Patent Application
20120103827
The invention relates to a method for leaching bulk concentrate of a chalcopyrite type by means of an aqueous solution containing sulphuric acid and oxygen feed under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature between 75° C. and the boiling point of the solution. It is typical of the method that the particle size of the concentrate to be fed to leaching is in the region of 80% below 60-100 μm and that the concentrate is leached with a solution with an acid concentration that is regulated to be in the region of 20-90 g/l.
One copper sulphide mineral is chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, from which copper recovery has conventionally taken place pyrometallurgically. If it is wished to leach chalcopyrite concentrate, the most typical method has been pressure leaching and even in some cases bioleaching. Pressure leaching is a fairly expensive process and bioleaching is slow. Generally it is known that chalcopyrite easily becomes passive in atmospheric sulphuric acid leaching and for that reason yields remain relatively low.
A leaching method of at least to some extent iron-containing sulphide mineral known as the Albion process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,635. One essential characteristic of the process is milling (P80 20 microns or less), after which leaching of the sulphide mineral is performed in atmospheric conditions i.e. at ambient pressure and a temperature between 60° C. and the boiling point of the solution. It is characteristic of the leaching process that it takes place using a solution containing sulphuric acid and trivalent iron and by feeding oxygen into the leaching stage. The sulphuric acid concentration of the solution when leaching chalcopyrite is in the region of 30-40 g/l. The iron used in leaching is obtained largely by leaching the pyrite contained in the sulphide mineral. The valuable metal to be leached according to the examples is copper, nickel, cobalt or zinc. The acidic sulphate solution containing the dissolved valuable metal is routed next to neutralisation and iron precipitation. Neutralisation and iron precipitation are carried out with limestone. The solution purification of the valuable metal-containing sulphate solution is performed by solvent extraction and metal recovery by electrowinning.
The copper mineral leaching process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,116 is based on fine grinding and low-temperature (below 100° C.) pressure leaching with the oxygen pressure at about 10 bar. The sulphuric acid concentration of the leaching stage is around 100-120 g/l, oxygen and, in addition, 2-10 g/l of chlorides, are fed into leaching.
A copper concentrate leaching method is disclosed in US application 2005/269208, which operates in atmospheric conditions at a temperature of 50-120° C. and where the concentrate is fed into leaching at a normal degree of grinding (e.g. P80 below 106 microns), but the essential feature of the process is the feed of pyrite into leaching. The ratio of chalcopyrite to pyrite is specified as being between 4:1 and 1:20. The method operates in conditions where the pyrite does not dissolve, and the redox is in the region of 350-520 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. According to example 6, the leaching result improved dramatically when the acid concentration was raised from a value of 20 g/l to a value of 30 g/l, but the reason for this is not known.
WO publication 2007/093667 describes a method for recovering copper from an ore containing copper sulphide and pyrite. The ore is ground to normal fineness (95-100% below 150 microns) and is leached with an acid-containing solution, in which the amount of iron is 20-70 g/l, copper 8-12 g/l and sulphuric acid at least 20 g/l. It is mentioned in the specification section that the method is intended particularly for the leaching of chalcocite-type (Cu2S) copper sulphide pyrite ore.
One essential feature of the chalcopyrite leaching methods disclosed in the prior art is fine grinding in order to prevent passivation of the chalcopyrite. However, one significant drawback of fine grinding is sludge build-up and, in consequence, the considerable slowing down of the post-leaching liquid-solids separation. Additionally, fine grinding increases the operating expenses of the process. The purpose of the invention presented here is to eliminate the drawbacks described above.
The essential features of the invention will be made apparent in the attached claims.
The invention relates to a method for leaching chalcopyrite concentrate by means of an aqueous solution containing sulphuric acid and an oxygen feed at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature between 75° C. and the boiling point of the solution. It is typical of the method that the particle size of the concentrate to be fed to leaching is in the region of 80% below 60-100 μm and that the concentrate is leached with an aqueous solution, the acid concentration of which is regulated to be around 20-90 g/l. According to one preferred embodiment, the acid concentration of the aqueous solution is regulated to be around 40-70 g/l.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the concentrate is subjected to a short purification milling before leaching in order to clean the mineral surfaces.
The method accordant with the invention relates typically to a chalcopyrite concentrate, which is a bulk concentrate including zinc sulphide.
According to one embodiment of the invention, leaching is carried out as two-stage countercurrent leaching. In this case, the chalcopyrite concentrate is fed into a weak acid leaching stage, in which it is leached with the leach solution exiting a strong acid leaching stage. The acid concentration of the copper sulphate solution removed from the weak acid leaching stage is regulated to the range of 5-15 g/l and the solution is routed to solution purification and on to electrowinning to produce pure copper. The residue of the weak acid leaching stage is fed into the strong acid leaching stage, in which the residue is leached with the raffinate from solution purification, the acid concentration of which is regulated to be 20-90 g/l and where the solution that is formed is fed into the weak acid leaching stage. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the acid concentration of the solution in the strong acid leaching stage is regulated to be in the region of 40-70 g/l.
The purpose of the method now developed is to leach chalcopyritic bulk concentrate at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature that is at least 75° C. and a maximum of the boiling point of the aqueous solution used for concentrate leaching. The concentrate is typically a flotation concentrate, with a copper content of around 10-30 wt %. Leaching may be performed directly on the concentrate, when a typical concentrate fineness is around 80% below 60-100 μm. However, before leaching, it is advantageous to perform a short “purification milling”, not with the aim of obtaining a major degree of grinding, but rather to clean the mineral surfaces. Unlike the methods disclosed in the prior art, leaching can consequently operate at a particle size range of P80>20 μm.
When leaching is performed without fine grinding, the following benefits are achieved: firstly grinding and energy costs are saved and secondly there is no sludge build-up during leaching, which has a significant effect on liquid/solids separation after leaching. Bulk concentrate is a term used to mean that in addition to copper as a sulphidic valuable metal in the concentrate, there is also a variable amount of zinc. Zinc is in the concentrate as zinc sulphide i.e. mostly as sphalerite mineral ZnS. Leaching takes place with an acidic aqueous solution with a sulphuric acid concentration of around 20-90 g/l, but preferably 40-75 g/l. In addition, an oxygen-containing gas is fed into the leaching stage, which may be air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen. The iron dissolved from the chalcopyrite is oxidised to trivalent form (Fe3+) by means of the acid and oxygen-containing gas, and in turn this promotes the dissolution of copper and zinc sulphides into sulphates.
It was found in the tests carried out that both copper and zinc dissolve well, even though the copper and iron concentration of the solution used for leaching is relatively low at the start of leaching. Likewise, it was also observed that a leaching time of about 20 h enables a yield of 95-98% with both copper and zinc. The poor dissolution of chalcopyrite is generally held to be due to the fact that the mineral surfaces of chalcopyrite are covered by the sulphur generated in leaching, but this phenomenon was not observed in the tests that were performed. If lead, silver or gold are also present in the concentrate, they remain in the leaching residue and can be recovered from it. The copper sulphate solution formed in leaching is purified of impurities by means of solvent extraction or cementation, for example. In the case of extraction, metallic copper is recovered from the pure copper sulphate solution electrolytically. The acid concentration of the copper sulphate solution generated in leaching is so high that the solution must be neutralised before being routed to extraction. Typical neutralising agents are calcium- and sodium-based alkalis such as limestone, burnt lime, slaked lime and sodium hydroxide. In their place, ground copper ore or copper concentrate can be used as the neutralising agent. One preferred neutralising agent is a zinc-containing material such as zinc calcine, oxidic zinc ore or zinc-containing dust. When leaching is performed as countercurrent leaching in the way described below, neutralisation of the copper sulphate solution takes place partially by means of concentrate fed into the process.
As for zinc, it can be recovered for instance from a side stream after iron removal either by purifying the zinc-containing solution using conventional solution purification or by extracting the zinc selectively using solvent extraction. Zinc is recovered from the purified zinc sulphate solution electrolytically. Electrolytic zinc removal takes place either by routing the purified zinc solution to the electrolyte after conventional solution purification or by stripping the zinc from the extractant into the electrolyte solution. It is also possible to recover zinc for example as zinc sulphate or some other zinc compounds, either directly from the raw solution or from the solution exiting extraction.
One preferred method for leaching concentrate is to perform leaching as countercurrent leaching, which consists of a weak acid leaching stage and a strong acid leaching stage. The flowsheet of this process alternative is presented in
The treatment of the residue 7 of the first leaching stage is continued in the second or concentrated acid leaching stage 2, in which the residue is leached with a raffinate 8 from the extraction 3. The acid concentration of said raffinate is regulated with the addition of acid to be in the region of 40-70 g/L. Oxygen-containing gas is also fed into the solution. Leaching time is 12-24 h depending on the concentrate, during which time acid is added when necessary so that the acid concentration of the solution remains more or less the same. The solution 5 of the second leaching stage, which is routed to the first leaching stage, contains almost all the copper (92-98%) and zinc (98-99%) contained in the concentrate. Neutralisation of the solution for extraction takes place in the first stage by means of fresh concentrate.
The residue of the second leaching stage is a sulphur- and iron-containing residue, and its further treatment depends on the amount of valuable metals in the residue. Valuable metals are for instance silver and gold, which are recovered by known methods.
The solution purification of the copper sulphate solution coming from the leaching stages is carried out according to the flowsheet by means of solvent extraction 3, in which the copper of the aqueous solution is transferred in the extraction stage to an organic extraction solution. In the stripping stage, copper is transferred from the organic solution to an acidic aqueous solution i.e. to weak electrolyte 9 exiting post-extraction electrowinning 4. After stripping, the copper-containing aqueous solution 10 is routed to electrowinning, from where metallic copper is obtained as the end product.
The copper of the chalcopyrite concentrate dissolves according to the following reactions:
4FeSO4+2H2SO4+O2->2Fe2(SO4)3+2H2O (1)
CuFeS2+2Fe2(SO4)3->CuSO4+5FeSO4+2S (2)
The sum reaction is:
CuFeS2+2H2SO4+O2->CuSO4+FeSO4+2H2O+2S (3)
The zinc of the concentrate dissolves according to the following reactions:
4FeSO4+2H2SO4+O2->2Fe2(SO4)3+2H2O (4)
ZnS+Fe2(SO4)3->ZnSO4+2FeSO4+S (5)
The sum reaction is:
2ZnS+2H2SO4+O2->2ZnSO4+2H2O+2S (6)
The method accordant with the invention is described further with the examples below.
The leaching tests of the examples were performed in a single stage, whereby the leaching corresponds to the strong acid leaching stage in flowsheet 1 into which the concentrate is routed. Since the key purpose of the tests was to ensure that the chalcopyrite dissolved, the solutions were not neutralised for extraction in a weak acid leaching stage as described above.
Atmospheric leaching of a coarse chalcopyritic copper concentrate was performed at a sulphuric acid concentration of 40-90 g/l and constant oxygen feed at a temperature of 95° C. Table 1 shows the particle size distribution of the concentrate. The main components of the copper concentrate were Cu 28.5 wt %, Fe 28.9 wt % and Zn 3.3 wt %. The original concentrations of the leaching solution were 1 g/l of Cu and 10 g/l of Fe. The iron was added as ferrous iron. Zinc was not added. The final solution concentrations were 25.0 g/l of Cu, 32.6 g/l of Fe and 3.1 g/l of Zn.
The graphs in
In accordance with Table 1, coarse chalcopyritic copper concentrate was leached at atmospheric pressure, so that the sulphuric acid concentration of the leaching solution was 20-40 g/l. A constant amount of oxygen was fed into leaching at a temperature of 95° C. The main components of the copper concentrate were Cu 28.5 wt %, Fe 28.9 wt % and Zn 3.3 wt %. The original concentrations of the solution were 1 g/l of Cu and 10 g/l of Fe. The iron was added as ferrous iron. Zinc was not added. The final solution concentrations were 27.5 g/l of Cu, 33.7 g/l of Fe and 3.2 g/l of Zn. As shown in graph 3, a copper leaching yield of over 95% now requires a residence time of 24 hours. The zinc leaching yield is at the same level as the copper yield.
In accordance with Table 1, coarse chalcopyritic copper concentrate was leached at atmospheric pressure, so that the sulphuric acid concentration of the leaching solution was 10-20 g/l. A constant amount of oxygen was fed into leaching at a temperature of 95° C. The main components of the copper concentrate were Cu 28.5 wt %, Fe 28.9 wt % and Zn 3.3 wt %. The original concentrations of the solution were 1 g/l of Cu and 10 g/l of Fe. The iron was added as ferrous iron. Zinc was not added. The final solution concentrations were 12.7 g/l of Cu, 17.8 g/l of Fe and 3.4 g/l of Zn. The graphs in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090251 | Jun 2009 | FI | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FI2010/050484 | 6/10/2010 | WO | 00 | 12/21/2011 |
