The invention relates to microwave antennas in general and particularly to methods of fabricating antennas operating at terahertz frequencies from silicon materials.
Recently, submillimeter-wave technology in general and heterodyne techniques in particular have been highlighted as an important imaging capability for both, ground based and space applications. See I. Mehdi, B. Thomas, C. Lee, R. Lin, G. Chattopadhyay, J. Gill, N. Llombart, K. B. Cooper, P. H. Siegel, “Radiometer-on-a-chip: A path towards super-compact submm imaging arrays” SPIE Defense, Security and Sensing, April 2010, Orlando, Fla.; K. B. Cooper, R. J. Dengler, N. Llombart, T. Bryllert, G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht, J. Gill, C. Lee, A. Skalare, I. Mehdi, P. H. Siegel, “Penetrating 3D Imaging at 4 and 25 Meter Range Using a Submillimeter-Wave Radar,” IEEE Trans. MTT., vol. 56, pp. 2771-2778, December 2008. Most heterodyne systems currently used provide sufficient science data in spite of being single pixel. However, recent applications in the submillimeter-wave range would greatly benefit from having large format heterodyne arrays, or namely terahertz cameras. For example, the imaging radar system presented in the second document cited above could speed up its acquisition time by having a focal plane array capable to image several pixels simultaneously.
A concept based on stacking multiple silicon layers has been proposed in the first document cited above. Such an assembly is expected to allow one to integrate an array of submillimeter-wave Schottky diode mixers and multipliers with MMIC amplifiers on the same wafer stack. However, in order to couple the RF signal, antenna technology that is consistent with silicon micro-fabrication is needed.
There is a need for improved methods of fabricating antennas operating at terahertz frequencies.
According to one aspect, the invention features a method of fabricating an antenna that operates at terahertz frequencies in a silicon material. The method comprises the steps of defining a geometrical pattern for an antenna that operates at terahertz frequencies, the antenna to be fabricated in a silicon material, the geometrical pattern configured to exhibit a desired range of directivity of electromagnetic radiation relative to the antenna, the geometrical pattern configured to exhibit an input reflection coefficient lower than a desired threshold value, the antenna when fabricated comprising at least one input waveguide for a signal to be emitted from the antenna; fabricating one or more silicon material segments, the one or more silicon material segments when assembled exhibiting the geometrical pattern defined in the previous step; and assembling the one or more silicon material segments to form the antenna that operates at terahertz frequencies.
In one embodiment, the fabricating step is performed using a photolithographic method.
In another embodiment, the fabricating step is performed using a laser machining method.
In yet another embodiment, the geometrical pattern is an array of spherical sections.
In still another embodiment, the geometrical pattern is an array of hemispherical sections.
In one more embodiment, the geometrical pattern is a one-dimensional array.
In still a further embodiment, the geometrical pattern is a two-dimensional array
In a further embodiment, the geometrical pattern is a horn.
In yet a further embodiment, the at least one input waveguide is a square waveguide.
In an additional embodiment, the one or more silicon material segments comprises a segment having an iris defined therein.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims.
The objects and features of the invention can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views.
A set of antenna geometries for use in integrated arrays at terahertz frequencies are described. Two fabrication techniques to construct such antennas are presented. The first technique uses an advanced laser micro-fabrication, allowing fabricating advanced 3D geometries. The second technique uses photolithographic processes, allowing the fabrication of arrays on a single wafer in parallel.
The present description addresses two approaches to fabricate an antenna array that can be used with the stacked structures referred to hereinabove. One approach uses advanced laser micro-fabrication, for example as described in V. M. Lubecke, K. Mizuno, G. M. Rebeiz; “Micromachining for Terahertz Applications”, IEEE Trans. MTT, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1821-1831, November 1998.
The first approach allows fabricating advanced 3D geometries, and therefore one could envision fabricating an array of Picket-Potter horns (see P. D. Potter, “A new horn antenna with suppressed sidelobes and equal beamwidths”, Microwave J., p. 71, June 1963) or silicon hemisphere lenses (see T. H. Buttgenbach, “An Improved Solution for Integrated Array Optics in Quasi-Optical mm and Submm Receivers: the Hybrid Antenna” IEEE MTT. vol 41, October 1993). A drawback of this approach is that it is a linear process which may not be cost-efficient, and therefore not practical, for large arrays in ground based applications as is the case of the imager radar.
A second approach uses photolithographic fabrication, as described in S.-K. Lee, M.-G. Kim, K.-W. Jo, S.-M. Shin and J.-H. Lee, “A glass reflowed microlens array on a Si substrate with rectangular through-holes” J. Opt. A. 10 (2008) 044003, 2008. The photolithographic technique allows the fabrication of arrays on a single wafer in parallel such as the fabrication of micro-thick lenses by reflowing a photo-resist material applied to a silicon object and then etching the silicon. A picture of an array fabricated using this approach is shown in
Antenna Geometries
We describe several integrated antenna geometries that are expected to optimize the advantages of each of these techniques.
The antenna structures are intended to couple efficiently a waveguide mode to a certain optical system characterized by an f-number. Therefore, the antenna preferably should be directive and should be simple to integrate with the mixers and sources.
Antennas Fabricated Using Photolithographic Methods
An array of silicon lenses with a thickness of the order of a few hundred microns can be fabricated by reflowing a photo-resist material applied to a silicon layer and then etching the silicon. To illuminate such thin lenses, a directivity primary feed is needed in order to increase the effective f-number and improve the coating layer fabrication, spill over and off axis distortions. See, for example, D. F. Filippovic, S. S. Gearhart and G. M. Rebeiz, “Double Slot on Extended Hemispherical and Elliptical Silicon Dielectric Lenses”, IEEE Trans. on MTT, Vol. 41, no. 10, October 1993. An air cavity can be used to illuminate the upper part of the lens with a directive primary feed, as well as to match the waveguide feed impedance with the silicon medium. See. For example, N. Llombart, G. Chattopadhyay, A. Skalare. I. Mehdi, “Novel Terahertz Antenna Based on a Silicon Lens Fed by a Leaky Wave Enhanced Waveguide”, IEEE Trans. A P., accepted for publication. The geometry of such an antenna array is shown in
The antenna directivity that is obtained depends on the diameter of the lens and not on the leaky wave feed properties. Therefore, the impedance bandwidth will be only limited by the cavity design, and not by the antenna directivity.
The fabrication of the array in
The antenna design has been validated with simulations with CST Microwave Studio at 550 GHz. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO® is a specialist tool for the 3D EM simulation of high frequency components available from Computer Simulation Technology AG, at CST of America®, Inc. 492 Old Connecticut Path, Suite 505, Framingham, Mass. 01701. Measurements of an embodiment are reported in N. Llombart, G. Chattopadhyay, A. Skalare. I. Mehdi, “Novel Terahertz Antenna Based on a Silicon Lens Fed by a Leaky Wave Enhanced Waveguide”, IEEE Trans. AP., accepted for publication.
Another approach to develop an array of antennas using a photo-lithographic process is to stack thin gold plated silicon wafers with tapered holes in order to build a horn, as illustrated in
Antennas Fabricated Using Laser Machining
One can also fabricate the same antenna geometries previously described using a laser machining technique. Such lens design has an f-number around 1.9, which corresponds to a sector of 15 degree width (i.e. θ of
However, in order to reduce the fabrication cost, antennas with a reduced thickness are advantageous. The laser machining technique can be used to fabricate a thicker lens. One embodiment involves the use of silicon hemisphere lenses coupled to a waveguide as shown in
The impedance match between the air waveguide and lens can be easily achieved with a taper silicon tip as shown in
Micro-fabrication allows us to fabricate specific and precise 3D geometries. An embodiment involves an array based on extended silicon lens excited with a leaky wave waveguide feed. A second fabrication technique is based on photolithographic processes, which enables the fabrication of multiple arrays on a single wafer in parallel. One embodiment is an array of micro-lens. Another embodiment uses conical horns.
Definitions
Unless otherwise explicitly recited herein, any reference to an electronic signal or an electromagnetic signal (or their equivalents) is to be understood as referring to a non-transitory electronic signal or a non-transitory electromagnetic signal.
Theoretical Discussion
Although the theoretical description given herein is thought to be correct, the operation of the devices described and claimed herein does not depend upon the accuracy or validity of the theoretical description. That is, later theoretical developments that may explain the observed results on a basis different from the theory presented herein will not detract from the inventions described herein.
Any patent, patent application, or publication identified in the specification is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the present disclosure material. In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor of the present disclosure as the preferred disclosure.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred mode as illustrated in the drawing, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that various changes in detail may be affected therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/637,730, filed Apr. 24, 2012, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract, and is subject to the provisions of Public Law 96-517 (35 USC 202) in which the Contractor has elected to retain title.
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