limited to, sterile powders, tablets, troches, lozenges, pellets, capsules, dispersible powders or granules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrup, elixir, slurry, and the like.
According to the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into an external preparation suitable for topical application to the skin using technology well known to those skilled in the art. The external preparation includes, but is not limited to, emulsions, gels, ointments, creams, patches, liniments, powders, aerosols, sprays, lotions, serums, pastes, foams, drops, suspensions, salves, and bandages.
For parenteral administration, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure may be formulated into an injection, e.g., a sterile aqueous solution or a dispersion.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure may be administered via one of the following parenteral routes: intraperitoneal injection, intrapleural injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, intraarterial injection, intraarticular injection, intrasynovial injection, intraepidermal injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intralesional injection, and sublingual administration.
According to the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier widely employed in the art of drug-manufacturing. For instance, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may include one or more of the following agents: solvents, buffers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, decomposers, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, binding agents, excipients, stabilizing agents, chelating agents, diluents, gelling agents, preservatives, wetting agents, lubricants, absorption delaying agents, liposomes, and the like. The choice and amount of the aforesaid agents are within the expertise and routine skills of those skilled in the art.
According to the present disclosure, the dose and frequency of administration of the probiotic culture may vary depending on the following factors: the severity of the illness or disorder to be treated, routes of administration, and age, physical condition and response of the subject to be treated. In general, the probiotic culture may be administered in a single dose or in several doses.
The disclosure will be further described by way of the following examples. However, it should be understood that the following examples are solely intended for the purpose of illustration and should not be construed as limiting the disclosure in practice.
Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 (ATCC® HTB-37™) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va., USA). The Caco-2 cells were grown in a 10-cm Petri dish containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Cytiva) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Cytiva). The Caco-2 cells were cultivated in an incubator at 37° C. with 5% CO2. Medium change was performed every two to three days. Cell passage was performed when the cultured cells reached about 80% to 90% of confluence.
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02 (which is disclosed in TW 1701034 B and CN 113855712 B), Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28 (which is disclosed in TW 1739495 B and CN 113855712 B), Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06 (which is disclosed in TW 1701034 B and CN 113855712 B) and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 (which is disclosed in TW 1384990 B and CN 108338361 B) are known and readily available to the public, and have been deposited at the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI) (No. 331, Shih-Pin Rd., Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan). In addition, these LAB strains have also been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure at the International Depositary Authority, i.e., China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Microbiology (No. 1, West Beichen Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China) or China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) of Wuhan University, the College of Life Sciences (No. 299, Bayi Rd., Wuchang District, Wuhan City 430072, Hubei Province, China) in accordance with the Budapest Treaty.
The relevant information regarding each of the LAB strains (including accession number and date of deposit) is listed in Table 1 below.
Bifidobacterium longum
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus salivarius
In addition, the following Bifidobacterium longum strains were used as comparative strains, including Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63 purchased from Morinaga milk industry Co., Ltd, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis gL-55 isolated by the applicant from breast milk of a healthy human.
A respective one of the seven LAB strains described in section 2 of “General Experimental Materials” was inoculated in a MRS broth (Difco, Cat. no. 288130) supplemented with 0.05% cysteine (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. no. C7352), followed by cultivation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) under an anaerobic condition for 24 hours to obtain a respective inoculum. Thereafter, the respective inoculum was inoculated in an amount of 2% (v/v) into a MRS broth supplemented with 0.05% cysteine, followed by cultivation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) under an anaerobic condition for 24 hours. After centrifugation at 3,000 rpm and 4° C. for 10 minutes, the resultant cell culture supernatant and cell pellet were collected. The cell culture supernatant was then added an appropriate amount of calcium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. no. V900269), so as to obtain a cell culture supernatant containing 5 mM calcium chloride (abbreviated as CaCl2-cell culture supernatant). With regard to the cell pellet, an appropriate amount of DMEM supplemented with 5 mM calcium chloride was added to suspend the cell pellet and adjust to the desired bacterial concentration which was determined using a plate counting medium, thereby obtaining a bacterial suspension containing 5 mM calcium chloride and a bacterial concentration of 9×106 CFU/mL (abbreviated as CaCl2-bacterial suspension). The resultant CaCl2)-cell culture supernatants and CaCl2-bacterial suspensions of the aforesaid LAB strains were used in the following experiments.
All the experiments described below were performed in triplicates. The experimental data of all the test groups are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD), and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), so as to evaluate the differences between the groups. Statistical significance is indicated by p<0.05.
First, the Caco-2 cells prepared in section 1 of “General Experimental Materials” were divided into 13 groups, including a blank control group, a Ca control group, three experimental groups (i.e., experimental group SS, MS, and SB), and eight comparative groups (i.e., comparative groups SS1 to SS3, MS1 to MS2, and SB1 to SB3). Each group of the Caco-2 cells was seeded at a concentration of 2×105 cells per well into a respective permeable Transwell® insert (Corning Inc.) for 6-well plates. Each of the Transwell® inserts had a polycarbonate membrane (pore size: 0.4 μm) and contained 2.5 mL of DMEM. Next, the Transwell® inserts were placed into the 6-well plates containing 1.5 mL of DMEM in each well, followed by cultivation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) for 6 days, and medium change was performed every 3 days, so that the Caco-2 cells formed a cell monolayer in each of the Transwell® inserts. Afterwards, the culture medium in each Transwell® insert was removed, and the respective Transwell® insert was washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) two times. The Caco-2 cell monolayer of each of the experimental group SS and SB and the comparative groups SS1 to SS3 and SB1 to SB3 was added with 1.5 mL of the respective one of the CaCl2)-cell culture supernatants or CaCl2-bacterial suspensions prepared in section 3 of “General Experimental Materials” as shown in Table 2 below. In addition, the Caco-2 cell monolayer of each of the blank control group and the Ca control group was added with 1.5 mL of the respective testing agent as shown in Table 2 below.
Moreover, the CaCl2)-cell culture supernatants of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32, Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63 prepared in section 3 of “General Experimental Materials” (in suitable amounts) were mixed in different volume ratios as shown in Table 3 below, so as to obtain 3 supernatant mixtures (i.e., supernatant mixtures 1 to 3). Next, the Caco-2 cell monolayer of each of the experimental group MS and the comparative groups MS1 to MS2 was added with 1.5 ml of the respective one of the supernatant mixtures as shown in Table 4 below.
longum subsp. infantis BLI-02
longum subsp. infantis BLI-02
longum subsp. infantis BB536
longum subsp. infantis M-63
longum subsp. infantis gL-55
longum subsp. infantis BB536
longum subsp. infantis M-63
longum subsp. infantis gL-55
Bifidobacterium longum subsp.
infantis BLI-02, Lactobacillus
salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-
acidophilus TYCA06
Bifidobacterium longum subsp.
infantis M-63, Lactobacillus
salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-
acidophilus TYCA06
Each group was cultivated in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) for 24 hours. On the 30th minute and 24th hour after the treatment with the testing agent, the liquid in each well was collected, and was then subjected to determination of calcium content using a Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit (BioVision, Cat. No. K380-250).
The percentage increase in calcium content for each group was calculated by substituting the detected calcium content on the 30th minute and 24th hour after treatment into the following Equation (1):
where A=percentage increase in calcium content
The relative fold change in calcium ion transport for each group was calculated by substituting the thus obtained percentage increase in calcium content into the following Equation (2):
where D=relative fold change in calcium ion transport
The data thus obtained were analyzed according to the procedures as described in section 1 of “General Procedures”.
Moreover, compared with the experimental group SS and the comparative group MS1, the relative fold change in calcium ion transport determined in the experimental group MS showed a significant increase while the relative fold change in calcium ion transport determined in the comparative group MS2 was between those of the comparative group SS2 and MS1. These results indicate that the further combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02 with Lactobacillus acidophilus TYCA06, Lactobacillus plantarum LPL28, and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP-32 exhibit a synergistic effect to promote the transport of calcium ions.
First, the Caco-2 cells prepared in section 1 of “General Experimental Materials” were divided into 4 groups, including a blank control group, a Ca control group, an experimental group, and a comparative groups. Each group of the Caco-2 cells was seeded at a concentration of 2×105 cells/well into a respective well of 6-well culture plates containing 3 mL of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin, followed by cultivation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) for 11 days. During the cultivation period, the culture medium in each group was removed to be replaced with a fresh culture medium every three days. At the end of the cultivation period, the culture medium in each well was removed. The cells of each of the experimental group and the comparative groups were added with 3 mL of the respective one of the CaCl2-bacterial suspensions prepared in section 3 of “General Experimental Materials” as shown in Table 5 below. In addition, the cells of each of the blank control group and the Ca control group were added with 3 mL of the respective testing agent as shown in Table 5 below, followed by cultivation in an incubator (37° C., 5% CO2) for 6 hours.
longum subsp. infantis BLI-02
longum subsp. infantis BB536
Afterwards, the liquid in each well was removed and the cell culture of each group was subjected to total RNA extraction using a Total RNA Extraction Miniprep System (Viogene, Cat. No. GR1001) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The resultant RNA of each group was used as a template for synthesizing cDNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using GoScript™ Reverse Transcriptase (Promega, Cat. No. A5003) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
The thus obtained cDNA, serving as a DNA template, was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR based on SYBR-Green I fluorescence, which was performed on a StepOnePlus™ real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems™) using a designed primer pair specific for TRPV6 gene shown in Table 6 and the reaction conditions shown in Table 7. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an endogenous control in the quantitative analysis of real-time PCR to normalize the gene expression data.
The resultant PCR product was subjected to determination of fluorescence intensity, followed by calculating the cycle threshold (Ct) value of TRPV6 gene. Quantitative real-time PCR data were analyzed using the comparative Ct method. Briefly, the Ct value of TRPV6 gene in each group was normalized with that of GAPDH gene, and the relative fold change in TRPV6 gene expression for each group was further calculated using the following Equation (3):
where H=relative fold change in TRPV6 gene expression
The data thus obtained were analyzed according to the procedures as described in section 1 of “General Procedures”.
Summarizing the above test results, it is clear that compared with other Bifidobacterium longum strains, the culture of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02 (including the bacterial cells portion and the cell culture supernatant without bacterial cells) significantly increases the expression of the TRPV6 and calcium ion transport in intestinal cells, and hence can effectively increase calcium absorption.
In the description above, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details have been set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiment(s). It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that one or more other embodiments may be practiced without some of these specific details. It should also be appreciated that reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” an embodiment with an indication of an ordinal number and so forth means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic may be included in the practice of the disclosure. It should be further appreciated that in the description, various features are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of various inventive aspects; such does not mean that every one of these features needs to be practiced with the presence of all the other features. In other words, in any described embodiment, when implementation of one or more features or specific details does not affect implementation of another one or more features or specific details, said one or more features may be singled out and practiced alone without said another one or more features or specific details. It should be further noted that one or more features or specific details from one embodiment may be practiced together with one or more features or specific details from another embodiment, where appropriate, in the practice of the disclosure.
While the disclosure has been described in connection with what is (are) considered the exemplary embodiment(s), it is understood that this disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiment(s) but is intended to cover various arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent arrangements.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202310296615.2 | Mar 2023 | CN | national |
