Method for making insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogs

Abstract

Novel insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogs having a mini C-peptide comprising at least one aromatic amino acid residue have an increased folding stability. The novel insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogs can be expressed in yeast in high yields and are preferably not more 15 amino acid residues in length. Also provided are polynucleotide sequences encoding the claimed precursors or precursor analogs, and vectors and cell lines containing such polynucleotide sequences.

Description

BACKGROUND

[0001] Yeast organisms produce a number of proteins that have a function outside the cell. Such proteins are referred to as secreted proteins. These secreted proteins are expressed initially inside the cell in a precursor or a pre-form containing a pre-peptide sequence ensuring effective direction (translocation) of the expressed product across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The pre-peptide, normally named a signal peptide, is generally cleaved off from the desired product during translocation. Once entered in the secretory pathway, the protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus. From the Golgi, the protein can follow different routes that lead to compartments such as the cell vacuole or the cell membrane, or it can be routed out of the cell to be secreted to the external medium (Pfeffer et al. (1987) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:829-852).

[0002] Insulin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by O-cells of the pancreas and consists of two polypeptide chains, A and B, which are linked by two inter-chain disulphide bridges. Furthermore, the A-chain features one intra-chain disulphide bridge.

[0003] The hormone is synthesized as a single-chain precursor proinsulin (preproinsulin) consisting of a prepeptide of 24 amino acid followed by proinsulin containing 86 amino acids in the configuration: prepeptide-B-Arg Arg-C-Lys Arg-A, in which C is a connecting peptide of 31 amino acids. Arg-Arg and Lys-Arg are cleavage sites for cleavage of the connecting peptide from the A and B chains.

[0004] Three major methods have been used for the production of human insulin in microorganisms. Two involve Escherichia coli, with either the expression of a large fusion protein in the cytoplasm (Frank et al. (1981) in Peptides: Proceedings of the 7th American Peptide Chemistry Symposium (Rich & Gross, eds.), Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill. pp 729-739), or use a signal peptide to enable secretion into the periplasmic space (Chan et al. (1981) PNAS 78:5401-5404). A third method utilizes Saccharomyces cerevisiae to secrete an insulin precursor into the medium (Thim et al. (1986) PNAS 83:6766-6770). The prior art discloses a limited number of insulin precursors which are expressed in either E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vide U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,267, WO 95/16708, EP 0055945, EP 0163529, EP 0347845 and EP 0741188.

[0005] Circular Dichroism (CD) is used to determine protein stability and relative stabilities of molecules. CD observed below 240 nm is due to the peptide amide chromophore and may be used to estimate protein secondary structure (Johnson (1988) Ann. Rev. Biophys.Chem. 17,145-166). The spectrum of insulin is characterized by minima at 220 and 209 nm, a negative to positive crossover near 203 nm, and a maximum at 195 nm. Upon denaturation, the negative CD in the 240-218-nm range gradually diminishes, consistent with the loss of ordered secondary structure that accompanies protein unfolding. Consequently, the folding stability of an insulin precursor may be quantitated by measuring the loss of secondary structure as a function of added denaturant, e.g., guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) (see e.g., Pace (1975) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 3:1-43).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention features novel connecting peptides (C-peptides) which confer an increased production yield and/or increased stability in insulin precursor molecules and insulin precursor analog molecules when expressed in a transformed microorganism, in particular yeast. Such insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs can then be converted into insulin or an insulin analog by one or more suitable, well known conversion steps.

[0007] The connecting peptides of the present invention contain at least one aromatic amino acid residue Phe, Trp, or Tyr and will generally be shorter than the natural human C peptide which, including the flanking dibasic cleavage sites, consists of 35 amino acids. Thus the novel connecting peptides will in general not be of more than 15 amino acid residues in length and preferably not more than 9 amino acid residues. Typically the novel connecting peptides will be of up to 7 or up to 5 amino acid residues and preferably not more than 4 amino acid residues.

[0008] As in the natural human insulin molecule, the connecting peptide will contain a cleavage site at its C and N termini enabling in vitro cleavage of the connecting peptide from the A and B chains. Such cleavage sites may be any convenient cleavage sites known in the art, e.g. a Met cleavable by cyanogen bromide; a single basic amino acid residue or a pair of basic amino acid residues (Lys or Arg) cleavable by trypsin or trypsin like proteases; Acromobactor lyticus protease or by a carboxypeptidase protease. The cleavage site enabling cleavage of the connecting peptide from the A-chain is preferably a single basic amino acid residue Lys or Arg, preferably Lys.

[0009] Alternatively, cleavage of the connecting peptide from the B chain may be enabled by cleavage at the natural LysB29 amino acid residue in the B chain giving rise to a desB30 insulin precursor or desB30 insulin precursor analog. The desired B30 amino acid residue may then be added by well known in vitro, enzymatic procedures.

[0010] In one embodiment the connecting peptide will not contain two adjacent basic amino acid residues (Lys,Arg). In this embodiment, cleavage from the A-chain may be accomplished at a single Lys or Arg located at the N-terminal end of the A-chain and the natural Lys in position B29 in the B-chain.

[0011] The connecting peptide may comprise more than one aromatic amino acid residue but preferably not more than 5. The aromatic amino acid residues may be the same or different. The connecting peptide will preferably not comprise more than 3 aromatic amino acid residues and most preferred it will only comprise a single aromatic amino acid residue.

[0012] In one embodiment of the present invention one of the aromatic amino acid residues in the connecting peptide is immediately N-terminal to the cleavage site adjacent to the A chain. Furthermore, one of the aromatic amino acid residues will preferably be positioned less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in positions B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain. In one embodiment, the aromatic amino acid immediately N-terminal to the cleavage site adjacent to the A chain is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in positions B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

[0013] The insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs are characterized by having a high folding stability in solution. The precursors according to the present invention will have an increased Cmid stability compared to insulin or insulin analogs, which do not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in the connecting peptide. The Cmid stability is thus higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl, typically higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl and more typically higher than about 6.5 M GuHCl.

[0014] Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention relates to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains and comprising at least one aromatic amino acid residue and a cleavage site enabling cleavage of the peptide bond between the A-chain and the connecting peptide, wherein one aromatic amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to said cleavage site.

[0015] In another aspect the present invention relates to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains and consisting of up to 9 amino acid residues of which at least one is an aromatic amino acid residue.

[0016] In still a further aspect the present invention relates to an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains, wherein the connecting peptide contains one aromatic amino acid residue which is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in positions B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

[0017] In still a further aspect the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) comprising at least one aromatic amino acid residue and being cleavable from the A and B chains Said insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs having an increased Cmid stability relative to insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs which do not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue a the connecting peptide.

[0018] The increased activity is determined by a variety of methods known to one of skill in the art, and described below. In one embodiment, increased stability is measured by CD determination of the concentration of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) needed to achieve half-maximum unfolding of an insulin precursor molecule (Cmid).

[0019] In a further aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising the formula:

B(1-27)-X2-X3-X1-Y-A(1-21)

[0020] wherein

[0021] X1 is a peptide sequence of 1-15 amino acid residues comprising one aromatic amino acid residue immediately N-terminal to Y,

[0022] X2 is one of Pro, Asp, Lys, or lie at position 28 of the B chain,

[0023] X3 is one of Pro, Lys, Ala, Arg or Pro-Thr at position 29 of the B chain, and

[0024] Y is Lys or Arg.

[0025] In one embodiment, the total number of amino acid residues in X1 will be from 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5 or 14 amino acid residues in length. In another specific embodiment X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues and preferably 1-2 amino acid residues. The amino acid residues in X1 can be any codable amino acid residue and may be the same or different with the only proviso that one is an aromatic amino acid residue immediately N-terminal to Y.

[0026] In a further aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising the formula:

B(1-27)-X2-X3-X1-Y-A(1-21)

[0027] wherein

[0028] X1 is a peptide sequence of 1-15 amino acid residues of which one is an aromatic amino acid residue which is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the amino acid residues in position B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain,

[0029] X2 is one of Pro, Asp, Lys, or Ile at position 28 of the B chain,

[0030] X3 is one of Pro, Lys, Ala, Arg or Pro-Thr at position 29 of the B chain, and

[0031] Y is Lys or Arg.

[0032] In one embodiment the number of amino acid residues in X, is 1-9, 1-5 or 1-4. In another embodiment the number of amino acid residues is 1-3 or 1-2.

[0033] In another aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising the formula:

B(1-27)-X2-X3 X-Y-A(1-21)

[0034] wherein

[0035] X1 is a peptide sequence of 1-8 amino acid residues of which at least one is an aromatic amino acid residue,

[0036] X2 is one of Pro, Asp, Lys, or lie at position 28 of the B chain,

[0037] X3 is one of Pro, Lys, Ala, Arg or Pro-Thr at position 29 of the B chain, and

[0038] Y is Lys or Arg.

[0039] The total number of amino acid residues in X, will be from 1-7, 1-6, 1-5 or 1-4 amino acid residues. In a more specific embodiment X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues and preferably 1-2 amino acid residues. The amino acid residues in X1 can be any codable amino acid residue and may be the same or different with the only proviso that at least one amino acid residue in X1 is an aromatic amino acid residue.

[0040] In the above formulas X1 may comprise up to 5 aromatic amino acid residues which may be the same or different. In a specific embodiment, X1 comprises up to 3 aromatic amino acid residues which may be the same or different and X1 will preferably contain only one aromatic amino acid residue. The aromatic amino acid residues are Trp, Phe or Tyr, preferably Phe or Trp.

[0041] In one embodiment, X2 is Asp and X3 is Lys. This embodiment encompasses the insulin precursor analogs containing an Asp in position B28 of the B chain (termed hereinafter “AspB28IP”). In another embodiment X2 is Lys and X3 is Pro. In a further embodiment the sequence X1-Y is selected from the group of:

[0042] (a) Met-Trp-Lys; (b) Ala-Trp-Lys; (c) Val-Trp-Lys; (d) Ile-Trp-Lys; (e) Leu-Trp-Lys; (f) Glu-Glu-Phe-Lys (SEQ ID NO:15); (g) Glu-Phe-Lys; (h) Glu-Trp-Lys; (i) Ser-Trp-Lys; (0) Thr-Trp-Lys; (k) Arg-Trp-Lys; (l) Glu-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO:1); (m) Gln-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO:2); and (n) Asp-Trp-Lys.

[0043] In another embodiment X2 is Pro, X3 is Lys and X, is 1-2 amino acid residues of which one is Trp or Phe.

[0044] In another embodiment X2 is Lys, X3 is Pro-Thr and X1 consists of up to 15 amino acid residues of which one is Trp, Tyr or Phe. In this embodiment X1 will contain a cleavage site at the C-terminal end, e.g a mono basic or dibasic (Lys, Arg) cleavage site.

[0045] The present invention is also related to polynucleotide sequences which code for the claimed insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs. In a further aspect the present invention is related to vectors containing such polynucleotide sequences and host cell containing such polynucleotide sequences or vectors.

[0046] In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs in a host cell, said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs of the invention under suitable conditions for expression of said precursor or precursor analog; and (ii) isolating the precursor or precursor analog from the culture medium.

[0047] In still a further aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing insulin or insulin analogs in a host cell said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention; (ii) isolating the precursor or precursor analog from the culture medium and (iii) converting the precursor or precursor analog into insulin or an insulin analog by in vitro enzymatic conversion.

[0048] In one embodiment of the present invention the host cell is a yeast host cell and in a further embodiment the yeast host cell is selected from the genus Saccharomyces. In a further embodiment the yeast host cell is selected from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0049] FIG. 1 represents the pAK721 S. cerevisiae expression plasmid expressing the LA19 leader-EEAEAEAEPK(SEQ ID NO:3)-IP(AlaAlaLys) fusion protein.

[0050] FIG. 2 is the DNA sequence and inferred amino acid sequence of the encoded fusion protein (α-factor-leader-EEAEAEAPK(SEQ ID NO:4)-AspB28IP portion of pAK1150 (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 6) used as PCR template.

[0051] FIG. 3 is the DNA sequence encoding α-factor leader-AspB28IP(GluTrpLys) fusion protein with a synthetic mini C-peptide GluTrpLys generated by randomized optimization (SEQ ID NO:7 and 8). The mini C-peptide (EWK) is indicated by underlining.

[0052] FIG. 4 shows folding stability of the insulin analog AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) relative to AspB28IP.

[0053] FIG. 5 shows the solution structures of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) as backbone lines of ensemble of 20 converged structures.

[0054] FIG. 6 shows a ribbon presentation of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys). The figure is produced using MOLSCRIPT (Kraulis (1991) J. Appl. Crystallog. 24:946-950). Amino acid residue annotations are derived as follows: B1-B29 (B chain) are numbered 1-29, residues C1-C3 (connecting peptide) are numbered 30-32, and residues A1-A21 (A chain) are numbered 33-53.

[0055] FIG. 7 is the ID proton NMR spectrum for AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) recorded at 27° C. at 1.0 mM concentration in 10%/90% D2O/H2O with 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0.

[0056] FIG. 8 is the DNA and inferred amino acid sequence of the expression cassette expressing the YAP3-TA39-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:17)-AspB281P fusion protein with a synthetic mini C-peptide GluTrpLys (SEQ ID NO:9 and 10) and

[0057] FIG. 9 is the DNA and inferred amino acid sequence of the expression cassette expressing plasmid expressing the YAP3-TA57-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:17)-AspB28IP fusion protein with a synthetic mini C-peptide GluTrpLys (SEQ ID NO:11 and 12).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] Abbreviations and Nomenclature.

[0059] By “connecting peptide” or “C-peptide” is meant the connection moiety “C” of the B-C-A polypeptide sequence of a single chain preproinsulin-like molecule. Specifically, in the natural insulin chain, the C-peptide connects position 30 of the B chain and position 1 of the A chain. A “mini C-peptide” or “connecting peptide” such as those described herein, connect B29 or B30 to A1, and differ in sequence and length from that of the natural C-peptide.

[0060] By “IP” is meant a single-chain insulin precursor in which a desB30 chain is linked to the A chain of insulin via a connecting peptide. The single-chain insulin precursor will contain correctly positioned disulphide bridges (three) as in human insulin.

[0061] With “desB30” or “B(1-29)” is meant a natural insulin B chain lacking the B30 amino acid residue, “A(1-21)” means the natural insulin A chain, “B(1-27)” means the natural B chain lacking the B28, B29, and B30 amino acid residues; “AspB281P” means a single-chain insulin precursor with aspartic acid at position 28 of the B-chain and no C-peptide (B29 is linked to A1). The mini C-peptide and its amino acid sequence is indicated in the three letter amino acid code in parenthesis following the IP; Thus “AspB28IP(MetTrpLys)” means a single-chain insulin precursor with aspartic acid at position 28 of the B-chain and a mini C-peptide with the sequence Met-Trp-Lys connecting B29 to A1.

[0062] By “insulin precursor” is meant a single-chain polypeptide which by one or more subsequent chemical and/or enzymatic processes can be converted into human insulin.

[0063] By “insulin precursor analog” is meant an insulin precursor molecule having one or more mutations, substitutions, deletions and or additions of the A and/or B amino acid chains relative to the human insulin molecule. The insulin analogs are preferably such wherein one or more of the naturally occurring amino acid residues, preferably one, two, or three of them, have been substituted by another codable amino acid residue. In one embodiment, the instant invention comprises analog molecules having position 28 of the B chain altered relative to the natural human insulin molecule. In this embodiment, position 28 is modified from the natural Pro residue to one of Asp, Lys, or lie. In a preferred embodiment, the natural Pro residue at position B28 is modified to an Asp residue. In another embodiment Lys at position B29 is modified to Pro; Also, Asn at position A21 may be modified to Ala, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Met, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr or Val, in particular to Gly, Ala, Ser, or Thr and preferably to Gly. Furthermore, Asn at position B3 may be modified to Lys. Further examples of insulin precursor analogs are des(B30) human insulin, insulin analogs wherein PheB1 has been deleted; insulin analogs wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have an N-terminal extension and insulin analogs wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have a C-terminal extension. Thus one or two Arg may be added to position B1.

[0064] The term “immediately N-terminal to” is meant to illustrate the situation where an amino acid residue or a peptide sequence is directly linked at its C-terminal end to the N-terminal end of another amino acid residue or amino acid sequence by means of a peptide bond.

[0065] In the present context, the term “functional analog of insulin” and the like, is meant to indicate a polypeptide with a similar biological action as the native human insulin protein.

[0066] By a distance shorter than 5 Å between two amino acid residues is meant the shortest inter-atomic distance less than 5 Å between any atom in the first amino acid and any atom in the second amino acid. Atomic distances are measured from three-dimensional structures of the molecule determined either by NMR (Wüthrich, K., 1986, NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Wiley, New York) or by X-ray crystallography (Drenth, J., 1994, Principles of Protein X-ray crystallography, Springer Verlag Berlin). A distance from one amino acid to another is measured as the shortest inter-atomic distance between any atom in the first amino acid and any atom in the second amino acid if not stated differently.

[0067] The present invention features novel mini C-peptides connecting position 29 of the insulin B chain and position 1 of the insulin A chain which significantly increased production yields in a yeast host cell. By the term “significantly increased production,” “increased fermentation yield,” and the like, is meant an increase in secreted amount of the insulin precursor molecule or insulin precursor analog molecule present in the culture supernatant compared to the yield of an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog with no aromatic amino acid residue in the mini C peptide. An “increased” fermentation yield is an absolute number larger than the control; preferably, the increase is 50% or more larger than the control (AspB28IP) level; even more preferably, the increase is 100% or more larger than control levels.

[0068] By the term “increase in stability” is meant, for example, an increased value of Cmid in solution relative to that obtained for an insulin analog precursor (e.g., AspB28IP) without an aromatic amino acid residue in the mini C-peptide. By the term “Cmid” is meant the concentration of GuHCl necessary to unfold one-half of the protein population in an assay measuring the far-UV circular dichroism of the insulin molecule as a function of increasing concentrations of denaturant.

[0069] “POT” is the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene, and “TPI1” is the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase gene.

[0070] By a “leader” is meant an amino acid sequence consisting of a pre-peptide (the signal peptide) and a pro-peptide.

[0071] The term “signal peptide” is understood to mean a pre-peptide which is present as an N-terminal sequence on the precursor form of a protein. The function of the signal peptide is to allow the heterologous protein to facilitate translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide is normally cleaved off in the course of this process. The signal peptide may be heterologous or homologous to the yeast organism producing the protein. A number of signal peptides which may be used with the DNA construct of the invention including yeast aspartic protease 3 (YAP3) signal peptide or any functional analog (Egel-Mitani et al. (1990) YEAST 6:127-137 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,038) and the α-factor signal of the MFα1 gene (Thorner (1981) in The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Strathern et al., eds., pp 143-180, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY and U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,00.

[0072] The term “pro-peptide” means a polypeptide sequence whose function is to allow the expressed polypeptide to be directed from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and further to a secretory vesicle for secretion into the culture medium (i.e. exportation of the polypeptide across the cell wall or at least through the cellular membrane into the periplasmic space of the yeast cell). The pro-peptide may be the yeast a-factor pro-peptide, vide U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,082 and 4,870,008. Alternatively, the pro-peptide may be a synthetic pro-peptide, which is to say a pro-peptide not found in nature. Suitable synthetic pro-peptides are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,922; 5,795,746; 5,162,498 and WO 98/32867. The pro-peptide will preferably contain an endopeptidase processing site at the C-terminal end, such as a Lys-Arg sequence or any functional analog thereof.

[0073] The polynucleotide sequence of the invention may be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g. the phosphoamidite method described by Beaucage et al. (1981) Tetrahedron Letters 22:1859-1869, or the method described by Matthes et al. (1984) EMBO Journal 3:801-805. According to the phosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, for example, in an automatic DNA synthesizer, purified, duplexed and ligated to form the synthetic DNA construct. A currently preferred way of preparing the DNA construct is by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

[0074] The polynucleotide sequence of the invention may also be of mixed genomic, cDNA, and synthetic origin. For example, a genomic or cDNA sequence encoding a leader peptide may be joined to a genomic or cDNA sequence encoding the A and B chains, after which the DNA sequence may be modified at a site by inserting synthetic oligonucleotides encoding the desired amino acid sequence for homologous recombination in accordance with well-known procedures or preferably generating the desired sequence by PCR using suitable oligonucleotides.

[0075] The invention encompasses a vector which is capable of replicating in the selected microorganism or host cell and which carries a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs of the invention. The recombinant vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector which exists as an extra-chromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extra-chromosomal element, a mini-chromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon may be used. The vector may be linear or closed circular plasmids and will preferably contain an element(s) that permits stable integration of the vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome.

[0076] In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant expression vector is capable of replicating in yeast Examples of sequences which enable the vector to replicate in yeast are the yeast plasmid 2 μm replication genes REP 1-3 and origin of replication.

[0077] The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more selectable markers which permit easy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers which confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline resistance. Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyl-transferase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase) and trpC (anthranilate synthase. Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. A preferred selectable marker for yeast is the Schizosaccharomyces pompe TPI gene (Russell (1985) Gene 40:125-130).

[0078] In the vector, the polynucleotide sequence is operably connected to a suitable promoter sequence. The promoter may be any nucleic acid sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extra-cellular or intra-cellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.

[0079] Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription in a bacterial host cell, are the promoters obtained from the E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ), and Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP). Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase,

[0080] Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, and Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase. In a yeast host, useful promoters are the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ma1, TPI, ADH or PGK promoters.

[0081] The polynucleotide construct of the invention will also typically be operably connected to a suitable terminator. In yeast a suitable terminator is the TPI terminator (Alber et al. (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:419-434).

[0082] The procedures used to ligate the polynucleotide sequence of the invention, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable yeast vectors containing the information necessary for yeast replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art. It will be understood that the vector may be constructed either by first preparing a DNA construct containing the entire DNA sequence encoding the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs of the invention, and subsequently inserting this fragment into a suitable expression vector, or by sequentially inserting DNA fragments containing genetic information for the individual elements (such as the signal, pro-peptide, mini C-peptide, A and B chains) followed by ligation.

[0083] The present invention also relates to recombinant host cells, comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursors or the insulin precursor analogs of the invention. A vector comprising such polynucleotide sequence is introduced into the host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the polypeptide and its source. The host cell may be a unicellular microorganism, e.g., a prokaryote, or a non-unicellular microorganism, e.g., a eukaryote. Useful unicellular cells are bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria including, but not limited to, a Bacillus cell, Streptomyces cell, or gram negative bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. Eukaryote cells may be mammalian, insect, plant, or fungal cells. In a preferred embodiment, the host cell is a yeast cell. The yeast organism used in the process of the invention may be any suitable yeast organism which, on cultivation, produces large amounts of the insulin precursor and insulin precursor analogs of the invention. Examples of suitable yeast organisms are strains selected from the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sacchoromyces uvarum, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida sp., Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Geotrichum sp., and Geotrichum fermentahs.

[0084] The transformation of the yeast cells may for instance be effected by protoplast formation followed by transformation in a manner known per se. The medium used to cultivate the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing yeast organisms. The secreted insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention, a significant proportion of which will be present in the medium in correctly processed form, may be recovered from the medium by conventional procedures including separating the yeast cells from the medium by centrifugation, filtration or catching the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog by an ion exchange matrix or by a reverse phase absorption matrix, precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulphate, followed by purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g. ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.

[0085] The insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogs of the invention may be expressed with an N-terminal amino acid residue extension, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,922, and European Patent No. 765,395A, both of which patents are herein specifically incorporated by reference. The extension is found to be stably attached to the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention during fermentation, protecting the N-terminal end of the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog against the proteolytic activity of yeast proteases such as DPAP. The presence of an N-terminal extension on the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog may also serve as a protection of the N-terminal amino group during chemical processing of the protein, i.e. it may serve as a substitute for a BOC (t-butyl-oxycarbonyl) or similar protecting group. The N-terminal extension may be removed from the recovered insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog by means of a proteolytic enzyme which is specific for a basic amino acid (e.g., Lys) so that the terminal extension is cleaved off at the Lys residue. Examples of such proteolytic enzymes are trypsin or Achromobacter lyticus protease .

[0086] After secretion to the culture medium and recovery, the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention will be subjected to various in vitro procedures to remove the possible N-terminal extension sequence and the mini C-peptide to give insulin or the desired insulin analog. Such methods include enzymatic conversion by means of trypsin or an Achromobacter lyticus protease in the presence of an L-threonine ester followed by conversion of the threonine ester of the insulin or insulin analog into insulin or the insulin analog by basic or acid hydrolysis as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,343,898 or 4,916,212 or Research Disclosure, September 1994/487 the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference hereinto.

[0087] As described below, insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs with synthetic C-peptides were constructed featuring at least one aromatic amino acid (Example 1). Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression plasmids containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding the claimed insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs were constructed by PCR and used to transform a S. cerevisiae host cell. The amount of expressed product, e.g. an insulin analog was measured as a percentage of the relevant control level, e.g. amount of expressed AspB28IP lacking mini C-peptide (Table 1) and AspB28IP(AlaAlaLys) with a mini C-peptide without an aromatic amino acid residue (Table 2). The novel C-peptides of the invention gave increased yields by up to 7-fold levels.

[0088] The present invention is described in further detain in the following examples which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. The attached Figures are meant to be considered as integral parts of the specification and description of the invention. All references cited are herein specifically incorporated by reference for all that is described therein.

EXAMPLES

[0089] General Procedures

[0090] All expressions plasmids are of the C-POT type, similar to those described in EP 171, 142, which are characterized by containing the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene (POT) for the purpose of plasmid selection and stabilization in S. cerevisiae. The plasmids also contain the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase promoter and terminator. These sequences are similar to the corresponding sequences in plasmid pKFN1003 (described in WO 90/100075) as are all sequences except the sequence of the EcoRI-XbaI fragment encoding the fusion protein of the leader and the insulin precursor product. In order to express different fusion proteins, the EcoRI-XbaI fragment of pKFN1003 is simply replaced by an EcoRI-XbaI fragment encoding the leader-insulin precursor-fusion of interest. Such EcoRI-XbaI fragments may be synthesized using synthetic oligonucleotides and PCR according to standard techniques.

[0091] Yeast transformants were prepared by transformation of the host strain S. cerevisiae strain MT663 (MATα/MATα pep4-3/pep4-3 HIS4/his4 tpi::LEU2/tpi::LEU2 Cir+). The yeast strain MT663 was deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen in connection with filing WO 92/11378 and was given the deposit number DSM 6278.

[0092] MT663 was grown on YPGaL (1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto peptone, 2% galactose, 1% lactate) to an O.D. at 600 nm of 0.6. 100 ml of culture was harvested by centrifugation, washed with 10 ml of water, recentrifuged and resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2 M sorbitol, 25 mM Na2EDTA pH=8.0 and 6.7 mg/ml dithiotreitol. The suspension was incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes, centrifuged and the cells resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2 M sorbitol, 10 mM Na2EDTA, 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 0 5.8, and 2 mg Novozym®)234. The suspension was incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes, the cells collected by centrifugation, washed in 10 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol and 10 ml of CAS (1.2 M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCl (Tris Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) pH=7.5) and resuspended in 2 ml of CAS. For transformation, 1 ml of CAS-suspended cells was mixed with approx. 0.1 mg of plasmid DNA and left at room temperature for 15 minutes. 1 ml of (20% polyethylene glycol 4000,-10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCl, pH=7.5) was added and the mixture left for a further 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.1 ml of SOS (1.2 M sorbitol, 33% v/v YPD, 6.7 mM CaCl2) and incubated at 30° C. for 2 hours. The suspension was then centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol. Then, 6 ml of top agar (the SC medium of Sherman et al. (1982) Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) containing 1.2 M sorbitol plus 2.5% agar) at 52° C. was added and the suspension poured on top of plates containing the same agar-solidified, sorbitol containing medium.

[0093] S. cerevisiae strain MT663 transformed with expression plasmids was grown in YPD for 72 h at 30° C. Quantitation of the insulin-precursor yield in the culture supernatants was performed by reverse-phase HPLC analysis with human insulin as an external standard (Snel & Damgaard (1988) Proinsulin heterogenity in pigs. Horm. Metabol. Res. 20:476-488).

Example 1

[0094] Construction of Synthetic C-peptides With Aromatic Amino Acid(s).

[0095] Synthetic genes encoding fusion proteins, consisting of AsPB28IP associated with a leader sequence consisting of a pre-peptide (signal peptide) and a pro-peptide, were constructed using PCR under standard conditions (Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) and E.H.F. polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Sandhoefer Strasse 116, Mannheim, Germany). The resulting DNA fragments were isolated and digested with endonucleases and purified using the Gene Clean kit (Bio101 Inc., La Jolla, Calif., USA). Standard methods were used for DNA ligation and transformation of E. coli cells were performed by the CaCl2 method (Sambrook et al. (1989) supra). Plasmids were purified from transformed E. coli cells using QIAGEN columns (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Nucleotide sequences were determined using the ALF Pharmacia Biotech DNA sequencing system with purified double-stranded plasmid DNA as template. Oligonucleotide primers for,PCR were obtained from DNA technology (Arhus, Denmark).

[0096] Secretory expression of the AspB28IP in S. cerevisiae was performed using the S. cerevisiae strain MT663 and the 2 μm based yeast expression vector CPOT (see FIG. 1) as described in Thim, L. et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 83:6766-6770. The yeast expression vector contains the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene (POT) for plasmid selection and stabilization in S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase gene (TPI1) promoter and terminator are used for transcription initiation and termination of the recombinant gene encoding the leader-AspB28IP fusion protein.

[0097] Secretion of the AsPB28IP was facilitated by the α-factor leader, although a variety of known yeast leader sequences may be used.

[0098] As shown in FIG. 1, the pAK721 S. cerevisiae expression plasmid expressing the LA19 leader-EEAEAEAEPK(SEQ ID NO:3)-IP fusion protein was constructed based on the S. cerevisiae-E. coli shuttle POT plasmid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,957). In FIG. 1L-1P indicates the fusion protein expression cassette encoding the leader-IP fusion protein; TPI-PROMOTER is the S. cerevisiae TPI1 promoter, TPI-TERMINATOR is the S. cerevisiae TPI1 terminator; TPI-POMBE indicates the S. pombe POT gene used for selection in S. cerevisiae; ORIGIN indicates a S. cerevisiae origin of replication derived from the 2 μm plasmid; AMP-R indicates the β-lactamase gene conferring resistance toward ampicillin, facilitating selection in E. coli; and ORIGIN-PBR322 indicates an E. coli origin of replication.

[0099] DNA encoding a number of fusions proteins of leader sequences and AsPB28IP with different mini C-peptides was generated by PCR using appropriate oligonucleotides as primers, as described below. Standard methods were used to subclone DNA fragments encoding the leader-AspB28IP fusion proteins into the CPOT expression vector in the following configuration: leader-Lys-Arg-spacer-AspB28IP, where Lys-Arg is a potential dibasic endoprotease processing site and spacer is an N-terminal extension. To optimize processing of the fusion protein by the S. cerevisiae Kex2 endoprotease, DNA encoding a spacer peptide (N-terminal extension), e.g. EEAEAEAPK (SEQ ID NO:4), was inserted between the DNA encoding the leader and the AsPB28IP (Kjeldsen et al. (1996) Gene 170, 107-112.). However, the present of the spacer peptide is not mandatory. The mature AspB28IP was secreted as a single-chain N-terminally extended insulin precursor with a mini C-peptide, connecting LysB29 and GlyA1. After purification of the AspB28IP and proteolytic removal of the N-terminal extension and the mini C-peptide, the amino acid ThrB30 can be added to LysB29 by enzyme-mediated transpeptidation, to generate AspB28 human insulin (Markussen, et al. (1987) in “Peptides 1986” (Theodoropoulos, D., Ed.), pp. 189-194, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.).

[0100] Development of synthetic mini C-peptides was performed by randomization of one or more codon(s) encoding the amino acids in the mini C-peptide. All synthetic mini C-peptides feature an enzymatic processing site (Lys) at the C-terminus which allows enzymatic removal of the synthetic mini C-peptide (U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,212, herein specifically incorporated by reference). Randomization was performed using doped oligonucleotides which introduced codon(s) variations at one or more positions of the synthetic mini C-peptides. Typically one of the two primers (oligonucleotides) used for PCR was doped. An example of an oligonucleotides pair used for PCR generation of leader-AspB28IP with randomized synthetic mini C-peptides used to generated synthetic mini C-peptides with the general formula: Xaa-Trp-Lys (XWK) are as follows:

Primer A: 5′-TAAATCTATAACTACAAAAAACACATA-3′ and (SEQ ID NO:13)
Primer B: 3′-CCAAAGAAGATGTGACTGTTCNNMACCTTCCCATAGCAACTTGTTACAAC- (SEQ ID NO:14)
ATGAAGATAGACAAGAAACATGGTTAACCTTTTGATGACATTGATCAGATCTTTGA-TTC-5′,
where N is A, C, G, or T and M is C or A.

[0101] Polymerase chain reaction. PCR was typically performed as indicated below: 5 μl Primer A (20 pmol), 5 μl Primer B (20 pmol), 10 μl 10×PCR buffer, 8 μl dNTP mix, 0.75 μl E.H.F. enzyme, 1 μl pAK1150 plasmid as template (approximately 0.2 μg DNA) and 70.25 μl distilled water.

[0102] Typically between 10 and 15 cycles were performed, one cycle typically was 94° C. for 45 sec.; 55° C. for 1 min; 72° C. for 1.5 min. The PCR mixture was subsequently loaded onto a 2% agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed using standard techniques. The resulting DNA fragment was cut out of the agarose gel and isolated by the Gene Clean kit.

[0103] FIG. 2 shows the sequence of pAK1150 DNA used as template for PCR and inferred amino acids of the encoded fusion protein (α-factor-leader-(EEAEAEAPK)(SEQ ID NO:4)-AspB28IP of pAK1150 (SEQ ID NO:5 and 6). The pAK1150 plasmid is similar to pAK721 shown in FIG. 1. The α-factor-leader's C-terminus was modified to introduced a Nco I restriction endonuclease site, which changes the inferred amino acid sequences from SerLeuAsp to SerMetAla. Moreover, the encoded AspB28IP does not feature a mini C-peptide but LysB29 is directly connected to GlyA1.

[0104] The purified PCR DNA fragment was dissolved in water and restriction endonucleases buffer and digested with suitable restriction endonucleases (e.g. Bgl II and Xba I) according to standard techniques. The BglII-XbaI DNA fragments were subjected to agarose electrophoresis and purified using The Gene Clean Kit.

[0105] The expression plasmid pAK1150 or a similar plasmid of the CPOT type (see FIG. 1) was digested with the restriction endonucleases Bgl II and Xba I and the vector fragment of 10765 nucleotide basepairs isolated using The Gene Clean Kit.

[0106] The two digested and isolated DNA fragments (the vector fragment and the PCR fragment) were ligated together using T4 DNA ligase and standard conditions. The ligation mix was subsequently transformed into a competent E. coli strain (R−, M+) followed by selection with ampicillin resistance. Plasmids from the resulting E. coli's were isolated using QIAGEN columns.

[0107] The plasmids were subsequently used for transformation of a suitable S. cerevisiae host strain, e.g., MT663 (MATa/MATα pep4-3/pep4-3 HIS4/his4 tpi::LEU2/tpi::LEU2 Cir+). Individual transformed S. cerevisiae clones were grown in liquid culture, and the quantity of AspB28IP secreted to the culture supernatants were determined by RP-HPLC. The DNA sequence encoding the synthetic mini C-peptide of the expression plasmids from S. cerevisiae clones secreting increased quantity of the AspB28IP were then determined. Subsequently, the identified synthetic mini C-peptide sequence might be subjected to another round of randomization optimization.

[0108] An example on a DNA sequence encoding a leader-AspB28IP(GluTrpLys) fusion protein featuring a synthetic mini C-peptide (GluTrpLys) resulting from the randomized optimization process described is shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:7 and 8).

[0109] Table 1 and 2 show the insulin precursors analogs generated by the above method and production yield expressed as a percent of control. Fermentation was conducted at 30° C. for 72 h in 5 ml YPD. Yield of the insulin precursor was determined by RP-HPLC of the culture supernatant, and is expressed relative to the yield of a control strain expressing either a leader-AspB28IP fusion protein in which the B29 residue is linked to the A1 residue by a peptide bond; or leader-AspB281P fusion protein in which the B29 residue is linked to the A1 residue by a mini C-peptide, respectively. In the tables, “cc*” indicates an a-factor leader in which the C-terminus up to the LysArg has been modified from “SLD (SerLeuAsp)” to “SMA (SerMet Ala)” and “ex4” is an N-terminal extension with the amino acid sequence EEAEAEAPK(SEQ ID NO:4). YAP3 is the YAP3 signal sequence TA39 is a synthetic pro-sequence QPIDDTESNTTSVNLMADDTESRFATNTTLAGGLDWNLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO:16). The sequence EEGEPK (SEQ ID NO:17) is an N-terminal extension to the B-chain of the insulin analogue. TA57 is a synthetic pro-sequence QPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTNSGGLDWGLISMAKR

TABLE 1
Leader-N-
terminal ex-
tension	Precursor	mini C-peptide	Yield*	SEQ ID NO:
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	None	100
	(control)
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	MetTrpLys	378
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	AlaTrpLys	270
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	ValTrpLys	284
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	IleTrpLys	330
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	LeuTrpLys	336
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	LysTrpLys	288
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	GluGluPheLys	272	SEQ ID NO: 15
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	GluPheLys	379
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	GluTrpLys	374
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	SerTrpLys	226
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	ThrTrpLys	270
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	ArgTrpLys	227
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	GluMetTrpLys	212	SEQ ID NO: 1
α*-ex4	AspB28 IP	GlnMetTrpLys	239	SEQ ID NO: 2

[0110]

TABLE 2
Leader-N-
terminal
extension	Precursor	Mini C-peptide	Yield*	SEQ ID NO:
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	AlaAlaLys	100
	(control)
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluTrpLys	626
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluTyrLys	466
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluPheLys	444
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	AspTrpLys	460
YAP3-TA57-	AspB28IP	GluTrpLys	767	(SEQ ID NO: 17)
EEGEPK
YAP3-TA39-	AspB28IP	MetTrpLys	687	(SEQ ID NO: 17)
EEGEPK

Example 2

Structure Determination of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) in Aqueous Solution by NMR Spectroscopy.

[0111] NMR spectroscopy. Samples for NMR were prepared by dissolving the lyophilized protein powder in 10/90 D2O/H2O with a 10 mM phosphate buffer and adjusting the pH as desired by addition of small volumes of 1 M DCl or NaOD. All pH meter readings are without correction for isotope effects. Samples of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) for NMR were prepared at concentrations ranging from 25 μM to 1 mM at pH 8.0. Two-dimensional 1H-1H NMR spectra of 1 mM samples, DQF-COSY (Piantini et al. (1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104:6800-6801, Rance et al. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 117:479-485), TOCSY (Braunschweiler et al. (1983) J. Magn. Reson. 53:521-528, Bax et al. (1985) J. Magn. Reson. 65:355-360) and NOESY (Jeener et al. (1979) J. Chem. Phys. 71:4546-4553) were recorded at 600 MHz on a Varian Unity Inova NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1H/13C/15N triple resonance probe with a self-shielded triple-axis gradient coil using standard pulse sequences from the Varian user library. The operating temperature was set to 27° C. For each phase sensitive two-dimensional NMR spectrum 512 t1 increments were acquired each with 2048 or 4096 real data points according to the TPPI-States method (Marion et al. (1989) J. Magn. Reson. 85:393-399). Spectral widths of 6983 Hz in both dimensions were used, with the carrier placed exactly on the water resonance which was attenuated by using either saturation between scans for 1.5 seconds or selective excitation by a gradient-tailored excitation pulse sequence (WATERGATE, Piotto et al. (1992) J. Biomol. NMR 2:661-665). DQFCOSY spectra were recorded using a gradient enhanced version applying magic-angle gradients (Mattiello et al. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:3253-3261). For TOCSY spectra mixing times between 30 and 80 ms were used and for NOESY mixing times between 50 and 200 ms.

[0112] The processing of the two-dimensional NMR spectra was performed using the software package Xwinnmr (version 2.5, NMR processing software from Bruker Analytische Messtechnik GmbH, D-76275 Ettlingen, Germany). Each dimension was processed with shifted sine-bell apodization and zero-filling performed once in each dimension. Baseline corrections were applied if necessary using Xwinnmr standard procedures.

[0113] The spectral assignment, cross peak integration, sequence specific assignment, stereo specific assignment, and all other bookkeeping were performed using the program PRONTO (PRONTO Software Development and Distribution, Copenhagen Denmark) (Kjaer et al. (1991) NATO ASI Seres (Hoch, J. C., Redfield C., & Poulsen, F. M., Eds.) Plenum, N.Y.). Chemical shifts are measured in ppm and the water resonance set to 4.75 ppm.

[0114] Structure calculations. Distance restraints for the subsequent structure calculation were obtained from integrated NOESY cross peaks classified as either weak, medium or strong corresponding to upper distance restraints of 5.5, 3.3, and 2.7 Å, respectively. For distance restraints involving methyl groups, an additional 0.5 Å was added to the upper limit (Wagner et al. (1985) J. Mol. Biol. 196:611-639). Structure calculations were performed using the hybrid method combining distance geometry (Crippen et al. (1988) Distance Geometry and Molecular Conformation, Research Studies Press, Taunton, Somerset, England; Kuszewski et al. (1992) J.Biomol NMR 2:33-56) and simulated annealing based on the ideas of Nilges et al. (1988) FEBS Lett. 229:317-324 using X-PLOR 3.0 (Brünger (1992) X-PLOR Version 3.1: A System for X-ray Crystallography and NMR,Yale University Press, New Haven) according to the examples given by the X-PLOR manual (dg_sub_embed.inp, dgsa.inp, refine.inp). Residue numbers are derived from standard insulin residue numbering, residues in the B-chain are numbered B1-B29, residues in the C-peptide (e.g. MetTrpLys) are numbered C1-C3 and residues in the A-chain are numbered A1-A21.

[0115] Spectral assignment of the NMR spectra followed for most resonances the standard sequential assignment procedure described by Wuthrich (1986 NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Wiley, New York). The standard assignment procedure fails when the amid proton of a particular amino acid residue exchanges to rapidly with protons in the water. At pH 8.0 this occurs for several amino acid residues, however, comparison with earlier mutant insulin NMR spectral assignments and identification of neighbouring (in space) amino acid residues through NOEs allow an almost total spectral assignment. Analysis of the NOESY spectra showed that several amino acid residues had a NOE network to the surrounding residues similar to what has previously been determined for other insulin molecules, i.e., human insulin HisB16 mutant (Ludvigsen et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33:7998-8006) and these similar connections are found for residues B1-B10, B13-B14, B17-B24 and A4-A21. Additionally the dihedral angle restraints for the above listed residues were adopted from those used previously (Ludvigsen et al. (1994) supra).

[0116] Several amino acids in particular B27-B29, C1-C3, A1-A3 have cross peaks patterns which are consistent with peptide chains that are less well ordered than commonly well-defined secondary structural elements. Thus additional NOEs were converted into distance restraints without any further classification than upper limits of 5.5 Å or 6.0 Å if a methyl group were included. An ensemble of 20 converged structures (FIG. 5) was calculated and the relevant parameters listed in Table 3 for the converged structures. Each NOE here identical to a distance restraint is only counted once even though it might occur several times in the NOESY spectrum. Ramachandran plot quality assessment is standard quality parameters to evaluate local geometry quality. In general the described quality parameters are comparable to 2.5 Å resolution of X-ray based protein structures (Laskowski et al. (1996) J. Biolmol.NMR 8:477-486).

TABLE 3
Structurea quality assessment	AspB28IP(MetTrpLys)
Number of NOEs	Total	742
	Intra	319
	short range (within 5	270
	residue positions away
	but not intra NOEs)
	long range (more than	153
	5 residue positions
	away)
Violations of NOEs >0.4 Å (average for 20	0
structures)
RMS of NOE violations	0.013(±0.002) Å
RMS of dihedral angle restraints	0.30(±0.08)°
Deviations from ideal geometry	Impropers	0.28(±0.02)°
	Angles	0.38(±0.02)°
	Bonds	0.0031(±0.0002) Å
Ramachandran Plot (Las-	Favoured regions	77.2%
kowski 1996)
	additional allowed	19.8%
	regions
	generously allowed	2.6%
	regions
	disallowed regions	0.4%

[0117] Description of the Calculated Structure.

[0118] A representative structure most resembling the average of the ensemble is displayed in FIG. 6. AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) is structurally similar to the native insulin structure for regions comprising residues B1-B10, B14-B23, A4-A21. The differences are mostly pronounced for regions in the vicinity of the connecting peptide in positions B26-B29, C1-C3, A1-A3 and less pronounced for residues B1-B13. The structure of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) near the C-peptide is strikingly different from the native like structure (Ludvigsen (1994) supra). The methionine and tryptophan side-chains in AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) opens the traditional insulin core structure by moving on one side the side-chains of particular TyrB26 and PheB25 away and leaving the otherwise usual neighboring hydrophobic patch comprised by the side-chains of LeuB11, ValB12, Ile and TyrA19 intact. This pocket created by moving PheB25, TyrB26 and the peptide chain comprised by residues B25 to B29 is apparently well suited to accommodate the packing of the side-chains MetC1 and TrPC2 from the C-peptide. Several NOEs from these two side-chains to structurally neighboring residues verify this very new arrangement of side-chains not previously observed in any insulin structure. MetC1 is placed in a pocket composed by the residues LeuB15 PheB24, TyrB26, TrpC1, IleA2 and TyrB19 which all have NOEs to MetC1. TrpC2 has an even more extensive NOE network, but due to fast exchange of the indole amid proton only four resonances belonging to the aromatic ring system of TrpC2 can be assigned. Despite this 21 inter-residue NOEs between TrpC2 and its neighbors spanned by LeuB11, ValB12, LeuB15, TyrB26, MetC1 and IleA2 have been observed in the NOESY spectrum of AspB28IP(Met Trp Lys).

[0119] The presence of a tryptophan side-chain in the pocket also has extensive impact on the chemical shifts observed in the spectra of AspB28IP(Met Trp Lys). Under the conditions used for NMR the spectra of AspB28IP(Met Trp Lys) are influenced by some degree of self-association (FIG. 7) but the exchange between monomer and dimer is on the timescale of NMR only observed as an average between the two states. Between concentrations of 25 μM and 0.2 mM the degree of self-association does not change as seen by NMR.

[0120] Table 4 shows chemical shifts of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) at 270 Celcius obtained at 600 MHz, pH 8 in 10%/90% D2O/H2O with 10 mM phosphate buffer. Chemical shifts are ref erenced by setting the residual water signal to 4.75 ppm. N/A means no assignment. AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) assignments (1-29=B1-B29; 30-32=C1-C3 and 33-53=A1-A21) and Table 5 provides the atomic coordinates of AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) in PDB format.

TABLE 4
NMR spectral assignments for AspB28IP(MetTrpLys)
Spin system	HN	HA	Other:
Phe-1		4.52	HB#a: 2.976, HB#b: 3.040, HD#: 7.104, HE#: 7.214, HZ: 7.177
Val-2	N/A	N/A	HB: N/A, HG#a: N/A, HG#b: N/A
Asn-3		N/A	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: N/A, HD2#a: N/A, HD2#b: N/A
Glu-4		N/A	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: N/A
His-5		4.30	HB#a: 3.311, HB#b: 2.992, HD2: 6.850, HE1: 7.605
Leu-6		4.47	HB#a: 1.635, HB#b: 0.807, HG: 1.506, HD#a: 0.753, HD#b: 0.675
Cys-7	8.30	4.83	HB#a: 2.901, HB#b: 3.173
Gly-8		N/A, N/A
Ser-9		N/A	HB#: N/A
His-10	N/A	4.41	HB#a: 3.140, HB#b: 3.351, HD2: 7.112, HE1: 7.729
Leu-11	N/A	3.93	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: 1.143, HG: 1.257, HD#a: 0.375, HD#b: 0.559
Val-12	7.25	3.37	HB: 2.000, HG#a: 0.849, HG#b: N/A
Glu-13	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A, HG#a: N/A, HG#b: N/A
Ala-14	7.71	3.98	HB#: 1.307
Leu-15	7.83	3.74	HB#a: 0.671, HB#b: 1.254, HG: 1.157, HD#a: N/A, HD#b: 0.295
Tyr-16	8.15	4.31	HB#a: 3.115, HD#: 7.204, HE#: 6.734
Leu-17	7.99	4.05	HB#a: 2.004, HB#b: 1.849, HG: 1.732, HD#a: 0.900, HD#b: 0.879
Val-18	8.49	3.71	HB: 1.996, HG#a: 0.994, HG#b: 0.834
Cys-19	8.57	4.81	HB#a: 2.820, HB#b: 3.250
Gly-20	7.75	3.96, N/A
Arg-22	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: N/A, HG#a: N/A, HG#b: N/A, HD#a: N/A, HD#b: N/A
Gly-23	7.12	4.06, 3.76
Phe-24	7.56	4.99	HB#a: 2.971, HB#b: 3.206, HD#: 6.746, HE#: 6.877, HZ: N/A
Phe-25	N/A	4.78	HB#a: 3.051, HB#b: N/A, HD#: 7.172, HE#: 7.249
Tyr-26	N/A	4.63	HB#a: 2.770, HB#b: N/A, HD#: 6.694, HE#: 6.291
Thr-27	N/A	N/A	HB: N/A, HG2#: N/A
Asp-28	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: N/A
Lys-29
Met-30	7.84	4.18	HB#: 2.627, HG#: 2.904, HE#: 2.110
Trp-31		4.19	HB#a: 3.182, HE3: 7.037, HH2: 6.763, HZ2: 7.147, HZ3: 6.437
Lys-32
Gly-33		N/A, N/A
Ile-34	7.98	3.53	HB: 0.953, HG1#a: 0.382, HG1#b: 0.562, HG2#: 0.234, HD#: 0.029
Val-35	7.75	N/A, 4.00	HB: N/A, HB: 1.925, HG#a: N/A, HG#b: N/A, HG#b: 0.807
Glu-36	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A, HG#a: N/A
Gln-37	7.73	3.96	HB#: 2.033, HG#: 2.313
Cys-38	8.24	4.89	HB#a: 3.103, HB#b: 2.700
Cys-39	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: N/A
Thr-40		3.95	HB: 4.411, HG2#: 1.167
Ser-41	6.97	4.59	HB#a: 3.698, HB#b: 3.867
Ile-42	7.59	4.32	HB: 1.399, HG1#a: N/A, HG2#: 0.573, HD#: 0.389
Cys-43	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A
Ser-44	N/A	N/A	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: N/A
Leu-45		3.86	HB#a: 1.412, HB#b: 1.489, HG: 1.565, HD#a: 0.808, HD#b: 0.733
Tyr-46	7.59	4.27	HB#a: 2.938, HD#: 7.049, HE#: 6.784
Gln-47	7.49	3.87	HB#a: 2.235, HB#b: 1.948, HG#a: 2.305, HG#b: 2.076
Leu-48	7.66	4.11	HB#a: 1.930, HB#b: 1.409, HG: 1.683; HD#a: 0.677, HD#b: N/A
Glu-49	7.75	4.12	HB#a: N/A, HB#b: 1.935, HG#a: 2.291, HG#b: 2.191
Asn-50	7.21	4.34	HB#a: 2.363, HB#b: N/A
Tyr-51	7.76	4.50	HB#a: 3.269, HB#b: 2.774, HD#: 7.250, HE#: 6.670
Cys-52	7.35	5.01	HB#a: 2.785, HB#b: 3.322
Asn-53	8.18	4.40	HB#a: 2.555, HB#b: 2.716, HD2#a: 7.426, HD2#b: N/A

[0121]

TABLE 5
Atomic coordinates of Asp28IP(MetTrpLys) in PDB format
ATOM	1	CA	PHE	1	−6.075	−6.762	−0.761	1.00	0.00
ATOM	2	HA	PHE	1	−5.526	−6.571	0.150	1.00	0.00
ATOM	3	CB	PHE	1	−5.359	−6.093	−1.942	1.00	0.00
ATOM	4	HB1	PHE	1	−5.934	−6.258	−2.842	1.00	0.00
ATOM	5	HB2	PHE	1	−4.382	−6.535	−2.061	1.00	0.00
ATOM	6	CG	PHE	1	−5.208	−4.597	−1.715	1.00	0.00
ATOM	7	CD1	PHE	1	−4.925	−4.081	−0.436	1.00	0.00
ATOM	8	HD1	PHE	1	−4.817	−4.749	0.405	1.00	0.00
ATOM	9	CD2	PHE	1	−5.346	−3.722	−2.799	1.00	0.00
ATOM	10	HD2	PHE	1	−5.563	−4.112	−3.783	1.00	0.00
ATOM	11	CE1	PHE	1	−4.787	−2.702	−0.251	1.00	0.00
ATOM	12	HE1	PHE	1	−4.573	−2.308	0.732	1.00	0.00
ATOM	13	CE2	PHE	1	−5.204	−2.341	−2.612	1.00	0.00
ATOM	14	HE2	PHE	1	−5.310	−1.668	−3.451	1.00	0.00
ATOM	15	CZ	PHE	1	−4.926	−1.831	−1.338	1.00	0.00
ATOM	16	HZ	PHE	1	−4.818	−0.768	−1.195	1.00	0.00
ATOM	17	C	PHE	1	−7.491	−6.201	−0.628	1.00	0.00
ATOM	18	O	PHE	1.	−8.361	−6.497	−1.425	1.00	0.00
ATOM	19	N	PHE	1	−6.144	−8.234	−0.995	1.00	0.00
ATOM	20	HT1	PilE	1	−6.303	−8.723	−0.091	1.00	0.00
ATOM	21	HT2	PHE	1	−5.250	−8.560	−1.415	1.00	0.00
ATOM	22	HT3	PHE	1	−6.930	−8.446	−1.642	1.00	0.00
ATOM	23	N	VAL	2	−7.730	−5.399	0.380	1.00	0.00
ATOM	24	HN	VAL	2	−7.013	−5.181	1.011	1.00	0.00
ATOM	25	CA	VAL	2	−9.095	−4.819	0.578	1.00	0.00
ATOM	26	HA	VAL	2	−9.838	−5.571	0.354	1.00	0.00
ATOM	27	CB	VAL	2	−9.270	−4.345	2.030	1.00	0.00
ATOM	28	RB	VAL	2	−8.787	−3.387	2.154	1.00	0.00
ATOM	29	CG1	VAL	2	−10.760	−4.206	2.339	1.00	0.00
ATOM	30	HG11	VAL	2	−11.281	−3.863	1.457	1.00	0.00
ATOM	31	HG12	VAL	2	−10.897	−3.493	3.139	1.00	0.00
ATOM	32	HG13	VAL	2	−11.156	−5.164	2.641	1.00	0.00
ATOM	33	CG2	VAL	2	−8.653	−5.362	3.001	1.00	0.00
ATOM	34	HG21	VAL	2	−8.836	−6.363	2.637	1.00	0.00
ATOM	35	HG22	VAL	2	−9.103	−5.245	3.976	1.00	0.00
ATOM	36	HG23	VAL	2	−7.589	−5.193	3.071	1.00	0.00
ATOM	37	C	VAL	2	−9.279	−3.628	−0.369	1.00	0.00
ATOM	38	O	VAL	2	−8.349	−2.892	−0.637	1.00	0.00
ATOM	39	N	ASN	3	−10.473	−3.437	−0.874	1.00	0.00
ATOM	40	HN	ASN	3	−11.204	−4.045	−0.641	1.00	0.00
ATOM	41	CA	ASN	3	−10.725	−2.296	−1.806	1.00	0.00
ATOM	42	HA	ASN	3	−9.782	−1.927	−2.184	1.00	0.00
ATOM	43	CB	ASN	3	−11.594	−2.772	−2.975	1.00	0.00
ATOM	44	HB1	ASN	3	−12.168	−1.940	−3.357	1.00	0.00
ATOM	45	HB2	ASN	3	−12.265	−3.545	−2.633	1.00	0.00
ATOM	46	CG	ASN	3	−10.702	−3.324	−4.087	1.00	0.00
ATOM	47	OD1	ASN	3	−9.628	−3.832	−3.824	1.00	0.00
ATOM	48	ND2	ASN	3	−11.103	−3.251	−5.327	1.00	0.00
ATOM	49	HD21	ASN	3	−11.968	−2.842	−5.538	1.00	0.00
ATOM	50	HD22	ASN	3	−10.539	−3.603	−6.046	1.00	0.00
ATOM	51	C	ASN	3	−11.448	−1.171	−1.055	1.00	0.00
ATOM	52	O	ASN	3	−12.648	−1.002	−1.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	53	N	GLN	4	−10.727	−0.404	−0.276	1.00	0.00
ATOM	54	RN	GLN	4	−9.763	−0.562	−0.193	1.00	0.00
ATOM	55	CA	GLN	4	−11.370	0.711	0.484	1.00	0.00
ATOM	56	HA	GLN	4	−12.282	1.008	−0.011	1.00	0.00
ATOM	57	CS	GLN	4	−11.690	0.260	1.917	1.00	0.00
ATOM	58	HB1	GLN	4	−12.381	0.958	2.365	1.00	0.00
ATOM	59	HB2	GLN	4	−10.779	0.237	2.498	1.00	0.00
ATOM	60	CG	CLN	4	−12.318	−1.136	1.905	1.00	0.00
ATOM	61	HG1	GLN	4	−11.533	−1.879	1.890	1.00	0.00
ATOM	62	HG2	GLN	4	−12.936	−1.245	1.028	1.00	0.00
ATOM	63	CD	GLN	4	−13.173	−1.325	3.160	1.00	0.00
ATOM	64	OE1	GLN	4	−13.712	−0.374	3.692	1.00	0.00
ATOM	65	NE2	GLN	4	−13.323	−2.522	3.660	1.00	0.00
ATOM	66	HE21	GLN	4	−12.892	−3.289	3.231	1.00	0.00
ATOM	67	HE22	GLN	4	−13.867	−2.653	4.465	1.00	0.00
ATOM	68	C	CLN	4	−10.410	1.903	0.543	1.00	0.00
ATOM	69	O	GLN	4	−9.424	1.950	−0.168	1.00	0.00
ATOM	70	N	HIS	5	−10.690	2.857	1.392	1.00	0.00
ATOM	71	HN	HIS	5	−11.488	2.787	1.958	1.00	0.00
ATOM	72	CA	HIS	5	−9.799	4.044	1.516	1.00	0.00
ATOM	73	HA	HIS	5	−9.334	4.246	0.562	1.00	0.00
ATOM	74	CB	HIS	5	−10.622	5.258	1.951	1.00	0.00
ATOM	75	HB1	HIS	5	−9.995	6.137	1.964	1.00	0.00
ATOM	76	HB2	HIS	5	−11.024	5.087	2.939	1.00	0.00
ATOM	77	CG	HIS	5	−11.749	5.459	0.974	1.00	0.00
ATOM	78	ND1	HIS	5	−12.883	4.665	0.982	1.00	0.00
ATOM	79	HD1	HIS	5	−13.076	3.934	1.608	1.00	0.00
ATOM	80	CD2	HIS	5	−11.918	6.343	−0.064	1.00	0.00
ATOM	81	HD2	HIS	5	−11.211	7.103	−0.355	1.00	0.00
ATOM	82	CE1	HIS	5	−13.677	5.080	−0.021	1.00	0.00
ATOM	83	HE1	HIS	5	−14.629	4.635	−0.264	1.00	0.00
ATOM	84	NE2	HIS	5	−13.136	6.102	−0.690	1.00	0.00
ATOM	85	C	HIS	5	−8.718	3.742	2.554	1.00	0.00
ATOM	86	O	HIS	5	−9.006	3.446	3.697	1.00	0.00
ATOM	87	N	LEU	6	−7.475	3.794	2.152	1.00	0.00
ATOM	88	HN	LEU	6	−7.277	4.020	1.219	1.00	0.00
ATOM	89	CA	LEU	6	−6.360	3.485	3.093	1.00	0.00
ATOM	90	HA	LEU	6	−6.687	2.754	3.815	1.00	0.00
ATOM	91	CB	LEU	6	−5.180	2.923	2.298	1.00	0.00
ATOM	92	HB1	LEU	6	−4.416	2.580	2.979	1.00	0.00
ATOM	93	HB2	LEU	6	−4.776	3.705	1.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	94	CO	LEU	6	−5.654	1.752	1.428	1.00	0.00
ATOM	95	HG	LEU	6	−6.504	2.065	0.841	1.00	0.00
ATOM	96	CD1	LEU	6	−4.523	1.318	0.486	1.00	0.00
ATOM	97	HD11	LEU	6	−3.801	2.116	0.395	1.00	0.00
ATOM	98	HD12	LEU	6	−4.935	1.094	−0.487	1.00	0.00
ATOM	99	HD13	LEU	6	−4.039	0.437	0.881	1.00	0.00
ATOM	100	CD2	LEU	6	−6.058	0.574	2.328	1.00	0.00
ATOM	101	HD21	LEU	6	−5.710	−0.352	1.892	1.00	0.00
ATOM	102	HD22	LEU	6	−7.136	0.544	2.417	1.00	0.00
ATOM	103	HD23	LEU	6	−5.621	0.699	3.308	1.00	0.00
ATOM	104	C	LEU	6	−5.912	4.757	3.814	1.00	0.00
ATOM	105	O	LEU	6	−5.356	5.654	3.213	1.00	0.00
ATOM	106	N	CYS	7	−6.143	4.833	5.101	1.00	0.00
ATOM	107	HN	CYS	7	−6.585	4.090	5.563	1.00	0.00
ATOM	108	CA	CYS	7	−5.721	6.041	5.870	1.00	0.00
ATOM	109	HA	CYS	7	−4.835	6.453	5.422	1.00	0.00
ATOM	110	HB1	CYS	7	−7.133	7.322	6.855	1.00	0.00
ATOM	111	HB2	CYS	7	−7.695	6.688	5.314	1.00	0.00
ATOM	112	C	CYS	7	−5.408	5.640	7.314	1.00	0.00
ATOM	113	O	CYS	7	−6.280	5.231	8.058	1.00	0.00
ATOM	114	CB	CYS	7	−6.844	7.087	5.846	1.00	0.00
ATOM	115	SG	CYS	7	−6.272	8.597	5.019	1.00	0.00
ATOM	116	N	GLY	8	−4.167	5.760	7.712	1.00	0.00
ATOM	117	HN	GLY	8	−3.488	6.094	7.090	1.00	0.00
ATOM	118	CA	GLY	8	−3.781	5.394	9.105	1.00	0.00
ATOM	119	HA1	GLY	8	−4.671	5.213	9.690	1.00	0.00
ATOM	120	HA2	GLY	8	−3.219	6.205	9.546	1.00	0.00
ATOM	121	C	GLY	8	−2.923	4.129	9.085	1.00	0.00
ATOM	122	O	CLY	8	−1.949	4.041	8.360	1.00	0.00
ATOM	123	N	SER	9	−3.278	3.150	9.877	1.00	0.00
ATOM	124	HN	SER	9	−4.068	3.251	10.451	1.00	0.00
ATOM	125	CA	SER	9	−2.490	1.883	9.916	1.00	0.00
ATOM	126	HA	SER	9	−1.437	2.116	9.986	1.00	0.00
ATOM	127	CB	SER	9	−2.912	1.063	11.135	1.00	0.00
ATOM	128	HB1	SER	9	−3.777	0.464	10.881	1.00	0.00
ATOM	129	HB2	SER	9	−3.164	1.724	11.947	1.00	0.00
ATOM	130	OG	SER	9	−1.837	0.222	11.531	1.00	0.00
ATOM	131	HG	SER	9	−1.789	−0.510	10.913	1.00	0.00
ATOM	132	C	SER	9	−2.751	1.076	8.643	1.00	0.00
ATOM	133	O	SER	9	−1.897	0.350	8.173	1.00	0.00
ATOM	134	N	HIS	10	−3.929	1.197	8.088	1.00	0.00
ATOM	135	HN	HIS	10	−4.599	1.790	8.489	1.00	0.00
ATOM	136	CA	HIS	10	−4.258	0.439	6.843	1.00	0.00
ATOM	137	HA	HIS	10	−4.122	−0.614	7.021	1.00	0.00
ATOM	138	CB	HIS	10	−5.720	0.706	6.456	1.00	0.00
ATOM	139	HB1	HIS	10	−5.771	0.967	5.413	1.00	0.00
ATOM	140	HB2	HIS	10	−6.107	1.522	7.049	1.00	0.00
ATOM	141	CG	HIS	10	−6.547	−0.528	6.700	1.00	0.00
ATOM	142	ND1	HIS	10	−6.371	−1.687	5.963	1.00	0.00
ATOM	143	HD1	HIS	10	−5.723	−1.822	5.241	1.00	0.00
ATOM	144	CD2	HIS	10	−7.556	−0.797	7.591	1.00	0.00
ATOM	145	HD2	HIS	10	−7.945	−0.101	8.319	1.00	0.00
ATOM	146	CE1	HIS	10	−7.253	−2.594	6.419	1.00	0.00
ATOM	147	HE1	HIS	10	−7.345	−3.595	6.027	1.00	0.00
ATOM	148	NE2	HIS	10	−8.001	−2.104	7.412	1.00	0.00
ATOM	149	C	HIS	10	−3.332	0.880	5.701	1.00	0.00
ATOM	150	O	HIS	10	−3.149	0.160	4.737	1.00	0.00
ATOM	151	N	LEU	11	−2.755	2.052	5.797	1.00	0.00
ATOM	152	HN	LEU	11	−2.922	2.619	6.578	1.00	0.00
ATOM	153	CA	LEU	11	−1.851	2.536	4.713	1.00	0.00
ATOM	154	HA	LEU	11	−2.384	2.534	3.774	1.00	0.00
ATOM	155	CB	LEU	11	−1.392	3.961	5.031	1.00	0.00
ATOM	156	HB1	LEU	11	−0.726	3.942	5.880	1.00	0.00
ATOM	157	HB2	LEU	11	−2.253	4.572	5.261	1.00	0.00
ATOM	158	CG	LEU	11	−0.658	4.543	3.823	1.00	0.00
ATOM	159	HG	LEU	11	−0.144	3.879	3.533	1.00	0.00
ATOM	160	CD1	LEU	11	−1.635	4.701	2.655	1.00	0.00
ATOM	161	HD11	LEU	11	−2.565	5.114	3.017	1.00	0.00
ATOM	162	HD12	LEU	11	−1.821	3.735	2.209	1.00	0.00
ATOM	163	HD13	LEU	11	−1.209	5.362	1.916	1.09	0.00
ATOM	164	CD2	LEU	11	−0.082	5.912	4.194	1.00	0.00
ATOM	165	HD21	LEU	11	−0.855	6.660	4.114	1.00	0.00
ATOM	166	HD22	LEU	11	−0.727	6.156	3.522	1.00	0.00
ATOM	167	HD23	LEU	11	−0.288	5.883	5.207	1.00	0.00
ATOM	168	C	LEU	11	−0.628	1.620	4.604	1.00	0.00
ATOM	169	O	LEU	11	−0.303	1.133	3.539	1.00	0.00
ATOM	170	N	VAL	12	−0.055	1.390	5.699	1.00	0.00
ATOM	171	HN	VAL	12	−0.226	1.800	6.543	1.00	0.00
ATOM	172	CA	VAL	12	−1.265	0.514	5.663	1.00	0.00
ATOM	173	HA	VAL	12	1.903	0.819	4.847	1.00	0.00
ATOM	174	GB	VAL	12	2.033	0.651	6.981	1.00	0.00
ATOM	175	HB	VAL	12	1.442	0.243	7.787	1.00	0.00
ATOM	176	CG1	VAL	12	3.356	−0.110	6.883	1.00	0.00
ATOM	177	HG11	VAL	12	3.936	0.059	7.777	1.00	0.00
ATOM	178	HG12	VAL	12	3.909	0.239	6.023	1.00	0.00
ATOM	179	HG13	VAL	12	3.157	−1.167	6.778	1.00	0.00
ATOM	180	CG2	VAL	12	2.321	2.130	7.253	1.00	0.00
ATOM	181	HG21	VAL	12	2.917	2.534	6.446	1.00	0.00
ATOM	182	HG22	VAL	12	2.862	2.225	8.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	183	HG23	VAL	12	1.390	2.673	7.322	1.00	0.00
ATOM	184	C	VAL	12	0.852	−0.950	5.461	1.00	0.00
ATOM	185	O	VAL	12	1.637	−1.764	5.009	1.00	0.00
ATOM	186	N	GLU	13	−0.365	−1.294	5.802	1.00	0.00
ATOM	187	HN	GLU	13	−0.978	−0.625	6.171	1.00	0.00
ATOM	188	CA	GLU	13	−0.827	−2.706	5.640	1.00	0.00
ATOM	189	HA	GLU	13	−0.099	−3.371	6.080	1.00	0.00
ATOM	190	CB	GLU	13	−2.165	−2.882	6.361	1.00	0.00
ATOM	191	HB1	GLU	13	−2.707	−3.703	5.916	1.00	0.00
ATOM	192	HB2	GLU	13	−2.745	−1.975	6.270	1.00	0.00
ATOM	193	CG	GLU	13	−1.913	−3.185	7.840	1.00	0.00
ATOM	194	HG1	GLU	13	−2.783	−2.910	8.417	1.00	0.00
ATOM	195	HG2	GLU	13	−1.060	−2.619	8.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	196	CD	GLU	13	−1.638	−4.680	8.016	1.00	0.00
ATOM	197	OE1	GLU	13	−2.032	−5.217	9.038	1.00	0.00
ATOM	198	OE2	GLU	13	−1.036	−5.261	7.128	1.00	0.00
ATOM	199	C	GLU	13	−1.001	−3.058	4.154	1.00	0.00
ATOM	200	O	GLU	13	−1.130	−4.219	3.805	1.00	0.00
ATOM	201	N	ALA	14	−1.020	−2.079	3.277	1.00	0.00
ATOM	202	HN	ALA	14	−0.923	−1.151	3.574	1.00	0.00
ATOM	203	CA	ALA	14	−1.200	−2.381	1.824	1.00	0.00
ATOM	204	HA	ALA	14	−1.699	−3.333	1.714	1.00	0.00
ATOM	205	GB	ALA	14	−2.055	−1.288	1.178	1.00	0.00
ATOM	206	HB1	ALA	14	−2.984	−1.191	1.722	1.00	0.00
ATOM	207	HB2	ALA	14	−2.266	−1.556	0.152	1.00	0.00
ATOM	208	HB3	ALA	14	−1.522	−0.350	1.203	1.00	0.00
ATOM	209	C	ALA	14	0.160	−2.443	1.120	1.00	0.00
ATOM	210	O	ALA	14	0.340	−3.189	0.176	1.00	0.00
ATOM	211	N	LEU	15	1.114	−1.662	1.565	1.00	0.00
ATOM	212	HN	LEU	15	0.943	−1.065	2.324	1.00	0.00
ATOM	213	CA	LEU	15	2.459	−1.675	0.914	1.00	0.00
ATOM	214	HA	LEU	15	2.338	−1.551	−0.153	1.00	0.00
ATOM	215	GB	LEU	15	3.309	−0.529	1.462	1.00	0.00
ATOM	216	HB1	LEU	15	4.336	−0.661	1.152	1.00	0.00
ATOM	217	HB2	LEU	15	3.256	−0.525	2.542	1.00	0.00
ATOM	218	CG	LEU	15	2.785	0.801	0.921	1.00	0.00
ATOM	219	HG	LEU	15	1.729	0.885	1.137	1.00	0.00
ATOM	220	CD1	LEU	15	3.533	1.956	1.590	1.00	0.00
ATOM	221	HD11	LEU	15	3.903	1.635	2.554	1.00	0.00
ATOM	222	HD12	LEU	15	2.863	2.791	1.723	1.00	0.00
ATOM	223	HD13	LEU	15	4.364	2.256	0.969	1.00	0.00
ATOM	224	CD2	LEU	15	3.006	0.859	−0.594	1.00	0.00
ATOM	225	HD21	LEU	15	2.950	1.884	−0.927	1.00	0.00
ATOM	226	HD22	LEU	15	2.243	0.278	−1.092	1.00	0.00
ATOM	227	HD23	LEU	15	3.978	0.456	−0.834	1.00	0.00
ATOM	228	C	LEU	15	3.156	−3.009	1.190	1.00	0.00
ATOM	229	O	LEU	15	3.865	−3.528	0.349	1.00	0.00
ATOM	230	N	TYR	16	2.957	−3.571	2.358	1.00	0.00
ATOM	231	HN	TYR	16	2.378	−3.135	3.018	1.00	0.00
ATOM	232	CA	TYR	16	3.606	−4.876	2.681	1.00	0.00
ATOM	233	HA	TYR	16	4.609	−4.869	2.277	1.00	0.00
ATOM	234	CR	TYR	16	3.689	−5.037	4.230	1.00	0.00
ATOM	235	HB1	TYR	16	3.494	−4.076	4.686	1.00	0.00
ATOM	236	HB2	TYR	16	4.688	−5.346	4.492	1.00	0.00
ATOM	237	CG	TYR	16	2.704	−6.057	4.783	1.00	0.00
ATOM	238	CD1	TYR	16	3.181	−7.209	5.421	1.00	0.00
ATOM	239	HD1	TYR	16	4.244	−7.371	5.517	1.00	0.00
ATOM	240	CD2	TYR	16	1.324	−5.846	4.659	1.00	0.00
ATOM	241	HD2	TYR	16	0.954	−4.960	4.166	1.00	0.00
ATOM	242	CE1	TYR	16	2.282	−8.150	5.934	1.00	0.00
ATOM	243	HE1	TYR	16	2.651	−9.038	6.425	1.00	0.00
ATOM	244	CE2	TYR	16	0.423	−6.790	5.171	1.00	0.00
ATOM	245	HE2	TYR	16	−0.640	−6.628	5.076	1.00	0.00
ATOM	246	CZ	TYR	16	0.902	−7.941	5.809	1.00	0.00
ATOM	247	OH	TYR	16	0.016	−8.868	6.315	1.00	0.00
ATOM	248	HH	TYR	16	−0.479	−8.451	7.024	1.00	0.00
ATOM	249	C	TYR	16	2.815	−6.006	1.997	1.00	0.00
ATOM	250	O	TYR	16	3.363	−7.026	1.626	1.00	0.00
ATOM	251	N	LEU	17	1.531	−5.816	1.825	1.00	0.00
ATOM	252	HN	LEU	17	1.118	−4.981	2.129	1.00	0.00
ATOM	253	CA	LEU	17	0.691	−6.853	1.160	1.00	0.00
ATOM	254	HA	LEU	17	0.816	−7.799	1.665	1.00	0.00
ATOM	255	CB	LEU	17	−0.778	−6.421	1.227	1.00	0.00
ATOM	256	HB1	LEU	17	−0.897	−5.483	0.705	1.00	0.00
ATOM	257	HB2	LEU	17	−1.068	−6.295	2.260	1.00	0.00
ATOM	258	CG	LEU	17	−1.668	−7.480	0.573	1.00	0.00
ATOM	259	HG	LEU	17	−1.242	−7.773	−0.377	1.00	0.00
ATOM	260	CD1	LEU	17	−1.767	−8.704	1.484	1.00	0.00
ATOM	261	HD11	LEU	17	−2.581	−9.332	1.154	1.00	0.00
ATOM	262	HD12	LEU	17	−1.950	−8.384	2.499	1.00	0.00
ATOM	263	HD13	LEU	17	−0.844	−9.260	1.442	1.00	0.00
ATOM	264	CD2	LEU	17	−3.064	−6.898	0.350	1.00	0.00
ATOM	265	HD21	LEU	17	−3.522	−7.382	−0.499	1.00	0.00
ATOM	266	HD22	LEU	17	−2.985	−5.838	0.163	1.00	0.00
ATOM	267	HD23	LEU	17	−3.668	−7.065	1.228	1.00	0.00
ATOM	268	C	LEU	17	1.128	−6.987	−0.302	1.00	0.00
ATOM	269	O	LEU	17	1.024	−8.044	−0.897	1.00	0.00
ATOM	270	N	VAL	18	1.614	−5.919	−0.883	1.00	0.00
ATOM	271	HN	VAL	18	1.683	−5.081	−0.380	1.00	0.00
ATOM	272	CA	VAL	18	2.059	−5.966	−2.306	1.00	0.00
ATOM	273	HA	VAL	18	1.392	−6.595	−2.875	1.00	0.00
ATOM	274	CB	VAL	18	2.052	−4.548	−2.886	1.00	0.00
ATOM	275	HB	VAL	18	2.802	−3.954	−2.382	1.00	0.00
ATOM	276	CG1	VAL	18	2.375	−4.606	−4.380	1.00	0.00
ATOM	277	HG11	VAL	18	1.457	−4.614	−4.947	1.00	0.00
ATOM	278	HG12	VAL	18	2.939	−5.504	−4.594	1.00	0.00
ATOM	279	HG13	VAL	18	2.961	−3.741	−4.656	1.00	0.00
ATOM	280	CG2	VAL	18	0.674	−3.907	−2.683	1.00	0.00
ATOM	281	HG21	VAL	18	0.117	−4.466	−1.943	1.00	0.00
ATOM	282	HG22	VAL	18	0.131	−3.910	−3.617	1.00	0.00
ATOM	283	HG23	VAL	18	0.799	−2.889	−2.345	1.00	0.00
ATOM	284	C	VAL	18	3.480	−6.523	−2.376	1.00	0.00
ATOM	285	O	VAL	18	3.801	−7.325	−3.233	1.00	0.00
ATOM	286	N	CYS	19	4.334	−6.086	−1.490	1.00	0.00
ATOM	287	HN	CYS	19	4.048	−5.430	−0.821	1.00	0.00
ATOM	288	CA	CYS	19	5.746	−6.566	−1.501	1.00	0.00
ATOM	289	HA	CYS	19	5.981	−6.963	−2.478	1.00	0.00
ATOM	290	HB1	CYS	19	7.708	−5.690	−1.396	1.00	0.00
ATOM	291	HB2	CYS	19	6.603	−5.126	−0.146	1.00	0.00
ATOM	292	C	CYS	19	5.910	−7.669	−0.451	1.00	0.00
ATOM	293	O	CYS	19	6.116	−8.822	−0.782	1.00	0.00
ATOM	294	CB	CYS	19	6.693	−5.394	−1.186	1.00	0.00
ATOM	295	SG	CYS	19	6.271	−3.960	−2.210	1.00	0.00
ATOM	296	N	GLY	20	5.806	−7.326	0.809	1.00	0.00
ATOM	297	HN	GLY	20	5.629	−6.392	1.048	1.00	0.00
ATOM	298	CA	CLY	20	5.938	−8.354	1.885	1.00	0.00
ATOM	299	HA1	GLY	20	5.615	−9.313	1.508	1.00	0.00
ATOM	300	HA2	GLY	20	5.319	−8.074	2.725	1.00	0.00
ATOM	301	C	GLY	20	7.395	−8.458	2.341	1.00	0.00
ATOM	302	O	GLY	20	7.969	−7.508	2.837	1.00	0.00
ATOM	303	N	GLU	21	7.991	−9.615	2.186	1.00	0.00
ATOM	304	HN	CLU	21	7.499	−10.364	1.789	1.00	0.00
ATOM	305	CA	GLU	21	9.410	−9.809	2.615	1.00	0.00
ATOM	306	HA	GLU	21	9.482	−9.667	3.684	1.00	0.00
ATOM	307	CB	GLU	21	9.856	−11.229	2.262	1.00	0.00
ATOM	308	HB1	GLU	21	10.925	−11.314	2.391	1.00	0.00
ATOM	309	HB2	GLU	21	9.598	−11.441	1.235	1.00	0.00
ATOM	310	CG	GLU	21	9.154	−12.227	3.183	1.00	0.00
ATOM	311	HG1	GLU	21	8.975	−13.149	2.647	1.00	0.00
ATOM	312	HG2	GLU	21	8.212	−11.813	3.513	1.00	0.00
ATOM	313	CD	GLU	21	10.040	−12.513	4.398	1.00	0.00
ATOM	314	OE1	GLU	21	9.858	−11.851	5.407	1.00	0.00
ATOM	315	OE2	GLU	21	10.885	−13.387	4.298	1.00	0.00
ATOM	316	C	GLU	21	10.321	−8.800	1.908	1.00	0.00
ATOM	317	O	GLU	21	11.338	−8.394	2.441	1.00	0.00
ATOM	318	N	ARG	22	9.965	−8.395	0.715	1.00	0.00
ATOM	319	HN	ARG	22	9.141	−8.739	0.310	1.00	0.00
ATOM	320	CA	ARG	22	10.807	−7.413	−0.030	1.00	0.00
ATOM	321	HA	ARG	22	11.805	−7.809	−0.145	1.00	0.00
ATOM	322	CB	ARG	22	10.198	−7.162	−1.410	1.00	0.00
ATOM	323	HB1	ARG	22	10.595	−6.244	−1.813	1.00	0.00
ATOM	324	HB2	ARG	22	9.126	−7.079	−1.314	1.00	0.00
ATOM	325	CG	ARG	22	10.537	−8.329	−2.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	326	HG1	ARG	22	9.626	−8.727	−2.767	1.00	0.00
ATOM	327	HG2	ARG	22	11.050	−9.104	−1.801	1.00	0.00
ATOM	328	CD	ARG	22	11.438	−7.835	−3.489	1.00	0.00
ATOM	329	HD1	ARG	22	10.951	−7.021	−4.006	1.00	0.00
ATOM	330	HD2	ARG	22	11.618	−8.644	−4.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	331	NE	ARG	22	12.735	−7.363	−2.928	1.00	0.00
ATOM	332	HE	ARG	22	12.747	−6.827	−2.107	1.00	0.00
ATOM	333	CZ	ARG	22	13.854	−7.662	−3.527	1.00	0.00
ATOM	334	NH1	ARG	22	13.963	−7.517	−4.820	1.00	0.00
ATOM	335	HH11	ARG	22	13.186	−7.175	−5.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	336	HH12	ARG	22	14.821	−7.746	−5.280	1.00	0.00
ATOM	337	NH2	ARG	22	14.867	−8.105	−2.835	1.00	0.00
ATOM	338	HH21	ARG	22	14.785	−8.216	−1.845	1.00	0.00
ATOM	339	HH22	ARG	22	15.726	−8.335	−3.294	1.00	0.00
ATOM	340	C	ARG	22	10.870	−6.098	0.750	1.00	0.00
ATOM	341	O	ARG	22	11.919	−5.497	0.889	1.00	0.00
ATOM	342	N	GLY	23	9.752	−5.652	1.266	1.00	0.00
ATOM	343	HN	GLY	23	8.923	−6.159	1.141	1.00	0.00
ATOM	344	CA	GLY	23	9.734	−4.378	2.045	1.00	0.00
ATOM	345	HA1	GLY	23	10.693	−4.233	2.5201	1.00	0.00
ATOM	346	HA2	GLY	23	8.962	−4.434	2.800	1.00	0.00
ATOM	347	C	GLY	23	9.450	−3.200	1.111	1.00	0.00
ATOM	348	O	GLY	23	9.449	−3.339	−0.098	1.00	0.00
ATOM	349	N	PHE	24	9.207	−2.041	1.668	1.00	0.00
ATOM	350	HN	PHE	24	9.214	−1.961	2.646	1.00	0.00
ATOM	351	CA	PHE	24	8.919	−0.838	0.829	1.00	0.00
ATOM	352	HA	PHE	24	9.341	−0.984	−0.155	1.00	0.00
ATOM	353	CB	PHE	24	7.400	−0.629	0.703	1.00	0.00
ATOM	354	HB1	PHE	24	7.001	−1.341	−0.004	1.00	0.00
ATOM	355	HB2	PHE	24	7.203	0.372	0.350	1.00	0.00
ATOM	356	CG	PHE	24	6.723	−0.828	2.043	1.00	0.00
ATOM	357	CD1	PHE	24	6.408	−2.122	2.472	1.00	0.00
ATOM	358	HD1	PHE	24	6.652	−2.968	1.848	1.00	0.00
ATOM	359	CD2	PHE	24	6.406	0.272	2.848	1.00	0.00
ATOM	360	HD2	PHE	24	6.648	1.272	2.520	1.00	0.00
ATOM	361	CE1	PHE	24	5.778	−2.318	3.706	1.00	0.00
ATOM	362	HE1	PHE	24	5.537	−3.318	4.036	1.00	0.00
ATOM	363	CE2	PHE	24	5.776	0.077	4.083	1.00	0.00
ATOM	364	HE2	PHE	24	5.531	0.926	4.706	1.00	0.00
ATOM	365	CZ	PHE	24	5.461	−1.220	4.513	1.00	0.00
ATOM	366	HZ	PHE	24	4.975	−1.370	5.464	1.00	0.00
ATOM	367	C	PHE	24	9.557	0.396	1.472	1.00	0.00
ATOM	368	O	PHE	24	9.004	0.992	2.376	1.00	0.00
ATOM	369	N	PHE	25	10.722	0.780	1.010	1.00	0.00
ATOM	370	HN	PHE	25	11.146	0.278	0.283	1.00	0.00
ATOM	371	CA	PHE	25	11.408	1.972	1.590	1.00	0.00
ATOM	372	HA	PHE	25	11.138	2.074	2.631	1.00	0.00
ATOM	373	CB	PHE	25	12.924	1.791	1.474	1.00	0.00
ATOM	374	HB1	PHE	25	13.411	2.748	1.591	1.00	0.00
ATOM	375	HB2	PHE	25	13.163	1.382	0.503	1.00	0.00
ATOM	376	CG	PHE	25	13.407	0.848	2.551	1.00	0.00
ATOM	377	CD1	PHE	25	13.976	−0.381	2.200	1.00	0.00
ATOM	378	HD1	PHE	25	14.069	−0.657	1.161	1.00	0.00
ATOM	379	CD2	PHE	25	13.284	1.206	3.898	1.00	0.00
ATOM	380	HD2	PHE	25	12.845	2.154	4.169	1.00	0.00
ATOM	381	CE1	PHE	25	14.423	−1.255	3.197	1.00	0.00
ATOM	382	HE1	PHE	25	14.864	−2.204	2.927	1.00	.0.00
ATOM	383	CE2	PHE	25	13.732	0.332	4.896	1.00	0.00
ATOM	384	HE2	PHE	25	13.639	0.606	5.937	1.00	0.00
ATOM	385	CZ	PHE	25	14.302	−0.900	4.545	1.00	0.00
ATOM	386	HZ	PHE	25	14.648	−1.573	5.315	1.00	0.00
ATOM	387	C	PHE	25	10.991	3.230	0.826	1.00	0.00
ATOM	388	O	PHE	25	10.374	3.155	−0.220	1.00	0.00
ATOM	389	N	TYR	26	11.325	4.386	1.345	1.00	0.00
ATOM	390	HN	TYR	26	11.823	4.414	2.188	1.00	0.00
ATOM	391	CA	TYR	26	10.956	5.659	0.659	1.00	0.00
ATOM	392	HA	TYR	26	10.108	5.486	0.011	1.00	0.00
ATOM	393	CB	TYR	26	10.594	6.719	1.703	1.00	0.00
ATOM	394	HB1	TYR	26	10.213	7.598	1.205	1.00	0.00
ATOM	395	HB2	TYR	26	11.475	6.980	2.270	1.00	0.00
ATOM	396	CG	TYR	26	9.539	6.173	2.635	1.00	0.00
ATOM	397	CD1	TYR	26	8.289	5.794	2.131	1.00	0.00
ATOM	398	HD1	TYR	26	8.079	5.891	1.076	1.00	0.00
ATOM	399	CD2	TYR	26	9.809	6.046	4.002	1.00	0.00
ATOM	400	HD2	TYR	26	10.772	6.339	4.392	1.00	0.00
ATOM	401	CE1	TYR	26	7.311	5.287	2.993	1.00	0.00
ATOM	402	HE1	TYR	26	6.348	4.994	2.604	1.00	0.00
ATOM	403	CE2	TYR	26	8.829	5.540	4.866	1.00	0.00
ATOM	404	HE2	TYR	26	9.038	5.442	5.922	1.00	0.00
ATOM	405	CZ	TYR	26	7.581	5.161	4.362	1.00	0.00
ATOM	406	OH	TYR	26	6.616	4.661	5.212	1.00	0.00
ATOM	407	HH	TYR	26	6.614	3.707	5.129	1.00	0.00
ATOM	408	C	TYR	26	12.143	6.150	−0.171	1.00	0.00
ATOM	409	O	TYR	26	13.211	5.565	−0.147	1.00	0.00
ATOM	410	N	THR	27	11.966	7.221	−0.907	1.00	0.00
ATOM	411	HN	THR	27	11.096	7.673	−0.908	1.00	0.00
ATOM	412	CA	THR	27	13.084	7.753	−1.741	1.00	0.00
ATOM	413	HA	THR	27	14.023	7.574	−1.237	1.00	0.00
ATOM	414	CB	THR	27	13.094	7.039	−3.097	1.00	0.00
ATOM	415	HB	THR	27	13.715	7.589	−3.787	1.00	0.00
ATOM	416	OG1	THR	27	11.770	6.969	−3.604	1.00	0.00
ATOM	417	HG1	THR	27	11.816	6.651	−4.509	1.00	0.00
ATOM	418	CG2	THR	27	13.657	5.627	−2.928	1.00	0.00
ATOM	419	HG21	THR	27	13.880	5.211	−3.899	1.00	0.00
ATOM	420	HG22	THR	27	12.925	5.007	−2.429	1.00	0.00
ATOM	421	HG23	THR	27	14.559	5.666	−2.337	1.00	0.00
ATOM	422	C	THR	27	12.906	9.258	−1.960	1.00	0.00
ATOM	423	O	THR	27	13.757	10.048	−1.596	1.00	0.00
ATOM	424	N	ASP	28	11.813	9.660	−2.564	1.00	0.00
ATOM	425	HN	ASP	28	11.147	9.003	−2.857	1.00	0.00
ATOM	426	CA	ASP	28	11.588	11.115	−2.820	1.00	0.00
ATOM	427	HA	ASP	28	12.312	11.692	−2.264	1.00	0.00
ATOM	428	CB	ASP	28	11.759	11.396	−4.315	1.00	0.00
ATOM	429	HB1	ASP	28	11.472	12.415	−4.524	1.00	0.00
ATOM	430	HB2	ASP	28	11.133	10.722	−4.881	1.00	0.00
ATOM	431	CG	ASP	28	13.222	11.188	−4.712	1.00	0.00
ATOM	432	OD1	ASP	28	13.942	12.170	−4.780	1.00	0.00
ATOM	433	OD2	ASP	28	13.597	10.050	−4.941	1.00	0.00
ATOM	434	C	ASP	28	10.176	11.519	−2.384	1.00	0.00
ATOM	435	O	ASP	28	9.993	12.153	−1.363	1.00	0.00
ATOM	436	N	LYS	29	9.177	11.162	−3.157	1.00	0.00
ATOM	437	HN	LYS	29	9.353	10.656	−3.978	1.00	0.00
ATOM	438	CA	LYS	29	7.776	11.533	−2.797	1.00	0.00
ATOM	439	HA	LYS	29	7.756	11.902	−1.782	1.00	0.00
ATOM	440	CB	LYS	29	7.278	12.631	−3.746	1.00	0.00
ATOM	441	HB1	LYS	29	7.869	13.523	−3.607	1.00	0.00
ATOM	442	HB2	LYS	29	6.242	12.850	−3.528	1.00	0.00
ATOM	443	CG	LYS	29	7.404	12.159	−5.200	1.00	0.00
ATOM	444	HG1	LYS	29	6.628	11.440	−5.413	1.00	0.00
ATOM	445	HG2	LYS	29	8.370	11.697	−5.344	1.00	0.00
ATOM	446	CD	LYS	29	7.258	13.356	−6.151	1.00	0.00
ATOM	447	HD1	LYS	29	6.898	14.215	−5.604	1.00	0.00
ATOM	448	HD2	LYS	29	6.553	13.107	−6.931	1.00	0.00
ATOM	449	CE	LYS	29	8.613	13.691	−6.780	1.00	0.00
ATOM	450	HE1	LYS	29	9.391	13.596	−6.036	1.00	0.00
ATOM	451	HE2	LYS	29	8.596	14.702	−7.156	1.00	0.00
ATOM	452	NZ	LYS	29	8.885	12.749	−7.905	1.00	0.00
ATOM	453	HZ1	LYS	29	8.366	13.060	−8.750	1.00	0.00
ATOM	454	HZ2	LYS	29	8.574	11.792	−7.638	1.00	0.00
ATOM	455	HZ3	LYS	29	9.904	12.739	−8.110	1.00	0.00
ATOM	456	C	LYS	29	6.874	10.299	−2.904	1.00	0.00
ATOM	457	O	LYS	29	5.911	10.280	−3.649	1.00	0.00
ATOM	458	N	MET	30	7.179	9.270	−2.156	1.00	0.00
ATOM	459	HN	MET	30	7.957	9.312	−1.562	1.00	0.00
ATOM	460	CA	MET	30	6.346	8.032	−2.201	1.00	0.00
ATOM	461	HA	MET	30	5.882	7.948	−3.171	1.00	0.00
ATOM	462	CB	MET	30	7.237	6.813	−1.957	1.00	0.00
ATOM	463	HB1	MET	30	7.274	6.597	−0.900	1.00	0.00
ATOM	464	HB2	MET	30	8.235	7.018	−2.319	1.00	0.00
ATOM	465	CG	MET	30	6.664	5.607	−2.701	1.00	0.00
ATOM	466	HG1	MET	30	6.455	5.880	−3.724	1.00	0.00
ATOM	467	HG2	MET	30	5.751	5.288	−2.219	1.00	0.00
ATOM	468	SD	MET	30	7.863	4.254	−2.670	1.00	0.00
ATOM	469	CE	MET	30	7.265	3.464	−1.156	1.00	0.00
ATOM	470	HE1	MET	30	6.460	4.055	−0.737	1.00	0.00
ATOM	471	HE2	MET	30	8.069	3.399	−0.441	1.00	0.00
ATOM	472	HE3	MET	30	6.907	2.471	−1.387	1.00	0.00
ATOM	473	C	MET	30	5.260	8.094	−1.119	1.00	0.00
ATOM	474	O	MET	30	4.242	7.434	−1.221	1.00	0.00
ATOM	475	N	TRP	31	5.469	8.873	−0.086	1.00	0.00
ATOM	476	HN	TRP	31	6.298	9.389	−0.024	1.00	0.00
ATOM	477	CA	TRP	31	4.455	8.970	1.007	1.00	0.00
ATOM	478	HA	TRP	31	3.952	8.022	1.116	1.00	0.00
ATOM	479	CB	TRP	31	5.158	9.324	2.319	1.00	0.00
ATOM	480	HB1	TRP	31	5.222	10.397	2.414	1.00	0.00
ATOM	481	HB2	TRP	31	6.154	8.903	2.317	1.00	0.00
ATOM	482	CG	TRP	31	4.385	8.766	3.468	1.00	0.00
ATOM	483	CD1	TRP	31	3.902	9.490	4.503	1.00	0.00
ATOM	484	HD1	TRP	31	4.010	10.557	4.630	1.00	0.00
ATOM	485	CD2	TRP	31	3.999	7.384	3.719	1.00	0.00
ATOM	486	NE1	TRP	31	3.246	8.639	5.376	1.00	0.00
ATOM	487	HE1	TRP	31	2.807	8.913	6.208	1.00	0.00
ATOM	488	CE2	TRP	31	3.277	7.331	4.935	1.00	0.00
ATOM	489	CE3	TRP	31	4.203	6.185	3.016	1.00	0.00
ATOM	490	HE3	TRP	31	4.748	6.195	2.084	1.00	0.00
ATOM	491	CZ2	TRP	31	2.778	6.127	5.435	1.00	0.00
ATOM	492	HZ2	TRP	31	2.231	6.112	6.367	1.00	0.00
ATOM	493	CZ3	TRP	31	3.703	4.972	3.516	1.00	0.00
ATOM	494	HZ3	TRP	31	3.866	4.056	2.968	1.00	0.00
ATOM	495	CH2	TRP	31	2.991	4.944	4.724	1.00	0.00
ATOM	496	HH2	TRP	31	2.610	4.007	5.104	1.00	0.00
ATOM	497	C	TRP	31	3.421	10.058	0.691	1.00	0.00
ATOM	498	O	TRP	31	2.338	10.065	1.243	1.00	0.00
ATOM	499	N	LYS	32	3.745	10.983	−0.178	1.00	0.00
ATOM	500	HN	LYS	32	4.625	10.969	−0.605	1.00	0.00
ATOM	501	CA	LYS	32	2.775	12.072	−0.503	1.00	0.00
ATOM	502	HA	LYS	32	2.200	12.313	0.378	1.00	0.00
ATOM	503	CB	LYS	32	3.542	13.314	−0.962	1.00	0.00
ATOM	504	HB1	LYS	32	3.751	13.236	−2.019	1.00	0.00
ATOM	505	HB2	LYS	32	4.473	13.381	−0.417	1.00	0.00
ATOM	506	CG	LYS	32	2.700	14.570	−0.696	1.00	0.00
ATOM	507	HG1	LYS	32	3.132	15.122	0.125	1.00	0.00
ATOM	508	HG2	LYS	32	1.690	14.284	−0.442	1.00	0.00
ATOM	509	CD	LYS	32	2.679	15.456	−1.946	1.00	0.00
ATOM	510	HD1	LYS	32	1.794	16.073	−1.933	1.00	0.00
ATOM	511	HD2	LYS	32	2.669	14.831	−2.826	1.00	0.00
ATOM	512	CE	LYS	32	3.923	16.347	−1.966	1.00	0.00
ATOM	513	HE1	LYS	32	4.337	16.417	−0.971	1.00	0.00
ATOM	514	HE2	LYS	32	3.652	17.333	−2.314	1.00	0.00
ATOM	515	NZ	LYS	32	4.935	15.758	−2.887	1.00	0.00
ATOM	516	HZ1	LYS	32	5.633	16.483	−3.145	1.00	0.00
ATOM	517	HZ2	LYS	32	4.461	15.410	−3.745	1.00	0.00
ATOM	518	HZ3	LYS	32	5.418	14.970	−2.412	1.00	0.00
ATOM	519	C	LYS	32	1.829	11.620	−1.617	1.00	0.00
ATOM	520	O	LYS	32	0.658	11.951	−1.616	1.00	0.00
ATOM	521	N	GLY	33	2.328	10.879	−2.574	1.00	0.00
ATOM	522	HN	GLY	33	3.277	10.635	−2.556	1.00	0.00
ATOM	523	CA	GLY	33	1.463	10.419	−3.697	1.00	0.00
ATOM	524	HA1	GLY	33	2.079	10.208	−4.559	1.00	0.00
ATOM	525	HA2	GLY	33	0.756	11.198	−3.947	1.00	0.00
ATOM	526	C	GLY	33	0.698	9.149	−3.306	1.00	0.00
ATOM	527	O	GLY	33	−0.296	8.811	−3.921	1.00	0.00
ATOM	528	N	ILE	34	1.156	8.431	−2.306	1.00	0.00
ATOM	529	HN	ILE	34	1.965	8.711	−1.830	1.00	0.00
ATOM	530	CA	ILE	34	0.449	7.175	−1.908	1.00	0.00
ATOM	531	HA	ILE	34	0.084	6.687	−2.798	1.00	0.00
ATOM	532	CB	ILE	34	1.427	6.230	−1.189	1.00	0.00
ATOM	533	HB	ILE	34	2.272	6.041	−1.832	1.00	0.00
ATOM	534	CG1	ILE	34	0.714	4.903	−0.882	1.00	0.00
ATOM	535	HG11	ILE	34	0.348	4.473	−1.803	1.00	0.00
ATOM	536	HG12	ILE	34	−0.119	5.089	−0.218	1.00	0.00
ATOM	537	CG2	ILE	34	1.922	6.864	0.119	1.00	0.00
ATOM	538	HG21	ILE	34	1.094	6.969	0.804	1.00	0.00
ATOM	539	HG22	ILE	34	2.346	7.835	−0.087	1.00	0.00
ATOM	540	HG23	ILE	34	2.677	6.228	0.561	1.00	0.00
ATOM	541	CD1	ILE	34	1.685	3.924	−0.218	1.00	0.00
ATOM	542	HD11	ILE	34	1.227	2.947	−0.158	1.00	0.00
ATOM	543	HD12	ILE	34	1.922	4.272	0.778	1.00	0.00
ATOM	544	HD13	ILE	34	2.592	3.862	−0.801	1.00	0.00
ATOM	545	C	ILE	34	−0.743	7.490	−0.992	1.00	0.00
ATOM	546	O	ILE	34	−1.738	6.797	−1.017	1.00	0.00
ATOM	547	N	VAL	35	−0.644	8.509	−0.177	1.00	0.00
ATOM	548	HN	VAL	35	0.175	9.048	−0.161	1.00	0.00
ATOM	549	CA	VAL	35	−1.773	8.837	0.750	1.00	0.00
ATOM	550	HA	VAL	35	−2.296	7.928	1.006	1.00	0.00
ATOM	551	CB	VAL	35	−1.216	9.472	2.028	1.00	0.00
ATOM	552	HB	VAL	35	−0.771	10.427	1.791	1.00	0.00
ATOM	553	CG1	VAL	35	−2.352	9.673	3.034	1.00	0.00
ATOM	554	HG11	VAL	35	−3.111	8.923	2.874	1.00	0.00
ATOM	555	HG12	VAL	35	−2.781	10.655	2.900	1.00	0.00
ATOM	556	HG13	VAL	35	−1.964	9.584	4.037	1.00	0.00
ATOM	557	CG2	VAL	35	−0.158	8.546	2.637	1.00	0.00
ATOM	558	HG21	VAL	35	−0.220	8.585	3.714	1.00	0.00
ATOM	559	HG22	VAL	35	0.823	8.866	2.323	1.00	0.00
ATOM	560	HG23	VAL	35	−0.329	7.533	2.305	1.00	0.00
ATOM	561	C	VAL	35	−2.751	9.808	0.080	1.00	0.00
ATOM	562	O	VAL	35	−3.919	9.847	0.420	1.00	0.00
ATOM	563	N	GLU	36	−2.289	10.591	−0.858	1.00	0.00
ATOM	564	HN	GLU	36	−1.341	10.547	−1.110	1.00	0.00
ATOM	565	CA	GLU	36	−3.195	11.563	−1.539	1.00	0.00
ATOM	566	HA	GLU	36	−3.896	11.962	−0.820	1.00	0.00
ATOM	567	CB	GLU	36	−2.362	12.709	−2.121	1.00	0.00
ATOM	568	HB1	GLU	36	−2.130	12.494	−3.154	1.00	0.00
ATOM	569	HB2	GLU	36	−1.442	12.803	−1.560	1.00	0.00
ATOM	570	CG	GLU	36	−3.148	14.022	−2.036	1.00	0.00
ATOM	571	HG1	GLU	36	−2.483	14.820	−1.745	1.00	0.00
ATOM	572	HG2	GLU	36	−3.935	13.924	−1.300	1.00	0.00
ATOM	573	CD	GLU	36	−3.764	14.346	−3.399	1.00	0.00
ATOM	574	OE1	GLU	36	−3.838	15.520	−3.730	1.00	0.00
ATOM	575	OE2	GLU	36	−4.152	13.417	−4.088	1.00	0.00
ATOM	576	C	GLU	36	−3.962	10.866	−2.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	577	O	GLU	36	−5.076	11.237	−2.987	1.00	0.00
ATOM	578	N	GLN	37	−3.372	9.874	−3.281	1.00	0.00
ATOM	579	HN	GLN	37	−2.470	9.602	−3.012	1.00	0.00
ATOM	580	CA	GLN	37	−4.059	9.163	−4.402	1.00	0.00
ATOM	581	HA	GLN	37	−4.738	9.848	−4.893	1.00	0.00
ATOM	582	CB	GLN	37	−3.018	8.680	−5.413	1.00	0.00
ATOM	583	HB1	GLN	37	−2.589	7.751	−5.071	1.00	0.00
ATOM	584	HB2	GLN	37	−2.239	9.423	−5.511	1.00	0.00
ATOM	585	CG	GLN	37	−3.690	8.460	−6.770	1.00	0.00
ATOM	586	HG1	GLN	37	−3.755	9.399	−7.298	1.00	0.00
ATOM	587	HG2	GLN	37	−4.683	8.063	−6.617	1.00	0.00
ATOM	588	CD	GLN	37	−2.867	7.468	−7.592	1.00	0.00
ATOM	589	OE1	GLN	37	−2.395	7.794	−8.663	1.00	0.00
ATOM	590	NE2	GLN	37	−2.672	6.264	−7.133	1.00	0.00
ATOM	591	HE21	GLN	37	−3.052	6.001	−6.268	1.00	0.00
ATOM	592	HE22	GLN	37	−2.145	5.620	−7.652	1.00	0.00
ATOM	593	C	GLN	37	−4.852	7.960	−3.883	1.00	0.00
ATOM	594	O	GLN	37	−5.831	7.556	−4.480	1.00	0.00
ATOM	595	N	CYS	38	−4.422	7.368	−2.797	1.00	0.00
ATOM	596	HN	CYS	38	−3.618	7.697	−2.345	1.00	0.00
ATOM	597	CA	CYS	38	−5.138	6.167	−2.265	1.00	0.00
ATOM	598	HA	CYS	38	−5.589	5.631	−3.086	1.00	0.00
ATOM	599	HB1	CYS	38	−4.649	4.387	−1.174	1.00	0.00
ATON	600	HB2	CYS	38	−3.674	5.787	−0.749	1.00	0.00
ATOM	601	C	CYS	38	−6.231	6.567	−1.272	1.00	0.00
ATOM	602	O	CYS	38	−7.400	6.350	−1.513	1.00	0.00
ATOM	603	CB	CYS	38	−4.136	5.252	−1.563	1.00	0.00
ATOM	604	SG	CYS	38	−2.871	4.725	−2.746	1.00	0.00
ATOM	605	N	CYS	39	−5.860	7.122	−0.147	1.00	0.00
ATOM	606	HN	CYS	39	−4.906	7.264	0.032	1.00	0.00
ATOM	607	CA	CYS	39	−6.874	7.508	0.889	1.00	0.00
ATOM	608	HA	CYS	39	−7.297	6.610	1.316	1.00	0.00
ATOM	609	HB1	CYS	39	−5.793	9.221	1.592	1.00	0.00
ATOM	610	HB2	CYS	39	−5.368	7.724	2.406	1.00	0.00
ATOM	611	C	CYS	39	−8.010	8.348	0.274	1.00	0.00
ATOM	612	O	CYS	39	−9.169	8.146	0.589	1.00	0.00
ATOM	613	CB	CYS	39	−6.181	8.305	2.000	1.00	0.00
ATOM	614	SG	CYS	39	−7.365	8.682	3.324	1.00	0.00
ATOM	615	N	THR	40	−7.696	9.288	−0.585	1.00	0.00
ATOM	616	HN	THR	40	−6.757	9.440	−0.821	1.00	0.00
ATOM	617	CA	THR	40	−8.770	10.135	−1.197	1.00	0.00
ATOM	618	HA	THR	40	−9.290	10.671	−0.415	1.00	0.00
ATOM	619	CB	THR	40	−8.143	11.138	−2.166	1.00	0.00
ATOM	620	HB	THR	40	−8.918	11.747	−2.607	1.00	0.00
ATOM	621	OG1	THR	40	−7.452	10.438	−3.192	1.00	0.00
ATOM	622	HG1	THR	40	−6.826	9.844	−2.773	1.00	0.00
ATOM	623	CG2	THR	40	−7.168	12.038	−1.408	1.00	0.00
ATOM	624	HG21	THR	40	−6.743	12.762	−2.087	1.00	0.00
ATOM	625	HG22	THR	40	−6.380	11.434	−0.983	1.00	0.00
ATOM	626	HG23	THR	40	−7.695	12.552	−0.619	1.00	0.00
ATOM	627	C	THR	40	−9.766	9.251	−1.954	1.00	0.00
ATOM	628	O	THR	40	−10.959	9.491	−1.933	1.00	0.00
ATOM	629	N	SER	41	−9.284	8.238	−2.620	1.00	0.00
ATOM	630	HN	SER	41	−8.318	8.071	−2.619	1.00	0.00
ATOM	631	CA	SER	41	−10.192	7.333	−3.385	1.00	0.00
ATOM	632	HA	SER	41	−11.218	7.626	−3.211	1.00	0.00
ATOM	633	CB	SER	41	−9.865	7.469	−4.877	1.00	0.00
ATOM	634	HB1	SER	41	−10.646	6.998	−5.460	1.00	0.00
ATOM	635	HB2	SER	41	−8.924	6.989	−5.088	1.00	0.00
ATOM	636	OG	SER	41	−9.772	8.847	−5.212	1.00	0.00
ATOM	637	HG	SER	41	−8.925	9.172	−4.895	1.00	0.00
ATOM	638	C	SER	41	−9.981	5.884	−2.900	1.00	0.00
ATOM	639	O	SER	41	−9.741	5.659	−1.728	1.00	0.00
ATOM	640	N	ILE	42	−10.066	4.901	−3.772	1.00	0.00
ATOM	641	HN	ILE	42	−10.263	5.091	−4.711	1.00	0.00
ATOM	642	CA	ILE	42	−9.857	3.491	−3.335	1.00	0.00
ATOM	643	HA	ILE	42	−9.606	3.477	−2.283	1.00	0.00
ATOM	644	CB	ILE	42	−11.139	2.683	−3.562	1.00	0.00
ATOM	645	HB	ILE	42	−11.390	2.690	−4.611	1.00	0.00
ATOM	646	CG1	ILE	42	−12.270	3.324	−2.756	1.00	0.00
ATOM	647	HG11	ILE	42	−12.357	4.365	−3.023	1.00	0.00
ATOM	648	HG12	ILE	42	−12.052	3.240	−1.701	1.00	0.00
ATOM	649	CG2	ILE	42	−10.933	1.237	−3.093	1.00	0.00
ATOM	650	HG21	ILE	42	−10.172	1.212	−2.326	1.00	0.00
ATOM	651	HG22	ILE	42	−10.622	0.628	−3.928	1.00	0.00
ATOM	652	HG23	ILE	42	−11.860	0.853	−2.694	1.00	0.00
ATOM	653	CD1	ILE	42	−13.589	2.614	−3.059	1.00	0.00
ATOM	654	HD11	ILE	42	−13.641	2.388	−4.112	1.00	0.00
ATOM	655	HD12	ILE	42	−14.413	3.255	−2.785	1.00	0.00
ATOM	656	HD13	ILE	42	−13.642	1.696	−2.490	1.00	0.00
ATOM	657	C	ILE	42	−8.699	2.897	−4.139	1.00	0.00
ATOM	658	O	ILE	42	−8.885	2.325	−5.197	1.00	0.00
ATOM	659	N	CYS	43	−7.499	3.050	−3.643	1.00	0.00
ATOM	660	HN	CYS	43	−7.387	3.527	−2.793	1.00	0.00
ATOM	661	CA	CYS	43	−6.295	2.525	−4.354	1.00	0.00
ATOM	662	HA	CYS	43	−6.180	3.043	−5.293	1.00	0.00
ATOM	663	HB1	CYS	43	−4.550	1.830	−3.290	1.00	0.00
ATOM	664	HB2	CYS	43	−5.378	3.183	−2.530	1.00	0.00
ATOM	665	C	CYS	43	−6.442	1.022	−4.617	1.00	0.00
ATOM	666	O	CYS	43	−7.100	0.312	−3.880	1.00	0.00
ATOM	667	CB	CYS	43	−5.059	2.767	−3.471	1.00	0.00
ATOM	668	SG	CYS	43	−3.918	3.924	−4.276	1.00	0.00
ATOM	669	N	SER	44	−5.813	0.539	−5.657	1.00	0.00
ATOM	670	HN	SER	44	−5.283	1.137	−6.225	1.00	0.00
ATOM	671	CA	SER	44	−5.883	−0.912	−5.981	1.00	0.00
ATOM	672	HA	SER	44	−6.568	−1.404	−5.305	1.00	0.00
ATOM	673	CB	SER	44	−6.360	−1.092	−7.422	1.00	0.00
ATOM	674	HB1	SER	44	−7.440	−1.078	−7.445	1.00	0.00
ATOM	675	HB2	SER	44	−6.006	−2.033	−7.808	1.00	0.00
ATOM	676	OG	SER	44	−5.843	−0.035	−8.221	1.00	0.00
ATOM	677	HG	SER	44	−6.246	−0.095	−9.091	1.00	0.00
ATOM	678	C	SER	44	−4.485	−1.511	−5.823	1.00	0.00
ATOM	679	O	SER	44	−3.498	−0.798	−5.827	1.00	0.00
ATOM	680	N	LEU	45	−4.387	−2.808	−5.682	1.00	0.00
ATOM	681	HN	LEU	45	−5.194	−3.364	−5.681	1.00	0.00
ATOM	682	CA	LEU	45	−3.045	−3.444	−5.521	1.00	0.00
ATOM	683	HA	LEU	45	−2.560	−3.041	−4.644	1.00	0.00
ATOM	684	CB	LEU	45	−3.206	−4.956	−5.361	1.00	0.00
ATOM	685	HB1	LEU	45	−3.320	−5.413	−6.332	1.00	0.00
ATOM	686	HB2	LEU	45	−4.079	−5.164	−4.759	1.00	0.00
ATOM	687	CG	LEU	45	−1.965	−5.522	−4.677	1.00	0.00
ATOM	688	HG	LEU	45	−1.079	−5.102	−5.132	1.00	0.00
ATOM	689	CD1	LEU	45	−1.995	−5.150	−3.193	1.00	0.00
ATOM	690	HD11	LEU	45	−2.974	−5.355	−2.791	1.00	0.00
ATOM	691	HD12	LEU	45	−1.774	−4.099	−3.081	1.00	0.00
ATOM	692	HD13	LEU	45	−1.257	−5.732	−2.660	1.00	0.00
ATOM	693	CD2	LEU	45	−1.947	−7.044	−4.825	1.00	0.00
ATOM	694	HD21	LEU	45	−2.936	−7.435	−4.638	1.00	0.00
ATOM	695	HD22	LEU	45	−1.252	−7.467	−4.114	1.00	0.00
ATOM	696	HD23	LEU	45	−1.640	−7.303	−5.827	1.00	0.00
ATOM	697	C	LEU	45	−2.187	−3.154	−6.754	1.00	0.00
ATOM	698	O	LEU	45	−0.976	−3.060	−6.671	1.00	0.00
ATOM	699	N	TYR	46	−2.809	−3.008	−7.895	1.00	0.00
ATOM	700	HN	TYR	46	−3.786	−3.087	−7.930	1.00	0.00
ATOM	701	CA	TYR	46	−2.045	−2.721	−9.141	1.00	0.00
ATOM	702	HA	TYR	46	−1.290	−3.477	−9.281	1.00	0.00
ATOM	703	CB	TYR	46	−3.007	−2.732	−10.336	1.00	0.00
ATOM	704	HB1	TYR	46	−3.810	−2.033	−10.158	1.00	0.00
ATOM	705	HB2	TYR	46	−3.414	−3.724	−10.459	1.00	0.00
ATOM	706	CG	TYR	46	−2.264	−2.335	−11.590	1.00	0.00
ATOM	707	CD1	TYR	46	−2.461	−1.062	−12.137	1.00	0.00
ATOM	708	HD1	TYR	46	−3.146	−0.369	−11.659	1.00	0.00
ATOM	709	CD2	TYR	46	−1.376	−3.233	−12.193	1.00	0.00
ATOM	710	HD2	TYR	46	−1.220	−4.211	−11.760	1.00	0.00
ATOM	711	CE1	TYR	46	−1.770	−0.686	−13.295	1.00	0.00
ATOM	712	HE1	TYR	46	−1.921	0.296	−13.719	1.00	0.00
ATOM	713	CE2	TYR	46	−0.683	−2.856	−13.349	1.00	0.00
ATOM	714	HE2	TYR	46	0.002	−3.547	−13.819	1.00	0.00
ATOM	715	CZ	TYR	46	−0.882	−1.583	−13.902	1.00	0.00
ATOM	716	OH	TYR	46	−0.199	−1.212	−15.042	1.00	0.00
ATOM	717	HH	TYR	46	0.494	−0.600	−14.786	1.00	0.00
ATOM	718	C	TYR	46	−1.371	−1.349	−9.025	1.00	0.00
ATOM	719	O	TYR	46	−0.223	−1.183	−9.391	1.00	0.00
ATOM	720	N	GLN	47	−2.080	−0.369	−8.541	1.00	0.00
ATOM	721	HN	GLN	47	−3.008	−0.524	−8.266	1.00	0.00
ATOM	722	CA	GLN	47	−1.485	0.990	−8.416	1.00	0.00
ATOM	723	HA	GLN	47	−1.092	1.295	−9.376	1.00	0.00
ATOM	724	CB	GLN	47	−2.567	1.969	−7.974	1.00	0.00
ATOM	725	HB1	GLN	47	−2.118	2.917	−7.729	1.00	0.00
ATOM	726	HB2	GLN	47	−3.075	1.572	−7.110	1.00	0.00
ATOM	727	CG	GLN	47	−3.573	2.161	−9.110	1.00	0.00
ATOM	728	HG1	GLN	47	−4.325	1.388	−9.057	1.00	0.00
ATOM	729	HG2	GLN	47	−3.060	2.100	−10.060	1.00	0.00
ATOM	730	CD	GLN	47	−4.246	3.531	−8.980	1.00	0.00
ATOM	731	OE1	GLN	47	−4.262	4.117	−7.915	1.00	0.00
ATOM	732	NE2	GLN	47	−4.809	4.068	−10.028	1.00	0.00
ATOM	733	HE21	GLN	47	−4.797	3.595	−10.887	1.00	0.00
ATOM	734	HE22	GLN	47	−5.241	4.943	−9.957	1.00	0.00
ATOM	735	C	GLN	47	−0.346	0.951	−7.393	1.00	0.00
ATOM	736	O	GLN	47	−0.610	1.696	−7.495	1.00	0.00
ATOM	737	N	LEU	48	−0.436	0.081	−6.417	1.00	0.00
ATOM	738	HN	LEU	48	−1.212	−0.516	−6.363	1.00	0.00
ATOM	739	CA	LEU	48	0.651	−0.016	−5.396	1.00	0.00
ATOM	740	HA	LEU	48	1.124	0.947	−5.295	1.00	0.00
ATOM	741	CB	LEU	48	0.065	−0.441	−4.042	1.00	0.00
ATOM	742	HB1	LEU	48	0.833	−0.930	−3.460	1.00	0.00
ATOM	743	HB2	LEU	48	−0.748	−1.132	−4.208	1.00	0.00
ATOM	744	CG	LEU	48	−0.457	0.777	−3.266	1.00	0.00
ATOM	745	HG	LEU	48	−1.261	1.240	−3.821	1.00	0.00
ATOM	746	CD1	LEU	48	−0.977	0.309	−1.910	1.00	0.00
ATOM	747	HD1	LEU	48	−2.009	0.009	−2.004	1.00	0.00
ATOM	748	HD12	LEU	48	−0.896	1.117	−1.199	1.00	0.00
ATOM	749	HD13	LEU	48	−0.385	−0.528	−1.572	1.00	0.00
ATOM	750	CD2	LEU	48	0.667	1.794	−3.037	1.00	0.00
ATOM	751	HD21	LEU	48	1.622	1.292	−3.091	1.00	0.00
ATOM	752	HD22	LEU	48	0.555	2.248	−2.064	1.00	0.00
ATOM	753	HD23	LEU	48	0.617	2.558	−3.797	1.00	.0.00
ATOM	754	C	LEU	48	1.707	−1.051	−5.829	1.00	0.00
ATOM	755	O	LEU	48	2.726	−1.202	−5.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	756	N	GLU	49	1.473	−1.775	−6.905	1.00	0.00
ATOM	757	HN	GLU	49	0.646	−1.650	−7.410	1.00	0.00
ATOM	758	CA	GLU	49	2.467	−2.800	−7.360	1.00	0.00
ATOM	759	HA	GLU	49	2.543	−3.576	−6.616	1.00	0.00
ATOM	760	CB	GLU	49	2.004	−3.420	−8.684	1.00	0.00
ATOM	761	HB1	GLU	49	2.865	−3.647	−9.297	1.00	0.00
ATOM	762	HB2	GLU	49	1.371	−2.717	−9.205	1.00	0.00
ATOM	763	CG	GLU	49	1.215	−4.711	−8.413	1.00	0.00
ATOM	764	HG1	GLU	49	0.227	−4.613	−8.820	1.00	0.00
ATOM	765	HG2	GLU	49	1.144	−4.879	−7.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	766	CD	GLU	49	1.916	−5.902	−9.074	1.00	0.00
ATOM	767	OE1	GLU	49	2.492	−6.701	−8.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	768	OE2	GLU	49	1.866	−5.996	−10.289	1.00	0.00
ATOM	769	C	GLU	49	3.844	−2.156	−7.574	1.00	0.00
ATOM	770	O	GLU	49	4.860	−2.823	−7.537	1.00	0.00
ATOM	771	N	ASN	50	3.881	−0.869	−7.823	1.00	0.00
ATOM	772	HN	ASN	50	3.046	−0.357	−7.869	1.00	0.00
ATOM	773	CA	ASN	50	5.185	−0.185	−8.071	1.00	0.00
ATOM	774	HA	ASN	50	5.893	−0.902	−8.457	1.00	0.00
ATOM	775	CB	ASN	50	4.975	−0.920	−9.111	1.00	0.00
ATOM	776	HB1	ASN	50	5.648	1.741	−8.908	1.00	0.00
ATOM	777	HB2	ASN	50	3.953	1.271	−9.062	1.00	0.00
ATOM	778	CG	ASN	50	5.258	0.368	−10.509	1.00	0.00
ATOM	779	OD1	ASN	50	6.361	0.475	−11.005	1.00	0.00
ATOM	780	ND2	ASN	50	4.300	−0.219	−11.169	1.00	0.00
ATOM	781	HD21	ASN	50	3.409	−0.305	−10.770	1.00	0.00
ATOM	782	HD22	ASN	50	4.469	−0.577	−12.066	1.00	0.00
ATOM	783	C	ASN	50	5.743	0.428	−6.778	1.00	0.00
ATOM	784	O	ASN	50	6.350	1.482	−6.806	1.00	0.00
ATOM	785	N	TYR	51	5.553	−0.216	−5.650	1.00	0.00
ATOM	786	HN	TYR	51	5.063	−1.063	−5.643	1.00	0.00
ATOM	787	CA	TYR	51	6.088	0.349	−4.372	1.00	0.00
ATOM	788	HA	TYR	51	6.472	1.335	−4.569	1.00	0.00
ATOM	789	CB	TYR	51	4.956	0.454	−3.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	790	HB1	TYR	51	5.360	0.475	−2.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	791	HB2	TYR	51	4.289	−0.387	−3.464	1.00	0.00
ATOM	792	CG	TYR	51	4.204	1.725	−3.623	1.00	0.00
ATOM	793	CD1	TYR	51	3.397	1.803	−4.753	1.00	0.00
ATOM	794	HD1	TYR	51	3.300	0.945	−5.398	1.00	0.00
ATOM	795	CD2	TYR	51	4.331	2.827	−2.772	1.00	0.00
ATOM	796	HD2	TYR	51	4.953	2.763	−1.891	1.00	0.00
ATOM	797	CE1	TYR	51	2.709	2.982	−5.046	1.00	0.00
ATOM	798	HE1	TYR	51	2.086	3.038	−5.925	1.00	0.00
ATOM	799	CE2	TYR	51	3.641	4.011	−3.057	1.00	0.00
ATOM	800	HE2	TYR	51	3.738	4.862	−2.402	1.00	0.00
ATOM	801	CZ	TYR	51	2.830	4.090	−4.197	1.00	0.00
ATOM	802	OH	TYR	51	2.152	5.257	−4.482	1.00	0.00
ATOM	803	HH	TYR	51	1.390	5.308	−3.900	1.00	0.00
ATOM	804	C	TYR	51	7.230	−0.518	−3.818	1.00	0.00
ATOM	805	O	TYR	51	7.923	−0.117	−2.901	1.00	0.00
ATOM	806	N	CYS	52	7.442	−1.687	−4.368	1.00	0.00
ATOM	807	HN	CYS	52	6.879	−1.991	−5.103	1.00	0.00
ATOM	808	CA	CYS	52	8.546	−2.564	−3.875	1.00	0.00
ATOM	809	HA	CYS	52	8.538	−2.580	−2.794	1.00	0.00
ATOM	810	HB1	CYS	52	9.063	−4.649	−3.923	1.00	0.00
ATOM	811	HB2	CYS	52	8.548	−3.997	−5.475	1.00	0.00
ATOM	812	C	CYS	52	9.886	−2.011	−4.367	1.00	0.00
ATOM	813	O	CYS	52	10.029	−1.645	−5.519	1.00	0.00
ATOM	814	CB	CYS	52	8.362	−3.989	−4.411	1.00	0.00
ATOM	815	SG	CYS	52	6.671	−4.570	−4.093	1.00	0.00
ATOM	816	N	ASN	53	10.868	−1.949	−3.501	1.00	0.00
ATOM	817	HN	ASN	53	10.726	−2.252	−2.580	1.00	0.00
ATOM	818	CA	ASN	53	12.203	−1.421	−3.913	1.00	0.00
ATOM	819	HA	ASN	53	12.072	−0.513	−4.483	1.00	0.00
ATOM	820	CB	ASN	53	13.041	−1.123	−2.665	1.00	0.00
ATOM	821	HB1	ASN	53	13.670	−1.974	−2.443	1.00	0.00
ATOM	822	HB2	ASN	53	12.384	−0.933	−1.828	1.00	0.00
ATOM	823	CG	ASN	53	13.918	0.105	−2.919	1.00	0.00
ATOM	824	OD1	ASN	53	15.130	0.023	−2.861	1.00	0.00
ATOM	825	ND2	ASN	53	13.354	1.248	−3.198	1.00	0.00
ATOM	826	HD21	ASN	53	12.378	1.316	−3.245	1.00	0.00
ATOM	827	HD22	ASN	53	13.908	2.041	−3.361	1.00	0.00
ATOM	828	C	ASN	53	12.920	−2.464	−4.773	1.00	0.00
ATOM	829	OT1	ASN	53	13.826	−2.084	−5.497	1.00	0.00
ATOM	830	OT2	ASN	53	12.553	−3.625	−4.690	1.00	0.00
END

Example 3

Relative Folding Stability of AspB28IP Analogs

[0122] For evaluation of folding stability for insulin precursor analogs, denaturation samples were prepared by combining different ratios of insulin precursor analog and GuHCl stock solutions with 10 mM Tris/ClO4−, pH 8.0. Protein stock solutions were typically 0.06 mM in 10 mM Tris/ClO4−, pH 8.0. GuHCl stock solutions were 8.25 M in 10 mM Tris/CIO4, pH 8.0. CD spectra were recorded with a Jasco J-715 Spectropolarimeter calibrated with (+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid. All spectra were recorded at 20° C. The denaturation samples were scanned from 250 to 218 nm. Typical cell path length and protein concentration were 0.5 cm and 3 μM, respectively. All spectra were smoothed before subtraction of appropriate solvent blanks. The circular dichroism is expressed as, AE, based on the molar concentration of peptide bond. For presentation purpose each curve is normalized to a 0-1 scale by dividing the observed change at each point by the total change observed in the experiment.

[0123] Data analysis. GuHCl denaturation curves were analyzed by assuming that the folding/unfolding transition is two-state as described by Santoro & Bolen (1988) Biochemistry 0.27:8063-8068 and Kaarsholm et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32:10773-10778, both of which publications are specifically incorporated herein by reference for teaching methods of calculating stability by GuHCl denaturation. This analysis yields a number of parameters including the GuHCl concentration at the midpoint of the denaturation curve, Cmid reflecting the concentration of denaturant necessary to unfold one-half of the protein population. An increase in folding stability is thus manifest by an increased value of Cmid. Equilibrium constants can be obtained at each denaturant concentration using K=(ΔεN−Δε)/(ΔεU), where Δε is the observed value of the CD, and ΔεN and ΔεU represent the CD values for native and unfolded forms, respectively, at the given GuHCl concentration (Pace, 1975). Values for ΔεN and ΔεU at GuHCl concentrations in the transition region are obtained by linear extrapolation of the pre- and post-transition baselines into the transition region, i.e. ΔεN=Δε0N+mN[GuHCl], and ΔεU=Δε0U+mU[GuHCl], where Δε0N and Δε0U are intercepts, and mN and mU are slopes of the pre- and post-transition baselines, respectively. The free energy of unfolding at a given denaturant concentration in the transition zone is given by ΔG=−RTlnK. Assuming a linear dependence of ΔG on denaturant concentration: ΔG=ΔGH2O−m[GuHCl], where ΔGH2O is the value of ΔG in the absence of denaturant, and m is a measure of the dependence of ΔG on denaturant concentration. Hence, ΔG values derived from K in the transition zone may be extrapolated back to 0 M denaturant to give ΔG2O. The relationship between Δε and [GuHCl] for the complete unfolding curve is shown in Eq. 1 (Santoro & Bolen, 1988): 1$\mathrm{\Delta \epsilon }=\frac{\left({\mathrm{\Delta \epsilon }}_N^0+m_N\left[\mathrm{Gu}\mathrm{HCl}\right]\right)+{\mathrm{\Delta \epsilon }}_U^0+m_U\left[\mathrm{Gu}\mathrm{HCl}\right])\exp \left(-\left(\Delta G_{H_{2}0}-m\left[\mathrm{Gu}\mathrm{HCl}\right]\right)/\mathrm{RT}\right)}{1+\exp \left(-\left(\Delta G_{H_{2}0}-m\left[\mathrm{Gu}\mathrm{HCl}\right]\right)/\mathrm{RT}\right)}\left(1\right)$

[0124] With Δε as the response and [GuHCl]as the independent variable, eq. (1) is subject to nonlinear least squares analysis using the NLIN procedure of PC SAS (SAS Inc. Cary, N.C.). Six parameters then describe the denaturation curve: Δε0N, Δε0U, mN, mU, m, and ΔG H2O In addition, the GuHCl concentration at the midpoint of the denaturation curve, Cmid, is given by ΔGH2O/m.

[0125] Evaluation of the relative folding stability of AspB28IP derivative molecules with C-peptide Met Trp Lys (AspB28IP(MetTrpLys)) was evaluated relative to AspB28IP. The results show that the AspB28IP(MetTrpLys) molecule was much more stable than AspB28IP (FIG. 5), as evidenced by the change in Cmid. While Cmid for AspB28IP is approximately about 5.5 M GuHCl, that of AspB28 p(MetTrpLys) is increased to at least about 6.5 M GuHCl, an increase of approximately 18%.

Example 4

[0126] The insulin analogue precursor AspB28IP(EWK) was produced culturing yeast strain MT663 transformed with an expression plasmid expressing a YAP3-TA39-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:17)-AspB28IP(EWK) fusion protein or a YAP3-TA57-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:17)-AspB28IP(EWK) fusion protein.

[0127] cDNA encoding the leader sequences YAP3-TA39 and YAP3-TA57 and cDNA encoding the AspB28IP(EWK) and the N-terminal extension were cloned into an expression vector of the C-POT type using standard techniques (Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T, Molecular cloning, Cold spring Harbour laboratory press, 1989). The DNA and inferred amino acids sequences are shown in FIGS. 8 and 9.

[0128] Table 6 shows the yields. Fermentation was conducted at 30° C. for 72 h in 5 ml YPD. IP yield was determined by RP-HPLC of the culture supernatant and is expressed relative to the IP yield of a control strain.

[0129] In Table 6, “a*” indicates an a-factor leader in which the C-terminus up to the LysArg has been modified from “SLD (SerLeuAsp)” to “SMA (SerMet Ala)” and “ex4” is an N-terminal extension with the amino acid sequence EEAEAEAPK(SEQ ID NO:4). YAP3 is the YAP3 signal sequence. TA39 is a synthetic pro-sequence QPIDDTESNTTSVNLMADDTESRFATNTTLAGGLDWNLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO:16). The sequence EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:17) is an N-terminal extension to the B-chain of the insulin analogue. TA57 is a synthetic pro-sequence QPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTNSGGLDWGLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO: 18).

TABLE 6
Leader	Precursor	N-terminal extension	C-peptide	Yield*
a*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluGluAlaGluAlaGluAlaProLys	None	100
		(SEQ ID NO: 4)
YAP3-TA39	AspB28IP	GluGluGlyGluProLys	GluTrpLys	531%
		(SEQ ID NO: 17)
YAP3-TA57	AspB28IP	GluGluGlyGluProLys	GluTrpLys	500%
		(SEQ ID NO: 17)

[0130]

Claims

1. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one aromatic amino acid residue and a cleavage site enabling cleavage of the peptide bond between the A-chain and the connecting peptide, wherein one aromatic amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to said cleavage site.

2. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 15 amino acid residues in length.

3. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 9 amino acid residues.

4. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 5 amino acid residues, preferably up to 3 amino acid residues.

5. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the cleavage site enabling cleavage of the peptide bond between the A-chain and the connecting peptide is Lys or Arg.

6. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 5 aromatic amino acid residues

7. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 3 aromatic amino acid residues, preferably only one aromatic amino acid residue.

8. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 7, wherein one of the aromatic amino acid residues is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the amino acid residues in position B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

9. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic amino acid residue immediately N-terminal to the cleavage site is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the amino acid residues in position B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

10. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog exhibits an increased Cmid stability in solution relative to an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog which does not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in the connecting peptide.

11. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 10, wherein Cmid is higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl.

12. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 10, wherein Cmid is higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl.

13. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 10, wherein Cmid is at least about 6.5 M GuHCl.

14. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains and being of up to 9 amino acid residues in length, wherein the C-peptide comprises at least one aromatic amino acid residue.

15. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 5 amino acid residues.

16. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 3 amino acid residues in length.

17. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 5 aromatic amino acid residues.

18. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 3 aromatic amino acid residues, preferably one aromatic amino acid residue.

19. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein the connecting peptide has a Lys or Arg immediately N-terminal to the A chain.

20. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 19, wherein one aromatic amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to the Lys or Arg.

21. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein one of the aromatic amino acid residues in the connecting peptide is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in positions B11, B12, or B26 in the B-chain.

22. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 20, wherein the aromatic amino acid residues positioned immediately N-terminal to the Lys or Arg is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in positions B11, B12, or B26 in the B-chain.

23. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14, wherein the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog exhibits an increased Cmid stability in solution relative to an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog which does not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in the connecting peptide.

24. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 23, wherein Cmid is higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl.

25. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 23, wherein Cmid is higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl.

26. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 23, wherein Cmid is at least about 6.5 M GuHCl.

27. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains, said connecting peptide comprising one aromatic amino acid residue which is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in position B11, B12, or B26 in the B-chain.

28. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 15 amino acid residues in length.

29. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 9 amino acid residues.

30. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 5 amino acid residues.

31. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 3 amino acid residues.

32. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 5 aromatic amino acid residues.

33. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 3 aromatic amino acid residues, preferably only one aromatic amino acid residue.

34. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the connecting peptide has a Lys or Arg immediately N-terminal to the A chain.

35. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein one aromatic amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to the Lys or Arg.

36. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 35, wherein the aromatic amino acid residues positioned immediately N-terminal to the Lys or Arg is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the residues in positions B11, B12, or B26 in the B-chain.

37. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27, wherein the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog exhibits an increased Cmid stability in solution relative to an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog which does not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in the connecting peptide.

38. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 37, wherein Cmid is higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl.

39. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 37, wherein Cmid is higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl.

40. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 37, wherein Cmid is at least about 6.5 M GuHCl.

41. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog comprising the formula:

42. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1 is 1-6 amino acid residues.

43. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1 is 14 amino acid residues.

44. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues.

45. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1 is 1-2 amino acid residues.

46. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1 comprises up to 5 aromatic amino acid residues.

47. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1 comprises up to 3 aromatic amino acid residues, preferably only one aromatic amino acid residue.

48. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein the aromatic amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of Trp and Tyr.

49. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein one aromatic amino acid residues is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the amino acid residues in position B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

50. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein one aromatic amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to Y.

51. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 50, wherein the aromatic amino acid residue immediately N-terminal to Y is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the amino acid residues in position B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

52. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X1-Y is selected from the group of: (a) Met-Trp-Lys, (b) Ala-Trp-Lys, (c) Val-Trp-Lys, (d) Ile-Trp-Lys, (e) Leu-Trp-Lys, (f) Glu-Glu-Phe-Lys (SEQ ID NO:15), (g) Glu-Phe-Lys, (h) Glu-Trp-Lys, (i) Ser-Trp-Lys, (1) Thr-Trp-Lys, (k) Arg-Trp-Lys, (I) Glu-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 1), (m) Gln-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO:2), and (n) Asp-Trp-Lys.

53. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 41, wherein X2 is Asp, X3 is Lys and X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues of which one is Trp or Phe.

54. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 41, wherein the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog exhibits an increased Cmid stability in solution relative to an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog which does not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in X1.

55. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 54, wherein Cmid is higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl.

56. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 54, wherein Cmid is higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl.

57. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 54, wherein Cmid is at least about 6.5 M GuHCl.

58. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog comprising the formula:

59. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 58, wherein X1 is 1-9, preferably 1-5 amino acid residues.

60. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 58, wherein X1 is 1-3, preferably 1-2 amino acid residues.

61. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 58, wherein X1 is 1-2 amino acid residues of which one is Trp or Phe.

62. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 58, wherein X1-Y is selected from the group of: (a) Met-Trp-Lys, (b) Ala-Trp-Lys, (c) Val-Trp-Lys, (d) Ile-Trp-Lys, (e) Leu-Trp-Lys, (f) Glu-Glu-Phe-Lys (SEQ ID NO:15), (g) Glu-Phe-Lys, (h) GluTrp-Lys, (i) Ser-Trp-Lys, (j) Thr-Trp-Lys, (k) Arg-Trp-Lys, (I) Glu-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 1), (m) Gln-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO:2), and,(n) Asp-Trp-Lys.

63. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 58, wherein X2 is Asp, X3 is Lys and X1 is of 1-3 amino acid residues of which one is Trp or Phe.

64. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 58, wherein the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog exhibits an increased Cmid stability in solution relative to an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog which does not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in X1.

65. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 64, wherein Cmid is higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl.

66. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 64, wherein Cmid is higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl.

67. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 64, wherein Cmid is at least about 6.5 M GuHCl.

68. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog comprising the formula:

69. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X1 is 1-9, preferably 1-5 amino acid residues.

70. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X1 is 1-4, preferably 1-3 amino acid residues.

71. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X1 is 1-2 amino acid residues.

72. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X1 comprises up to 5 aromatic amino acid residues.

73. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X1 comprises up to 3 aromatic amino acid residues, preferably only one aromatic amino acid residue.

74. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein the aromatic amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of Trp and Tyr.

75. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 75, wherein one aromatic amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to Y.

76. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 68, wherein the aromatic amino acid residue immediately N-terminal to Y is less than 5 Å away from at least one of the amino acid residues in position B11, B12 or B26 in the B chain.

77. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X1-Y is selected from the group of: (a) Met-Trp-Lys, (b) Ala-Trp-Lys, (c) Val-Trp-Lys, (d) Ile-Trp-Lys, (e) Leu-Trp-Lys, (f) Glu-Glu-Phe-Lys (SEQ ID NO:15), (g) Glu-Phe-Lys, (h) Glu-Trp-Lys, (i) Ser-Trp-Lys, (j) Thr-Trp-Lys, (k) Arg-Trp-Lys, (l) Glu-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 1), (m) Gln-Met-Trp-Lys (SEQ ID NO:2), and (n) Asp-Trp-Lys.

78. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 68, wherein X2 is Asp, X3 is Lys and X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues of which one is Trp or Phe.

79. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 68, wherein the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog exhibits an increased Cmid stability in solution relative to an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog which does not comprise an aromatic amino acid residue in X1.

80. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 79, wherein Cmid is higher than about 5.5 M GuHCl.

81. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 79, wherein Cmid is higher than about 6.0 M GuHCl.

82. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog of claim 79, wherein Cmid is at least about 6.5 M GuHCl.

83. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1.

84. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 14.

85. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 27.

86. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 41.

87. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 58.

88. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 68.

89. An expression vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence according to any of claims 83-88.

90. A host cell transformed with a vector of claim 89.

91. A process for making an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to any of claims 1-82 under suitable culture conditions for expression of said precursor or precursor analog; and (ii) isolating the expressed precursor or precursor analog.

92. A process according to claim 91, wherein the host cell is a yeast host cell .

93. A process for making insulin or an insulin analog, said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to any of claims 1-82 under suitable culture conditions for expression of said precursor or precursor analog; (ii) isolating the precursor or precursor analog from the culture medium and (iii) converting the precursor or precursor analog into insulin or an insulin analog by in vitro chemical or enzymatic conversion.

94. A process according to claim 93, wherein the host cell is a yeast host cell.