Patent Application
20100075856
The present invention relates to a method for increasing the dry biomass of a plant by treating a plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I as described below. The invention also relates to a method for increasing the biomass of the fruit of a plant, the fruit containing 5 to 25% by weight of residual moisture, based on the total weight of the fruit, by treating a plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I as described below. The invention further relates to a method for increasing the carbon dioxide sequestration from the atmosphere by treating a plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I as described below.
One of the biggest challenges to the world community in the coming years will be the reduction of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere or at least the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Perhaps the most important of these greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. This concern is expressed in the Kyoto Protocol in which the ratifying countries commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide originates from multiple natural sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide derives mainly from the combustion of various fossil fuels for power generation and transport use. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by approximately 110 μl/l or about 40%, most of it released since 1945. Taking only into account the world's two biggest and fastest developing countries India and China, which make up for one third of the world population, and their estimated “energy hunger”, it can be expected that man-derived carbon dioxide output has by far not reached its culmination point. Alternative energy sources, such as solar, tidal or wind energy, are promising approaches but so far, they are neither effective nor flexible enough to replace energy from conventional combustion on a global scale. Since neither energy saving efforts nor alternative energy sources are likely to prevail in the next future, another approach to the reduction/stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration and thus to the compliance of the Kyoto Protocol becomes relevant: The sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Main natural carbon dioxide sinks, i.e. carbon dioxide reservoirs preferably increasing in size, are oceans and growing vegetation.
Oceans represent probably the largest carbon dioxide sink on earth. This role as a sink for CO2 is driven by two processes, the solubility pump and the biological pump. The former is primarily a function of differential CO2 solubility in seawater and the thermohaline circulation, while the latter is the sum of a series of biological processes that transport carbon (in organic and inorganic forms) from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior. A small fraction of the organic carbon transported by the biological pump to the seafloor is buried in anoxic conditions under sediments and ultimately forms fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. However, little is known about the impact of climate modifications on the efficacy of the oceans as carbon sinks. For example, ocean acidification by invading anthropogenic CO2 may affect the biological pump by negatively impacting calcifying organisms such as coccolithophores, foraminiferans and pteropods. Climate changes may also affect the biological pump by the future by warming and stratifying the surface ocean, thus reducing the supply of limiting nutrients to surface waters.
It therefore appears to be more promising to rely on vegetation as a carbon sink. This is also reflected in the Kyoto protocol, where countries having large areas of forest (or other vegetation) can deduct a certain amount from their emissions, thus making it easier for them to achieve the desired emission levels.
As part of photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. After metabolization, the produced carbohydrates are stored as sugar, starch and/or cellulose, while oxygen is released back to the atmosphere. In the soil, the gradual build-up of slowly decaying organic material accumulates carbon, too, thus forming a further carbon dioxide sink.
Forests are probably the most effective vegetative form of carbon sinks, but worldwide deforestation countervails this positive effect. Forests are mostly replaced by agricultural areas. Therefore, using agricultural vegetation as a carbon dioxide sink is a useful alternative. In this context, it is desirable to provide a method which makes plants increase their net uptake of carbon dioxide and their carbon assimilation in order to increase the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered from the atmosphere. An increased carbon assimilation generally involves an increased dry biomass of the plant or its crop.
Another major challenge to the world community in coming years will be keeping food production in pace with the increasing world population which is unfortunately accompanied by a worldwide decline of high quality arable land. Meeting this challenge will require efforts in multiple areas, one of which will be to provide crops with an increased nutritional value. The nutritional value is on the one side related with the biomass of the plant or of the crop. On the other side, the plant's or crop's biomass is also composed of water, so that a better measure is the dry biomass.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for increasing the dry biomass of a plant, especially the dry carbon biomass.
Surprisingly, it was found that treating a plant and/or its locus of growth and/or its propagule with a specific class of N-methoxymethylcarbamates leads to an enhanced dry biomass of the plant, especially to an enhanced dry carbon biomass.
Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention provides a method for increasing the dry biomass of a plant which method comprises treating a plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I
where
Rb is halogen, C1-C4-alkyl or C1-C4-haloalkyl;
x is 0, 1 or 2;
B is a single bond or an azole group of the formula
The invention also relates to the use of a compound I for increasing the dry biomass of a plant.
In the terms of the present invention, “biomass of a plant” is the total organic material produced by plants, such as leaves, roots, seeds, and stalks. Biomass is a complex mixture of organic materials, such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with small amounts of minerals, such as sodium, calcium, iron and phosphorus. The main components of plant biomass are carbohydrates and lignin, the proportions of which vary with the plant type. “Biomass of a fruit” is the total mass of a fruit. The plant's or fruit's biomass also encompasses water contained in the plant/fruit tissue, if not specified otherwise.
In the terms of the present invention, “dry biomass” means the biomass of the plant after the plant has been dried to a residual moisture content of 0 to 1% by weight, preferably to a moisture content of 0 to 0.5% by weight and in particular to a moisture content of approximately 0% by weight. “Approximately” includes the standard error value. Drying can be carried out by any method suitable for drying the respective plant, for example, if necessary, first chopping the plant or parts thereof and then drying it in an oven, e.g. at 100° C. or more for an appropriate time. In one embodiment of the invention, the dry biomass of the total plant, i.e. including the roots, tuber, stem, leaves, fruits etc., is determined. This calculation base is preferably applied to tuber plants. In another embodiment, the dry biomass of the overground part of the plant, i.e. the plant without roots, tuber and other subterrestrial parts, is determined. To this end, the plant is capped tightly over the ground, dried and weighed. This calculation base is preferably applied to rooted plants (without tuber) yet since in some cases it is difficult to eradicate the plant together with the total root system. In yet another embodiment, the dry biomass of a predominant part of the plant, e.g. the leaves or the stem/stalk, is determined. In yet another embodiment, the dry biomass of the plant's crop is determined.
Propagules are all types of plant propagation material. The term embraces seeds, grains, fruit, tubers, rhizomes, spores, cuttings, offshoots, meristem tissues, single and multiple plant cells and any other plant tissue from which a complete plant can be obtained. One particular propagule is seed.
Locus means soil, area, material or environment where the plant is growing or intended to grow.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for increasing the biomass of the crop of a plant, the crop containing 0 to 25% by weight, preferably 0 to 16% by weight and more preferably 0 to 12% by weight of residual moisture (water), based on the total weight of the crop, which method comprises treating a plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I as defined above.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound I for increasing the biomass of the crop of a plant, the crop containing 0 to 25% by weight, preferably 0 to 16 and more preferably 0 to 12% by weight of residual moisture, based on the total weight of the crop.
“Crop” is to be understood as any plant product which is further utilized after harvesting, e.g. fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (e.g. in the case of silviculture plants), flowers (e.g. in the case of gardening plants, ornamentals) etc.; that means anything of economic value that is produced by the plant.
In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method for increasing the biomass of the fruit of a plant, the fruit containing 5 to 25% by weight, preferably 8 to 16% by weight and more preferably 9 to 12% by weight of residual moisture (water), based on the total weight of the fruit, which method comprises treating a plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I as defined above.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound I for increasing the biomass of the fruit of a plant, the fruit containing 5 to 25% by weight, preferably 8 to 16 and more preferably 9 to 12% by weight of residual moisture, based on the total weight of the fruit.
In the terms of the present invention, “fruit” is to be understood as any plant product which generally serves for the propagation of the plant, e.g. fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains or seeds.
The residual moisture of the crop or of the fruit can for example be determined by NIR (near infrared) spectroscopy or by electrical conductivity. Preferably, the crop or fruit is harvested at the point of time at which it has the proper water content. However, if this is not possible and the residual moisture content of the fruit or the crop is higher than the above values, the moisture content can be reduced by drying the crop or the fruit to the desired moisture content, e.g. by drying it in a drying oven. The moisture content can e.g. be then determined by comparing the weight of the dried fruit or crop with the weight before the drying process.
The increase in dry biomass is in particular based on an increase of the dry carbon biomass, which, in turn, is at least partly due to an increase of the carbon dioxide assimilation of the plant. While the method and the use according to the invention lead to a net increase of the carbon dioxide assimilation, at the same time the net respiration of the plant is reduced or is at least lower that the net increase of the carbon dioxide assimilation. “Net” refers to a value measured over the plant's lifetime. The increase in dry biomass is thus the result of an increased carbon dioxide sequestration from the atmosphere by a plant and is thus an increase of the dry carbon biomass. Carbon dioxide sequestration refers to carbon dioxide assimilation which is not annihilated by photorespiration.
Accordingly, in yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method for increasing the carbon dioxide sequestration from the atmosphere by a plant which method comprises treating the plant, a part of the plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the plant propagules with at least one compound of formula I as defined above.
The invention also relates to the use of a compound I for increasing the carbon dioxide sequestration from the atmosphere by a plant.
As already mentioned, it has to be emphasized that the increase in dry biomass, in the biomass of the fruit or crop and the increase in CO2 sequestration are not only transitory effects but are net results over the whole lifetime of the plant or at least over an important part of the lifetime of the plant, for example until harvesting the plant, harvesting taking place at the point of time usual for the respective plant variety, or until the plant's natural death. Preferably, the increase in dry biomass of the plant or in biomass of the fruit/crop with the above-defined moisture content is determined after the plant has been harvested; harvesting taking place at the point of time usual for the respective plant variety.
The organic moieties mentioned in the above definitions of the variables are—like the term halogen—collective terms for individual listings of the individual group members. The prefix Cn-Cm indicates in each case the possible number of carbon atoms in the group.
Halogen will be taken to mean fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo, preferably fluoro, chloro, and bromo and in particular fluoro and chloro.
C1-C4-alkyl is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
C1-C4-haloalkyl is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, as defined above, wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom. Examples are chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
The below remarks as to preferred embodiments of compounds I, to their preferred use and to preferred embodiments of the methods of the invention are to be understood either each on their own or preferably in combination with each other.
In one preferred embodiment, B is a group of the above formula. In this case, A is preferably a bivalent radical —N(—OCH3)—. Accordingly, in this preferred embodiment, the compound I is more preferably a compound of the formula I.1
where Ra, Rb, x and y have the general meaning given above or the preferred meaning given below.
Ra is preferably C1-C4-alkyl, in particular methyl.
Rb is preferably halogen, in particular Cl, C1-C4-alkyl, in particular methyl, or C1-C4-haloalkyl, in particular CF3.
Preferred compounds (I.1) are compiled in following table.
In more preferred compounds I.1, T is CH.
In more preferred compounds I.1, y is 0.
In more preferred compounds I.1, x is 0 or 1. Specifically, x is 1.
A particularly preferred compound I.1 is compound I-5, which is also known under the common name of pyraclostrobin.
In an alternatively preferred embodiment, B is a single bond. In this preferred embodiment, A is preferably a bivalent radical —C(═N—OCH3)—. Such compounds are called hereinafter compounds I.2.
In this embodiment, Rb is preferably C1-C4-alkyl, in particular methyl, or C1-C4-haloalkyl, in particular CF3. Specifically, Rb is C1-C4-alkyl, in particular methyl.
x is preferably 1. Rb is preferably bound ortho to O.
A particularly preferred compound I.2 is known under the common name of kresoxim-methyl.
Compounds of formula I and methods for producing them are generally known. For instance, compounds I-1 to I-9 and methods for producing them are described in WO 96/01256 and compounds I-10 to I-12 and their preparation are described in WO 99/33812, the contents of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference. Further compounds I can be prepared by methods analogous to those described in the above references.
If a part of the plant is to be treated by the method of the invention, e.g. the leaves, it is evident that the parts to be treated must be parts of a living plant, not of a harvested one. It is also evident that a plant to be treated is a living one.
In general, it is possible to use nearly all types of plants for the method of the present invention. However, taking into account economic considerations, the plants to be treated are preferably agricultural or silvicultural plants.
Agricultural plants are plants of which a part or all is harvested or cultivated on a commercial scale or serves as an important source of feed, food, fibers (e.g. cotton, linen), combustibles (e.g. wood, bioethanol, biodiesel, biomass) or other chemical compounds. Examples are soybean, corn (maize), wheat, triticale, barley, oats, rye, rape, such as canola, millet (sorghum), rice, sunflower, cotton, sugar beets, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, bananas, strawberries, blueberries, almonds, grapes, mango, papaya, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, cucurbits, cucumbers, melons, watermelons, garlic, onions, carrots, cabbage, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa (lucerne), trefoil, clovers, flax, elephant grass (Miscanthus), grass, lettuce, sugar cane, tea, tobacco and coffee.
Silvicultural plants in the terms of the present invention are trees, more specifically trees used in reforestation or industrial plantations. Industrial plantations generally serve for the commercial production of forest products, such as wood, pulp, paper, rubber, Christmas trees, or young trees for gardening purposes. Examples for silvicultural plants are conifers, like pines, in particular Pinus spec., fir and spruce, eucalyptus, tropical trees like teak, rubber tree, oil palm, willow (Salix), in particular Salix spec., poplar (cottonwood), in particular Popolus spec., beech, in particular Fagus spec., birch and oak.
In one preferred embodiment, the agricultural plants are selected from plants which are suitable for (renewable) energy production. Preferred plants in this context are cereals, such as soybean, corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, rape, millet and rice, sunflower and sugar cane. Specifically, the agricultural plants are selected from corn, soybean and sugar cane.
In another preferred embodiment, the agricultural plants are selected from legumes. Legumes are particularly rich in proteins. Examples are all types of peas and beans, lentils, alfalfa (lucern), peanuts, trefoil, clovers and in particular soybeans
In one preferred embodiment, the silvicultural plants are selected from eucalyptus, tropical trees like teak, rubber tree and oil palm tree, willow (Salix), in particular Salix spec., and poplar (cottonwood), in particular Popolus spec.
In one preferred embodiment, the plants are selected from plants which can be used in the production of (renewable) energy. Suitable plants in this context are oil plants, such as soybean, corn, oilseed rape (in particular canola), flax, oil palm, sunflower and peanuts. Further suitable plants are those for the production of bioethanol, such as sugar cane. Further suitable plants are those suitable for the production of biomass, such as all cereals from which the straw can be used as combustible biomass, e.g. soybean, corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, rape, millet and rice, in particular corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, rape, and millet, trees, in particular those having fast-growing wood, such as eucalyptus, poplar and willow, and also miscanthus. Preferred plants which can be used in the production of (renewable) energy are selected from soybean, corn, oilseed rape (in particular canola), flax, oil palm, peanuts, sunflower, wheat, sugar cane, eucalyptus, poplar, willow and miscanthus.
In another preferred embodiment, the plants are selected from starch-producing plants, preferably potato and cereals rich in starch, such as corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, millet and rice, in particular potato and corn.
In another preferred embodiment, the plants are selected from plants suitable for the production of fibers, in particular cotton and flax.
In another preferred embodiment, the plants are selected from oil plants, such as soybean, corn, oilseed rape (in particular canola), flax, oil palm, sunflower and peanuts.
In another preferred embodiment, the plants are selected from monocotyledonous plants, such as corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, millet, rice, bananas, garlic, onions, carrots, sugar cane and Miscanthus, in particular corn, wheat and Miscanthus.
In another preferred embodiment, the plants are selected from dicotyledonous plants, such as soybean, rape, sunflower, cotton, sugar beets, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, strawberries, blueberries, almonds, grapes, mango, papaya, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, cucurbits, cucumbers, melons, watermelons, cabbage, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa (lucerne), trefoil, clovers, flax, elephant grass (Miscanthus), switchgrass (Miscanthus sinensis), lettuce, tea, tobacco and coffee.
In a more preferred embodiment, however, the plants are selected from agricultural plants, which in turn are selected from soybeans and C4 plants, and from silvicultural plants, and even more preferably from C4 plants and silvicultural plants.
C4 plants are plants, which, when compared to C3 plants, have a faster photosynthesis under warm and light conditions and which have a further pathway for carbon dioxide fixation. In the simpler and more ancient C3 plants, the first step in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis involves the fixation of CO2 by the enzyme RuBisCo (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase; the first enzyme in the Calvin cycle) into 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), a molecule with three carbon atoms (therefore “C3” plants), which serves as starting material for the synthesis of sugars and starch. However, due to the dual carboxylase/oxygenase activity of RuBisCo, an amount of the substrate is oxidized rather than carboxylated resulting in loss of substrate and consumption of energy in what is known as photorespiration. In order to bypass the photorespiration pathway, C4 plants have developed a mechanism to efficiently deliver CO2 to the RuBisCO enzyme. They utilize their specific leaf anatomy where chloroplasts exist not only in the mesophyll cells in the outer part of their leaves but in the bundle sheath cells as well. Instead of direct fixation in the Calvin cycle, CO2 is converted to an organic acid with four carbon atoms (therefore “C4”) which has the ability to regenerate CO2 in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells. Bundle sheath cells can then utilize this CO2 to generate carbohydrates by the conventional C3 pathway. C4 plants are superior to C3 plants as regards their water-use-efficiency (WUE), i.e. they need less water for the formation of the same dry mass. Most known C4 plants are grasses, followed by sedges.
In the terms of the present invention, preferred C4 plants are selected from corn, sugar cane, millet, sorghum, elephant grass (Miscanthus), switchgrass (Miscanthus sinensis) and amaranth.
Specifically, the C4 plants are selected from corn and sugar cane and more specifically from corn.
Preferred crops are grains, in particular cereal grains, such as soybean, corn, wheat, triticale, barley, oats, rye, rape, millet, and rice grains, further sunflower grains, cotton grains and peanuts, straw, in particular from cereals such as corn, wheat, triticale, barley, oats, rye, rape and millet, or from miscanthus, and wood, in particular from fast-growing trees, such as eucalyptus, poplar and willow. More preferred crops are grains and straw.
The plants can be non-transgenic plants or can be plants that have at least one trans-genic event. In case the compounds of formula I are used together with another pesticide, e.g. a herbicide, in one embodiment it is preferred that the plant be a transgenic plant having preferably a transgenic event that confers resistance to the particular pesticide. For example, if the additional pesticide is the herbicide glyphosate, it is preferred that the transgenic plant or propagules be one having a transgenic event that provides glyphosate resistance. Some examples of such preferred transgenic plants having transgenic events that confer glyphosate resistance are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,451, U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,775, U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,425, U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,760, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,435, U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061, U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,910, U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,667, U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,642, U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,783, U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,908 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835. When the transgenic plant is a transgenic soybean plant, such plants having the characteristics of “Roundup-Ready” transgenic soybeans (available from Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mo.) are preferred.
It is to be understood, however, that when the plant is a transgenic plant, the trans-genic events that are present in the plant are by no means limited to those that provide pesticide resistance, but can include any transgenic event. In fact, the use of “stacked” transgenic events in a plant is also contemplated.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds of formula I are used together with at least one further pesticide. Suitable pesticides are for example herbicides, such as the above-mentioned glyphosate, and in particular fungicides. Preferred fungicides to be used together with the compounds of formula I are triazole fungicides, such as bitertanol, bromoconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, dinitroconazole, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, and triticonazole, epoxiconazole being particularly preferred.
The treatment of a plant or propagation material, such as a seed, with an active agent of formula I by the method of this invention can be accomplished in several ways. The agent (optionally together with one or more of the above additional pesticides) may be applied directly to the propagules, especially the seed, and/or to soil in which the seed is to be planted, for example, at the time of planting along with the seed (for example in-furrow application). Alternatively, it may be applied to the soil after planting and germination, or to the foliage of the plant after emergence and/or during the whole life cycle of the plant.
In ready-to-use preparations, the compounds I can be present in suspended, emulsified or dissolved form. The application forms depend entirely on the intended uses.
The compounds I can be applied as such, in the form of their formulations or the application form prepared therefrom, for example in the form of directly sprayable solutions, powders, suspensions or dispersions, including highly concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensions or dispersions, emulsions, oil dispersions, pastes, dusts, compositions for broadcasting or granules. Application is usually by spraying, atomizing, dusting, broadcasting or watering. The application forms and methods depend on the intended uses; in each case, they should ensure the finest possible distribution of the active compounds.
Depending on the embodiment in which the ready-to-use preparations of the compounds I are present, they comprise one or more liquid or solid carriers, if appropriate surfactants and if appropriate further auxiliaries customary for formulating crop protection agents. The recipes for such formulations are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
Aqueous application forms can be prepared, for example, from emulsion concentrates, suspensions, pastes, wettable powders or water-dispersible granules by addition of water. To prepare emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, the active compounds I, as such or dissolved in an oil or solvent, can be homogenized in water by means of a wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier. However, it is also possible to prepare concentrates composed of active substance, wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier and, if appropriate, solvent or oil, such concentrates being suitable for dilution with water.
The concentrations of compounds I in the ready-to-use preparations can be varied within relatively wide ranges. In general, they are between 0.0001 and 10%, preferably between 0.01 and 1% (% by weight total content of active compound, based on the total weight of the ready-to-use preparation).
The compounds I may also be used successfully in the ultra-low-volume process (ULV), it being possible to employ formulations comprising more than 95% by weight of active compound, or even to apply the active compounds without additives.
Oils of various types, wetting agents, adjuvants, herbicides, fungicides different from active compounds I, insecticides, nematicides, other pesticides, such as bactericides, fertilizers and/or growth regulators may be added to the active compounds, even, if appropriate, not until immediately prior to use (tank mix). These agents can be mixed in a weight ratio of from 1:100 bis 100:1, preferably from 1:10 to 10:1 with the active compounds I employed according to the invention.
Adjuvants are for example: modified organic polysiloxanes, e.g. Break Thru S 240®; alkohol alkoxylates, e.g. Atplus 245®, Atplus MBA 1303®, Plurafac LF 300® and Lutensol ON 30®; EO-PO block copolymers, e.g. Pluronic RPE 2035® and Genapol B®; alkohol ethoxylates, e.g. Lutensol XP 80®; and sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate, e.g. Leophen RA®.
The formulations are prepared in a known manner, for example by extending the active compounds with solvents and/or carriers, if desired with the use of surfactants, i.e. emulsifiers and dispersants. Solvents/carriers suitable for this purpose are essentially:
Suitable surfactants are alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts of lignosulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid, dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkylsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty acids and sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, furthermore condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and naphthalene derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of naphthalenesulfonic acid with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, alkylphenyl polyglycol ether, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, tristerylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alcohol and fatty alcohol ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetal, sorbitol esters, lignosulfite waste liquors and methylcellulose.
Suitable for the preparation of directly sprayable solutions, emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions are mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, such as kerosene or diesel oil, furthermore coal tar oils and oils of vegetable and animal origin, aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene, xylene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes or their derivatives, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, mesityl oxide, isophorone, strongly polar solvents, for example dimethyl sulfoxide, 2-yrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, butyrolactone, or water.
Powders, compositions for broadcasting and dusts can be prepared by mixing or jointly grinding the active substances with a solid carrier.
Granules, for example coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules, can be prepared by binding the active compounds onto solid carriers. Solid carriers are, for example, mineral earths such as silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, attaclay, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as, for example, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas and plant products such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powder and other solid carriers.
Formulations for seed treatment can further comprise binders and/or gelling agents and optionally colorants.
In general, the formulations comprise between 0.01 and 95% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 90% by weight, in particular 5 to 50% by weight, of the active compound. In this context, the active compounds are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
After two- to ten-fold dilution, formulations for seed treatment comprise 0.01 to 60% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 40% by weight of the active compounds in the ready-to-use preparations.
Examples of formulations are:
I) Water-Soluble Concentrates (SL, LS)
10 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of water or a water-soluble solvent. Alternatively, wetting agents or other adjuvants are added. Upon dilution in water, the active compound dissolves. The ready formulation contains 10% by weight of active ingredient.
II) Dispersible Concentrates (DC)
20 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 70 parts by weight of cyclohexanone with addition of 10 parts by weight of a dispersant, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone. The active ingredient is contained in 20% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a dispersion results.
III) Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)
15 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 75 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 parts by weight). The active ingredient is contained in 15% by weight. Upon dilution in water, an emulsion results.
IV) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
25 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 35 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 parts by weight). This mixture is introduced into 30 parts by weight of water by means of an emulsifier (Ultraturrax) and made into a homogeneous emulsion. The active ingredient is contained in 25% by weight. Upon dilution in water, an emulsion results.
V) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
20 parts by weight of active compound are comminuted in a stirred ball mill with addition of 10 parts by weight of dispersants, wetting agents and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent to give a fine suspension of active compound. The active ingredient is contained in 20% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a stable suspension of the active compound results.
VI) Water-Dispersible and Water-Soluble Granules (WG, SG)
50 parts by weight of active compound are ground finely with addition of 50 parts by weight of dispersants and wetting agents and made into water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical apparatuses (for example extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). The active ingredient is contained in 50% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a stable dispersion or solution of the active compound results.
VII) Water-Dispersible and Water-Soluble Powders (WP, SP, SS, WS)
75 parts by weight of active compound are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of 25 parts by weight of dispersants, wetting agents and silica gel. The active ingredient is contained in 75% by weight. Upon dilution in water, a stable dispersion or solution of the active compound results.
VIII) Gel Formulations (GF)
20 parts by weight of active compound, 10 parts by weight of dispersants, 1 part by weight of gelling agent and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent are ground in a ball mill to give a finely divided suspension. Upon dilution in water, a stable suspension of the active compound results.
IX) Dusts (DP, DS)
5 parts by weight of active compound are ground finely and mixed intimately with 95 parts by weight of finely particulate kaolin. This gives a dust with 5% by weight of active ingredient.
X) Granules (GR, FG, GG, MG)
0.5 part by weight of active compound is ground finely and combined with 95.5 parts by weight of carriers. Current methods are extrusion, spray drying or the fluidized bed. This gives granules for direct application with 0.5% by weight of active ingredient.
XI) ULV Solutions (UL)
10 parts by weight of active compound are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of an organic solvent, for example xylene. This gives a product for direct application with 10% by weight of active ingredient.
Formulations suitable for treating seed are, for example:
I soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
III emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
IV emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
V suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
VI water-dispersible and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)
VII water-dispersible and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)
VIII gel formulations (GF)
IX dusts and dust-like powders (DP, DS)
Preferred formulations to be used for seed treatment are FS formulations. Generally, theses formulations comprise 1 to 800 g/l of active compounds, 1 to 200 g/l of wetting agents, 0 to 200 g/l of antifreeze agents, 0 to 400 g/l of binders, 0 to 200 g/l of colorants (pigments and/or dyes) and solvents, preferably water.
Preferred FS formulations of the active compounds I for the treatment of seed usually comprise from 0.5 to 80% of active compound, from 0.05 to 5% of wetting agent, from 0.5 to 15% of dispersant, from 0.1 to 5% of thickener, from 5 to 20% of antifreeze agent, from 0.1 to 2% of antifoam, from 1 to 20% of pigment and/or dye, from 0 to 15% of tackifier or adhesive, from 0 to 75% of filler/vehicle, and from 0.01 to 1% of preservative.
Suitable pigments or dyes for formulations of the active compounds I for the treatment of seed are Pigment blue 15:4, Pigment blue 15:3, Pigment blue 15:2, Pigment blue 15:1, Pigment blue 80, Pigment yellow 1, Pigment yellow 13, Pigment red 112, Pigment red 48:2, Pigment red 48:1, Pigment red 57:1, Pigment red 53:1, Pigment orange 43, Pigment orange 34, Pigment orange 5, Pigment green 36, Pigment green 7, Pigment white 6, Pigment brown 25, Basic violet 10, Basic violet 49, Acid red 51, Acid red 52, Acid red 14, Acid blue 9, Acid yellow 23, Basic red 10, Basic red 108.
Suitable wetting agents and dispersants are in particular the surfactants mentioned above. Preferred wetting agents are alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, such as diisopropyl- or diisobutylnaphthalenesulfonates. Preferred dispersants are nonionic or anionic dispersants or mixtures of nonionic or anionic dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants are in particular ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers and also tristryrylphenol polyglycol ether, for example polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, ethoxylated isooctylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, tristerylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alcohol and fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetal, sorbitol esters and methylcellulose. Suitable anionic dispersants are in particular alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts of lignosulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid, dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkylsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty acids and sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, furthermore arylsulfonate/formaldehyde condensates, for example condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and naphthalene derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of naphthalenesulfonic acid with phenol and formaldehyde, lignosulfonates, lignosulfite waste liquors, phosphated or sulfated derivatives of methylcellulose and polyacrylic acid salts.
Suitable for use as antifreeze agents are, in principle, all substances which lower the melting point of water. Suitable antifreeze agents include alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, the butanols, glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol and the like.
Suitable thickeners are all substances which can be used for such purposes in agrochemical compositions, for example cellulose derivatives, polyacrylic acid derivatives, xanthane, modified clays and finely divided silica.
Suitable for use as antifoams are all defoamers customary for formulating agrochemically active compounds. Particularly suitable are silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate.
Suitable for use as preservatives are all preservatives which can be employed for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Dichlorophene, isothiazolenes, such as 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one hydrochloride, 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3(2H)-isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one hydrochloride, 4,5-dichloro-2-cyclohexyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one calcium chloride complex, 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, and benzyl alcohol hemiformal may be mentioned by way of example.
Adhesives/tackifiers are added to improve the adhesion of the effective components on the seed after treating. Suitable adhesives are EO/PO-based block copolymer surfactants, but also polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polybutenes, polyisobutenes, polystyrene, polyethyleneamines, polyethyleneamides, polyethyleneimines (Lupasol®, Polymin®), polyethers and copolymers derived from these polymers.
Suitable compositions for soil treatment include granules which may be applied in-furrow, as broadcast granules or as impregnated fertilizer granules, and also spray applications which are applied to the soil as a preemergent or postemergent spray.
Suitable compositions for treating the plants, in particular the overground parts thereof, especially the leaves (=foliar application) include spray applications, dusts and microgranules, spray applications being preferred.
Formulations suitable for producing spray solutions for the direct application are:
I soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
II) dispersible concentrates (DC)
III emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
IV emulsions (EW, EO)
V suspensions (SC)
VI water-dispersible and water-soluble granules (WG)
VII water-dispersible and water-soluble powders (WP, SP)
The methods of the invention are generally carried out by bringing the plant to be treated, parts of plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or its propagules in contact with the active compounds I or with a composition/formulation comprising them. To this end, the composition or the individual active compounds I are applied to the plant, parts of plant, the locus where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or its propagules.
For treating the seed, it is possible in principle to use any customary methods for treating or dressing seed. Specifically, the treatment is carried out by mixing the seed with the particular amount desired of seed dressing formulations either as such or after prior dilution with water in an apparatus suitable for this purpose, for example a mixing apparatus for solid or solid/liquid mixing partners, until the composition is distributed uniformly on the seed. If appropriate, this is followed by a drying operation.
For treating the locus where the plant is growing or intended to grow, especially the soil, the latter may be treated by applying to the soil before the propagule is planted/sowed, at the time of planting or sowing along with the propagule (in case of seed sowing this is called in-furrow application), after planting/sowing or even after germination of the plant with a suitable amount of a formulation of compounds I either as such or after prior dilution with water.
Soil application is for example a suitable method for cereals, cotton, sunflower and trees, in particular if growing in a plantation.
The required application rate of pure active compound I, i.e. compound I without formulation auxiliaries, depends on the composition of the plant stand, on the development stage of the plants, on the climatic conditions at the application site and on the application method. In general, the amount of compound applied is from 0.001 to 3 kg/ha, preferably from 0.005 to 2 kg/ha and in particular from 0.01 to 1 kg/ha of active substance (a.s.).
In the treatment of seed, the amount of active compound I used is from 1 to 1000 g/100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 to 200 g/100 kg, in particular from 5 to 100 g/100 kg.
The compounds I are applied to the plants and/or the locus where the plants are growing or are intended to grow 1 to 10 times per season, preferably 1 to 5 times, more preferably 1 to 3 times and in particular 1 or 2 times per season.
Treatment of the propagules is only suitable for annual plants, i.e. for plants which are completely harvested after one season and which have to be replanted for the next season.
In one preferred embodiment, in the methods of the present invention, the plants or parts thereof or the soil where the plants grow, preferably the plants or their leaves or the soil where the plants grow, are treated with compounds I. More preferably, the plants or parts thereof, preferably the plants or their leaves, are treated with compounds I.
The compounds I are preferably applied to the plants by spraying the plant or parts thereof, preferably their leaves (foliar application). Here, application can be carried out, for example, by customary spray techniques using spray liquor amounts of from about 100 to 1000 l/ha (for example from 300 to 400 l/ha) using water as carrier. Application of the active compounds I by the low-volume and ultra-low-volume method is possible, as is their application in the form of microgranules.
In case of soil treatment and in particular of foliar treatment, the soil or the plants are treated after emergence of the plant. Preferably, the plants are treated in the growing stage 30 to 70 (according to the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (Federal Office for agriculture and silviculture, Republic of Germany) extended scale (a system for a uniform coding of phonologically similar growth stages of all mono- and dicotyledonous plant species; see www.bba.de/veroeff/bbch/bbcheng.pdf), i.e. from stem elongation or rosette growth/development of main shoot until flowering. The optimum time for treatment depends on the specific plant species and can easily be determined by appropriate tests.
By the methods of the invention, the dry biomass of plants and/or the biomass of the plant's crop having a moisture content of from 0 to 25% by weight, preferably of from 0 to 16% by weight and more preferably of from 0 to 12% by weight, based on the total weight of the crop, and/or the biomass of the plant's fruits having a moisture content of from 5 to 25% by weight, preferably of from 8 to 16% by weight and more preferably of from 9 to 12% by weight, based on the total weight of the fruit, is increased as compared to plants which have been grown under the same conditions but without being treated according to the invention and as compared to their crops/fruits having a comparable water content. This means that the treated plants have a better carbon assimilation and optionally also a better nitrogen assimilation, as compared to plants not treated according to the invention.
On the one hand, a better carbon assimilation is directly related with an increased carbon dioxide sequestration from the air because carbon dioxide is the essential source of carbohydrates in plants. This means that treating plants or parts thereof or the growth locus or plant propagules with compounds I leads to an enhanced net uptake of carbon dioxide by the plant, i.e. to an enhanced CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere as compared to untreated plants. Sequestered CO2 is not completely emitted again by the plant, as is proved by the enhanced C assimilation reflected in an increased dry biomass of the plant and/or biomass of the plant's fruits at a given moisture content. By this effect, the role of growing vegetation as a CO2 sink can significantly be improved. An enhanced CO2 net uptake means an improved CO2 balance in the terms of the Kyoto Protocol.
On the other hand, a better carbon and nitrogen assimilation is related with an enhanced nutritional value of the plant or of the parts thereof used for food and feeds.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is supposed that one of the factors which contribute to an increased CO2 sequestration and an increased carbon assimilation in the plant is that the compounds I lead to a decreased respiration of the plant and thus to a reduced carbon loss by CO2 release during respiration. The decreased respiration is not a transitory effect, but is probably more or less continuously present during the whole or at least during an important part of the lifetime of the plant. It is further supposed that an increased nitrogen assimilation in the plant, which may additionally take place, is due to an enhanced nitrate reductase activity caused directly or indirectly by the compounds of the present invention. It is further supposed that the compounds I also induce an enhanced tolerance of the plant toward abiotic stress such as temperature extremes, drought, extreme wetness or radiation, thus improving the plant's ability to store energy (carbohydrates, proteins, and thus dry biomass) even under unfavorable conditions. There are probably further factors which contribute to an enhanced C and N assimilation.
It has to be emphasized that the above effects of compounds I, i.e. enhanced dry biomass of the plant, the enhanced biomass of the fruit having the above specified moisture content, and the increased CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere also are present when the plant is not under biotic stress and in particular when the plant is not under fungal pressure. It is evident that a plant suffering from fungal attack produces a smaller biomass and a smaller crop yield as compared to a plant which has been subjected to curative or preventive treatment against the pathogenic fungus and which can grow without the damage caused by the pathogen. However, the methods according to the invention leave to an enhanced dry biomass of the plant, an enhanced biomass of the fruit having the above specified moisture content, and/or to an increased CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere by the plant even in the absence of any biotic stress and in particular of any phytopathogenic fungi. This means that the positive effects of the compounds I cannot be explained just by the fungicidal activities of these compounds, but are based on further activity profiles. But of course, plants under fungal stress can be treated, too, according to the methods of the present invention.
The following examples shall further illustrate the invention without limiting it.
Corn of the cultivar DKB 390 was cultivated under customary conditions (150 kg/ha nitrogen) at Campinas (Brazil) in 2005/2006. One part of the trial was treated with pyraclostrobin (in the form of the commercially available product F500 from BASF; diluted with water to a concentration 0.5 g/l) at the growing stage 34/35 and the other part at GS 55/57 by spraying about 300 l/ha (150 g of active compound per ha). Control plants were treated at GS 35/35 and 55/57, respectively, with a formulation according to that of F500 but without the active compound pyraclostrobin (“blank formulation”). One week prior to the treatment either with the active formulation or with the blank formulation, the plants were treated with epoxiconazole in order to ensure absence of fungal stress. 55 days after the application at GS 55/57, the plants were harvested and the corn grains having a residual moisture content of 14 to 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the grains, were weighed. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the corn grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the corn grains has been increased.
The experiments were carried out according to example 1.1, however without the epoxiconazole pre-treatment. Moreover, the concentration of pyraclostrobin in the spray liquor was 1 g/l and 150 l/ha were sprayed (150 g of active compound per ha). The residual moisture content of the grains was 14 to 22% by weight, based on the total weight of the grains. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the corn grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the corn grains has been increased.
The experiments were carried out according to example 1.1, however using another field. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the corn grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the corn grains has been increased.
The experiments were carried out according to example 1.1, however using corn of the cultivar DKB 455. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the corn grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the corn grains has been increased.
Soybean of the variety Conquista was cultivated under customary conditions at Campinas (Brazil) in 2005/2006. One part of the trial was treated with pyraclostrobin (in the form of the commercially available product F500 from BASF; diluted with water to a concentration of 0.42 g/l) at the growing stage 61/62 and the other part at GS 65/67 by spraying about 350 l/ha (150 g of active compound per ha). Control plants were treated at GS 61/62 and 65/67, respectively, with a formulation according to that of F500 but without the active compound pyraclostrobin (“blank formulation”). One week prior to the treatment either with the active formulation or with the blank formulation, the plants were treated with epoxiconazole in order to ensure absence of fungal stress. 56 days after the application at GS 65/67, the plants were harvested and the soybean grains having a residual moisture content of 13 to 18% by weight, based on the total weight of the grains, were weighed. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the soybean grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the soybean grains has been increased.
The experiments were carried out according to example 2.1, however without the epoxiconazole pre-treatment. The residual moisture content was 13 to 22% by weight, based on the total weight of the grains. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the soybean grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the soybean grains has been increased.
2.3 Treatment with Combined Active Ingredients; No Abiotic Stress
Soybean of the variety Coodetec-208 was cultivated under customary conditions at University of Sao Paolo in Piracicaba County (Brazil) in 2004/2005. One part of the trial was treated with a combination of pyraclostrobin and epoxyconazole (weight ratio 133:50; used in the form of the commercially available product Opera® from BASF; diluted with water to a concentration of 0.1.22 g/l) at the growing stage 61/62 and the other part additionally at GS 65/67 by spraying in each case about 150 l/ha (133 g of pyraclostrobin and 50 g of epoxiconazole per ha). 56 days after the application at GS 65/67, the plants were harvested and the soybean grains having a residual moisture content of 13 to 18% by weight, based on the total weight of the grains, were weighed. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the soybean grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the soybean grains has been increased.
2.4 Treatment with Combined Active Ingredients; Abiotic Stress
The experiments were carried out according to example 2.3, however without irrigation of the plants. The results are compiled below.
As can be seen, the mass of the soybean grains having a defined moisture content is significantly increased by the treatment according to the invention as compared to untreated plants. As the moisture content of the grains is in all cases the same, this means that the dry mass of the soybean grains has been increased even under abiotic stress (water shortage).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06124357.2 | Nov 2006 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP07/62462 | 11/16/2007 | WO | 00 | 5/11/2009 |
