Patent Application
20090188642
The present invention relates to architectural structural materials and, more particularly, to an improved method for compressing agricultural fibrous matter, such as straw, wherein certain processing levels, such as moisture content, are monitored and adjusted to provide a more efficient and consistent load-bearing and insulating panel for making a compressed structural fiberboard usable in the building industry.
Mankind has been intrigued for many years with the concept of using waste agricultural products, such as straw, to build relatively permanent domiciles and other generally permanent buildings. This concept includes replacing typical floors, wooden or metal stud walls, and ceilings and roof constructions normally used for on-site fabrication with panel boards made from agricultural fibers. The panel boards of this nature made in the past have had the structural and insulation properties of the conventional structures that they replaced.
Although the basic concept has been around for some time, various anomalies have prevented the commercial dominance of this concept over standard approaches. For instance, in the past, it has been difficult to manufacture such agricultural fiberboards that have a reliable and consistent density in the core of the fiberboard. In addition, the relatively high cost of manufacturing such a fiberboard was also a considerable problem.
Applicant resolved the problems of the past by inventing a method and apparatus for making compressed agricultural fiber structural board, as seen and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,132 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,220. Although the inventions described in the above-noted patents led to the creation of a relatively low-cost fiberboard having a core with a substantially consistent density, it was determined that certain inconsistencies and inefficiencies were leading to rather large variances in the quality and the cost of the fiberboard. For instance, the straw utilized to create the fiberboard contains various moisture levels depending on the type of straw and the time of year in which the straw is harvested. Since moisture is a key factor in the resulting density of the core of the fiberboard, the failure to control the moisture level in the straw prior to and during the fiberboard manufacturing process led to undesirable variances in the density of the core of the fiberboard. In addition, due to the structural integrity of straw, it is often difficult to provide a consistent amount of straw throughout the process once the straw is separated and cleaned. Failure to provide a consistent amount of straw throughout the process may lead to inconsistencies in the density of the fiberboard. These and other various processing factors have lead to certain inconsistencies and inefficiencies that are undesirable in a manufacturing environment.
The present invention provides an improved method for making a compressed structural fiberboard, wherein an agricultural fibrous matter is extruded to form the compressed structural fiberboard. The improved method of the present invention provides the steps of providing a predetermined volume of the agricultural fibrous matter and preconditioning the agricultural fibrous material to obtain a predetermined level of moisture within the agricultural fibrous material. The agricultural fibrous material is then separated into individual pieces and cleaned to remove any foreign material and waste. Steam is added to the agricultural fibrous material to obtain a predetermined level of moisture in the agricultural fibrous material. A predetermined level of Borax is also added to the agricultural fibrous material to prevent the formation of bacteria in the agricultural fibrous material and in the compressed structural fiberboard. The agricultural fibrous material is then extruded to form a compressed structural fiberboard.
To precondition the agricultural fibrous material, the agricultural fibrous material may be allowed to dry at ambient temperatures until a predetermined level of moisture is obtained in the agricultural fibrous matter prior to introducing the agricultural fibrous matter into the process of manufacturing the compressed structural fiberboard. Alternatively, the agricultural fibrous matter may be placed in a dehumidifier or oven in order to obtain a predetermined level of moisture in the agricultural fibrous matter prior to introducing the agricultural fibrous matter into the process of manufacturing the compressed structural fiberboard.
During the separation and cleaning of the agricultural fibrous material, the agricultural fibrous matter is separated by a flake separator, and foreign particles and waste are separated from the agricultural fibrous matter by straw walkers. The waste and foreign material is vacuumed by a vacuum system and directed to a holding vessel. The vacuumed waste and foreign material may be recycled by filtering smaller pieces of the agricultural fibrous material from the foreign material and waste and reintroducing such agricultural fibrous material back into the manufacturing process. The remaining waste and foreign material from the agricultural fibrous material may be disposed accordingly. The larger pieces of agricultural fibrous material are then broken down by a shredder.
The improved method of the present invention includes applying steam and borax to the agricultural fibrous matter within an enclosure. Infrared moisturizing sensors may be mounted within the enclosure to monitor the moisture level in the agricultural fibrous material. The enclosure may comprise a substantially rectangular enclosure having a conveyor passing therethrough, or the enclosure may comprise a tumbler for tumbling the agricultural fibrous matter.
The improved method of the present invention may provide variable speed conveyor belts for transporting the agricultural fibrous material to the extruder. The method may include the steps of providing proximity switches along the conveyor belt to monitor the height of the agricultural fibrous matter while providing a signal when the agricultural fibrous matter does not meet a predetermined height. The method further includes the step of adjusting the variable speed of the conveyor in response to the signal provided by the proximity switches in order that a proper level of agricultural fibrous material is provided.
The improved method of the present invention may include the steps of providing a reciprocating ram extruder for extruding the agricultural fibrous material into the compacted core of the fiberboard. In an alternative embodiment, a screw extruder may be utilized for extruding the agricultural fibrous matter into the compacted core of the fiberboard. The steps may further include applying heat to the agricultural fibrous material after the agricultural fibrous material is extruded into the compressed fiberboard. The invention may include wrapping containment material around the compacted fiberboard and cooling the fiberboard after applying the heat. The containment material may comprise industrial packing paper, or the containment material may comprise a lightweight, high-strength, mesh material. The cooling of the fiberboard may occur by providing electrical fans for blowing air on the fiberboard. In addition, the cooling of the fiberboard may occur by providing an enclosed refrigerated chamber for cooling the fiberboard.
The improved method of the present invention may include the steps of cutting the compressed structural fiberboard into predetermined lengths while maintaining pressure on the ends of the cut compressed structural fiberboard so that the ends of the compressed structural fiberboard may be capped with a containment material.
The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like-referenced numerals refer to like parts throughout several views and wherein:
Referring to the drawings, the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the disclosed embodiment.
The present invention provides an improved method for making a compressed structural fiberboard 10 from an agricultural fibrous material, such as straw 16, as seen in
The compressed structural fiberboard 10 has many properties which allow it to be used as a building panel. For example, the compressed structural fiberboard 10 may be load-bearing while also providing for thermal and sound insulation. In addition, the compressed structural fiberboard 10 may be used to make filler panels for post- and beam-types of construction. Compressed structural fiberboard 10 may be fabricated into various thicknesses, lengths, and widths, depending on the application of the fiberboard 10. In addition, a range of densities can also be utilized in constructing the fiberboard 10.
As previously mentioned, the present invention relates to improvements to Applicant's previous method and apparatus for making the compressed structural fiberboard 10.
The flow of the agricultural fibrous matter, such as straw 16, is from the first half of the mill 12, as seen in
Bales 14 of straw 16, or other agricultural product providing fiber for the core 18 of the fiberboard 10, are first preconditioned to control the moisture content of the straw 16 prior to introducing the straw 16 into the mill 12. One way to control the moisture level within the straw 16 is to allow the straw 16 to properly dry in ambient air. When this occurs, the bales 14 of straw 16 are dried until the moisture content of the straw 16 is in a range between 11-15%. Due to the importance of the moisture level in the straw 16 in controlling the consistency and the quality of the finished compressed structural fiberboard 10, the moisture level in the straw 16 should be controlled to the tightest tolerance possible. Therefore, the moisture content of the air-dried straw 16 is first measured to ensure that it is in the range of 11-15% prior to entering the mill 12. If the moisture level is above this range, then the straw 16 is allowed to dry further until the specified range is reached. If the straw 16 is within the specified range of moisture, then the straw 16 may be introduced to the mill 12.
Alternatively, or in addition thereto, the present invention may provide a dehumidifier or oven 20 for preconditioning each bale 14 of straw 16 prior to entering the mill 12, as seen in
Once the bales 14 of straw 16 are preconditioned, the bales 14 of straw 16 are transported to the start of a bale conveyor 22, as seen in
As a further improvement to the method for making compressed structural fiberboard 10, a conventional straw walker 34 is provided to remove foreign material and waste from the straw 16, as seen in FIG. 3 and 6-7. Although only one straw walker 34 is shown in the drawings, the present invention anticipates the use of a pair of straw walkers 34 mounted vertically adjacent one another in order to further clean and separate the straw 16. The straw walker 34 is mounted adjacent to the flake separator 26 so as to receive the shredded straw 16 from the flake separator 26. The straw walker 34 fluffs the straw fibers 16, separates the long and short straw fibers 16, and removes foreign material and waste from the straw 16, while the clean straw fibers 16 are further carried along the mill 12 by the straw walker 34. A vacuum system 36 vacuums the foreign material and waste that falls through the straw walker 34 and directs the foreign material and waste to a holding receptacle (not shown). The foreign material and waste may then be recycled by further filtering straw 16 from the foreign material and waste and reintroducing any straw fibers 16 that are discovered back into the mill 12 while discarding the remaining foreign material and waste. The remaining foreign material and waste may be utilized as fuel, livestock feed, landfill, etc. By further cleaning and recycling the straw 16, the compressed fiberboard 10 is of a higher quality, and the process is more efficient, as all aspects of the straw 16 are fully utilized.
In order to remove any clumps that may remain in the straw fibers 16 after passing through the straw walker 34, the straw fibers 16 are carried from the straw walker 34 to a shredder 38. The shredder 38 comprises a pair of cylindrical drums 40 having teeth 42 formed thereon, which comb through the straw fibers 16 to remove any remaining clumps of straw 16. The shredder 38 directs the straw fibers 16 onto a main conveyor 44, which carries the straw fibers 16 into an enclosure 46.
Immediately after the shredder 38, a plurality of proximity switches 48 may be mounted on the sides of the main conveyor 44. The proximity switches 48 sense the height of the straw fibers 16 being carried on the main conveyor 44, thereby determining whether a sufficient amount of straw fibers 16 are being fed to the mill 12. The proximity switches 48 provide a signal that is sent to the variable drives 32 on the bale conveyor 22 to speed or slow down the bale conveyor 22. This, in turn, may control the amount of straw fiber 16 being sent to the mill 12, as the slowing of the bale conveyor 22 allows more straw 16 to gather on the bale conveyor 22, while speeding of the bale conveyor 22 reduces the amount of straw 16 allowed to gather on the bale conveyor 22.
The enclosure 46 provides a conditioning chamber for treating the straw fibers 16 prior to extruding the straw fibers 16 into the fiberboard 10. The enclosure 46 may be a rectangular enclosure 50, as seen in
To assist in prohibiting the formation of mold and/or mildew on the straw 16 and to distract the attraction of insects to the straw 16, borax is also applied to the straw fibers 16. One and a half ounces of borax is applied to every cubic foot of straw 16. The borax may be applied in a dry powder form, or the borax may be mixed with water and applied to the straw 16 with the steam. The application of the borax in combination with the steam has been found to be a more efficient method of applying the borax than the dry powder form, as the application of borax with steam provides a more consistent level of moisture throughout the straw fibers 16 and is less messy to control and clean than the dry powder form.
In a separate embodiment, the enclosure 46 may comprise a tumbler 54, as seen in
Upon exiting the enclosure 46, the main conveyor 44 carries the straw fiber 16 under a leveling reel 56, which assists in forming a substantially level mat 57 of the straw fibers 16, as seen in FIGS. 3 and 8-10. The leveling reel 56 rotates such that the straw mat 57 has a consistent height. It is to be noted that the height of the leveling reel 56 relative to the underlying main conveyor 44 can be adjusted via conventional approaches, such as by screw and block arrangement. The height of the mat 57 of straw fibers 16 exiting the leveling reel 56 may also be dependent on the amount of straw 16 that is being supplied to the leveling reel 56. Therefore, proximity switches 58 are mounted adjacent the sides of the main conveyor 44 immediately following the leveling reel 56 in order to sense the height of the mat 57 and thus, the level of the straw fibers 16 being carried on the main conveyor 44. The proximity switches 58 provide a signal to determine whether the mat 57 of straw fiber 16 has reached a predetermined height. The signal from the proximity switches 58 may then be sent to the variable drives 32 of the bale conveyor 22 to either increase or decrease the speed of the bale conveyor 22 so as to supply the leveling reel 56 with either a greater or lesser amount of straw 16. This ensures for a consistent height of the straw mat 57, thereby providing a consistent quantity of straw fibers 16, which assist in creating a consistent density of the compressed fiberboard 10.
In order to form a compact straw core 18 for the fiberboard 10, the mat 57 of straw fiber 16 is carried from the leveling reel 56 up an incline of the main conveyor 44. The straw fiber 16 is carried into a chute 60, which is positioned at the end of the inclined main conveyor 44, as seen in
To form the compacted straw core 18 for the compressed structural fiberboard 10, a continuous extrusion process is utilized that relies on heat and pressure to form the compacted straw core 18 of the fiberboard 10. The extruder 66 may comprise an oscillating ram extruder 70, wherein an oscillating ram 72 compacts the straw fibers 16 into an extrusion chamber 74. As the oscillating ram 72 retracts on its return stroke, additional straw fibers 16 are fed into the extrusion chamber 74 by the packer 64. The packer 64 is synchronized with the oscillating ram 72 of the extruder 70 such that the timed packer 64 forces straw fiber 16 into the space in front of the oscillating ram 72 prior to the oscillating ram 72 moving forward. The oscillating ram 72 moves forward on its forward stroke, thereby compacting the straw fibers 16 into the extrusion chamber 74 and forcing the straw fibers 16 into a heated extrusion tunnel. The extrusion tunnel has a substantially rectangular configuration that is substantially 3.5″ high by 48″ wide, which is the desired shape and size of the compacted straw core 18. The compacted straw fiber 16 takes the shape of the extrusion tunnel, as the oscillating ram compacts the straw fiber 16 into a substantially solid slab. The shape and size of the extrusion tunnel 16 may be adjusted in a conventional manner so that the size and shape of the compacted straw core 18 may be adjusted. The front of the oscillating ram 72 may include a plurality of pointed projections, which form holes 71 through the portion of the straw fiber 16 being compressed at the forming end of the compacted straw core 18. These holes 71 register with holes 71 in the previously-compacted straw fiber 16 making up the compacted straw core 18 so as to provide holes 71 extending throughout the length of the compacted straw core 18. These core holes 71 are provided in the center of the compacted straw core 18 for use as raceways for, example, electrical wiring or plumbing. They also are usable during the formation of the compacted straw core 18 to introduce a fluid, such as heated air, to the center of the compacted straw core 18. The number of these projections can be varied, depending upon the number of core holes 71 desired.
Typical agricultural fiber, such as straw 16, is comprised of a bundle of cellulose strands or fibers that are held together by a natural binder or adhesive called lignin. Lignin behaves much like a conventional thermoplastic, wherein the lignin softens when heated and hardens when cooled. This allows the straw fibers 16 to essentially be shaped into a particular configuration when heated and cooled. Thus, when the straw fiber 16 is compacted into the extrusion tunnel 74, the extrusion tunnel 74 heats the straw fiber 16 to approximately 360°-400° Fahrenheit so as to soften the lignin in the straw fiber 16, thereby allowing the straw fiber 16 to relax and take the shape of the extrusion tunnel 74. As the straw fiber 16 is passed out of the exit end of the extrusion tunnel 74, the straw fiber 16 cools, causing the slab of compressed straw core to maintain the shape of the extrusion tunnel 74, thereby creating a “new memory” for the straw fiber 16. There is no need for any other adhesive or resin to be applied other than the natural lignin that is already inherent within the straw fibers 16 to maintain the shape of the extrusion tunnel 74.
In an alternative extrusion process, the present invention may utilize a conventional screw extruder (not shown) as the extruder 66 for extruding the straw fiber 16 through the extrusion tunnel 74. The screw extruder utilizes a large threaded screw, which extends from the entry of the extrusion tunnel 74 into and within the extrusion tunnel 74. The screw extruder is allowed to continually rotate in a fixed position such that the straw fibers 16 are fed into the threads of the screw extruder at a continual rate. Thus, the oscillating packer 64 is no longer required. As the screw extruder rotates, the straw fibers 16 are driven forward into the extrusion tunnel 74. The straw fibers 16 are compacted into the extrusion tunnel 74 and are further pushed through a smaller portion of the extrusion tunnel 74 as the screw extruder continues to rotate, thereby creating a compacted slab of straw fiber 16. The extrusion tunnel 74 is heated in the same manner as previously described, and thus, the straw fiber 16 takes on the form of the extrusion tunnel 74 in the same way as previously described. The screw extruder is a more efficient extrusion process than the oscillating ram extruder 70, as the screw extruder may extrude the straw fibers 16 at a higher speed than the oscillating ram extruder 70, thereby providing a greater output in the same or shorter amount of time. In addition, the screw extruder provides less moving parts than the oscillating ram extruder 70, thereby requiring less maintenance than the oscillating ram extruder 70. Lastly, the screw extruder provides a more even flow of material, i.e., straw fiber 16, thereby providing a method wherein the density of the compacted straw core 18 of the fiberboard 10 is easier to control.
From the extrusion chamber, the compacted straw core 18 enters a first set of two heat platens 80 that heat both the top and bottom surfaces of the compacted straw core 18, as seen in
A second set of two heat platens 82 introduces more heat to the compacted straw core 18. A heavy-duty industrial construction paper 84, such as 69 lb. Kraft liner paper, is introduced from both the top and bottom openings of the heat platens 82 and is folded over the sides of the compacted straw core 18 through special side blocks that are also heated so as to enclose the compacted straw core 18 except for its ends. The paper 84 is guided from large rolls 87 of paper 84 through paper unwinders 89, as seen in
Upon exiting the second set of heat platens 82, the wrapped compacted straw core 18 engages a set of pinch rollers 86 that slightly resist the forward movement of the compacted straw core 18 in order to control the density of the compacted straw core 18 and eliminate any surging of the compacted straw core 18 caused by the extruder 66. The pinch rollers 86 have variable drives 88 so as to control the rotational speed of the pinch rollers 86. By increasing the speed of the pinch rollers 86, the density of the compacted straw core 18 can be decreased, while decreasing the speed of the pinch rollers 86 will increase the density of the compacted straw core 18. The compacted straw core 18 is continuously monitored, and adjustments may be made to the rotational speed of the pinch rollers 86 to maintain a predetermined density of the compacted straw core 18. The pinch rollers 86 also assist in removing any surges of the compacted straw core 18 when an oscillating ram extruder 70 is utilized as the extruder 66.
The paper wrapped compacted straw core 18 moves at a continuous length along a conveyor 90 to a cutoff saw 92, as seen in FIGS. 4 and 13-14. Prior to reaching the cutoff saw 92, the compacted straw core 18 passes through a board puller 93. The board puller 93 comprises a pair of opposing rollers 95 that are controlled by variable drives. As the compacted straw core 18 passes through the board puller 93, the board puller 93 works in conjunction with the pinch rollers 86 to control the speed of and eliminate any surges in the compacted straw core 18 caused by the extruder 66. The cutoff saw 92 cuts the compacted straw core 18 to a predetermined length set by a mill operator (not shown) at a central control panel (not shown). The cutoff saw 92 is moved at the same path rate as the compacted straw core 18 by monitoring the speed at which the wrapped compacted straw core 18 is exiting the extruder 66. The speed of the wrapped compacted straw core 18 is transmitted through an encoder to a servo drive to ensure that a square cut of the wrapped compacted straw core 18 is achieved.
As soon as the wrapped compacted straw core 18 is cut, the wrapped compacted straw core 18 is conveyed to an end cap machine 94, where the wrapped compacted straw core 18 is weighed by electronic scales in order to calculate the density and evaluate the quality of the fiberboard 10, as seen in
The entirely wrapped compacted straw core 18 is now a completed fiberboard 10 and is carried along conveyor belts 96, wherein the fiberboard 10 and is carried along conveyor belts 96, wherein the fiberboard 10 is allowed to cool. Electric fans (now shown) are pointed at the fiberboard 10 in order to blow air on the fiberboard 10 as it travels along the conveyor 96 so as to expedite the cooling of the fiberboard 10. In an alternative embodiment, other cooling methods are anticipated, such as the use of a refrigerated chamber (not shown). The fiberboard 10 may be allowed to pass through the refrigerated chamber, which further expedites the cooling of the fiberboard 10 as compared to the electric fans. By enhancing the efficiency of the cooling of the fiberboard 10, the conveyor 96 is shortened, thereby reducing the amount of space required for the mill 12. By decreasing the amount of space required for the mill, the amount of factory floor space required is reduced, thereby reducing the cost of factory floor space and enhancing the efficiency of the process.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but to the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications or equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures as is permitted under the law.
