Patent Application
20160108895
The invention described herein relates generally to a method for machining a shaft and a shaft made thereby. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for machining a compound radius into the shaft and a shaft having a compound radius.
Wind power is considered one of the cleanest and most environmentally friendly energy sources presently available, and wind turbines have gained increased attention in this regard. A modern wind turbine typically includes a tower, generator, gearbox, nacelle, and one more rotor blades. The rotor blades capture kinetic energy from wind using known foil principles, and transmit the kinetic energy through rotational energy to turn a shaft that is coupled to the gearbox, or if a gearbox is not used, directly to the generator. The generator then converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy that may be supplied to a utility grid.
Modern wind turbines can be quite large, with many designs having a rotor hub height exceeding 100 meters. In this regard, the individual components are also quite large and heavy. A main shaft in a wind turbine must support the weight of the rotor as well as the various wind imposed loads. The main shaft may be 3 meters long and weigh 2 tons or more, and are typically designed for a lifespan of 20 years. Large (and heavy) parts are typically expensive to make, ship and install. As turbines age, they may be refurbished (and returned to use) or retired. Obviously, it would be more desirable from both an economic and environmental view to refurbish (and reuse) as many parts as possible to reduce waste. However, current practice has worn or damaged parts discarded, and this makes the cost of refurbishment increase as additional new parts are required to bring the wind turbine back to the operational specifications.
In an aspect of the present invention, a method for machining a shaft includes the step of machining a compound radius into the shaft at a junction between a radial surface of the shaft and an axial facing flange portion of the shaft. The compound radius has a curved surface with at least two different radii. The curved surface extends circumferentially around the shaft.
In an aspect of the present invention, a method for machining a shaft includes the steps of inspecting and machining. The inspecting step inspects the shaft for the presence of defects, and is performed by at least one of, visual inspection, magnetic particle inspection, dimensional inspection, or penetrant inspection. The machining step machines a compound radius into the shaft at a junction between a radial surface of the shaft and an axial facing flange portion of the shaft. The compound radius comprises a curved surface having at least two different radii and the curved surface extends circumferentially around the shaft. The shaft is a main shaft configured for use with a dynamoelectric machine.
In another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for a dynamoelectric machine includes a shaft having a compound radius at a junction between a radial surface of the shaft and an axial facing flange portion of the shaft. The compound radius comprises a curved surface having at least two different radii and the curved surface extends circumferentially around the shaft.
One or more specific aspects/embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these aspects/embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with machine-related, system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Any examples of operating parameters and/or environmental conditions are not exclusive of other parameters/conditions of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment”, “one aspect” or “an embodiment” or “an aspect” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments or aspects that also incorporate the recited features.
Wind turbine 10 includes a nacelle 12, and a rotor (generally designated by 14) coupled to nacelle 12 for rotation with respect to nacelle 12 about an axis of rotation 16. In the exemplary embodiment, nacelle 12 is mounted on a tower 18. The height of tower 18 is any suitable height enabling wind turbine 10 to function as described herein. Rotor 14 includes a hub 20 and a plurality of blades 22 (sometimes referred to as “airfoils”) extending radially outwardly from hub 20 for converting wind energy into rotational energy. Although rotor 14 is described and illustrated herein as having three blades 22, rotor 14 may include any number of blades 22.
In some embodiments, wind turbine 10 includes a brake system (not shown) for braking rotation of rotor 14. Furthermore, in some embodiments, wind turbine 10 includes a yaw system 40 for rotating nacelle 12 about an axis of rotation 42 to change a yaw of rotor 14. Yaw system 40 is coupled to and controlled by a control system(s) 44. In some embodiments, wind turbine 10 includes anemometry 46 for measuring wind speed and/or wind direction. Anemometry 46 is coupled to control system(s) 44 for sending measurements to control system(s) 44 for processing thereof. In the exemplary embodiment, control system(s) 44 is mounted within nacelle 12. Alternatively, one or more control systems 44 may be remote from nacelle 12 and/or other components of wind turbine 10. Control system(s) 44 may be used for, but is not limited to, overall system monitoring and control including, for example, pitch and speed regulation, high-speed shaft and yaw brake application, yaw and pump motor application, and/or fault monitoring. Alternative distributed or centralized control architectures may be used in some embodiments.
The compound radius has a first radius 413 with an origin 412 and first curved surface 414. A second radius 417 has an origin 416 and a second curved surface 418. The first curved surface 414 blends (or transitions) smoothly with the second curved surface 418, and both curved surfaces 414, 418 form the curved surface 410. The first curved surface 414 extends parallel (or co-linear) with the radial surface 402, and the second curved surface forms an angle with the axial facing flange portion 404. For example, the angle 420 may be between about 50 to 70 degrees or about 60 degrees. The first radius 413 may be about 30 mm to about 50 mm and the second radius 417 may be about 10 mm to about 20 mm. As one specific example, the first radius 413 may be about 40 mm and the second radius 417 may be about 15 mm. However, any suitable radius length may be used as desired in the specific application.
The origin 412 of the first radius 413 may located about 12% of a shaft radius radially outward from the radial surface 402 of the shaft, and about 8% of a shaft radius axially inward from the axial facing flange portion 404 of the shaft. The origin 416 of the second radius may be located about 10% of a shaft radius radially outward from the radial surface 402 of the shaft, and about 1% of a shaft radius axially inward from the axial facing flange portion 404 of the shaft. For example, if the central portion 330 of the shaft is about 600 mm in diameter that would equal a 300 mm radius. The first origin 412 would be located about 38 mm radially outward from the radial surface 402 and about 26 mm axially inward from axial surface 404, and the second origin 416 would be located about 29 mm radially outward from the radial surface 402 and about 3 mm axially inward from axial surface 404. Of course, any specific spatial locations may be used for the two origins as long as they result in a smooth curved surface 410 having the desired stress relief characteristics.
The compound radius has a first radius 513 with an origin 512, which form a first curved surface 514. A second radius 517 has an origin 516, which form a second curved surface 518. The first curved surface 514 blends (or transitions) smoothly with the second curved surface 518, and both curved surfaces 514, 518 form the curved surface 510. The first curved surface 514 forms an angle 522 with the radial surface 502, and this angle may be between about 5 degrees and about 15 degrees. The second curved surface 518 forms an angle with the axial facing flange portion 504. For example, the angle 520 may be between about 50 to 70 degrees or about 60 degrees. The first radius 513 may be about 30 mm to about 50 mm and the second radius 517 may be about 10 mm to about 20 mm. As one specific example, the first radius 513 may be about 40 mm and the second radius 517 may be about 15 mm.
The origin 512 of the first radius 513 may located about 12% of a shaft radius radially outward from the radial surface 502 of the shaft, and about 8% of a shaft radius axially inward from the axial facing flange portion 504 of the shaft. The origin 516 of the second radius may be located about 10% of a shaft radius radially outward from the radial surface 502 of the shaft, and about 1% of a shaft radius axially inward from the axial facing flange portion 504 of the shaft. For example, if the central portion 330 of the shaft is about 600 mm in diameter that would equal a 300 mm radius. The first origin 512 would be located about 38 mm radially outward from the radial surface 502 and about 26 mm axially inward from axial surface 504, and the second origin 516 would be located about 29 mm radially outward from the radial surface 502 and about 3 mm axially inward from axial surface 504. Of course, any specific spatial locations may be used for the two origins as long as they result in a smooth curved surface 510 having the desired stress relief characteristics.
A dimensional inspection may indicate that the shaft is either too high or too low in specific regions. If results are unsatisfactory, and the measured region is too high, then the shaft can be grinded to remove the high spots. For example, a lathe, file, hone or grinder can be used to machine down the high spots until they are back within tolerance levels. Likewise, if the dimensional inspection is unsatisfactory by indicating some regions are too low, then these regions can be built back up by adding material. For example, laser welding, plating or high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying, or any other suitable material adding process may be used to add material to the shaft to bring the low spots back within tolerance levels. After the repair step 620 of either grinding high spots and/or building up low spots is complete, the shaft may be re-inspected to verify dimensional specifications. If the shaft passes inspection, then the shaft can move to the machining step 630.
In the machining step 630, a compound radius is machined into the shaft at the desired location. One area of the shaft benefiting from such a feature is the main bearing journal. In this region the compound radius is machined into the shaft at a junction between the radial surface of the shaft and an axial facing flange portion of the shaft, or the region indicated by 322 in
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
