Method for making insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogues having improved fermentation yield in yeast

Abstract

Novel insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (mini C-peptide) of preferably up to 15 amino acid residues and comprising at least one Gly are provided. The precursors can be converted into human insulin or a human insulin analog. The precursors will typically have a distance between B27 (atom CG2) and A1 (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

Description

BACKGROUND

[0002] Yeast organisms produce a number of proteins that have a function outside the cell. Such proteins are referred to as secreted proteins. These secreted proteins are expressed initially inside the cell in a precursor or a pre-form containing a pre-peptide sequence ensuring effective direction (translocation) of the expressed product across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The pre-peptide, normally named a signal peptide, is generally cleaved off from the desired product during translocation. Once entered in the secretory pathway, the protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus. From the Golgi, the protein can follow different routes that lead to compartments such as the cell vacuole or the cell membrane, or it can be routed out of the cell to be secreted to the external medium (Pfeffer et al. (1987) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:829-852).

[0003] Insulin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by β-cells of the pancreas and consists of two polypeptide chains, A and B, which are linked by two inter-chain disulphide bridges. Furthermore, the A-chain features one intra-chain disulphide bridge.

[0004] The hormone is synthesized as a single-chain precursor proinsulin (preproinsulin) consisting of a prepeptide of 24 amino acid followed by proinsulin containing 86 amino acids, in the configuration: prepeptide—B—Arg Arg—C—Lys Arg—A, in which C is a connecting peptide of 31 amino acids. Arg—Arg and Lys—Arg are cleavage sites for cleavage of the connecting peptide from the A and B chains.

[0005] Three major methods have been used for the production of human insulin in microorganisms. Two involve Escherichia coli, with either the expression of a large fusion protein in the cytoplasm (Frank et al. (1981) in Peptides: Proceedings of the 7th American Peptide Chemistry Symposium (Rich & Gross, eds.), Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill. pp 729-739), or use a signal peptide to enable secretion into the periplasmic space (Chan et al. (1981) PNAS 78:5401-5404). A third method utilizes Saccharomyces cerevisiae to secrete an insulin precursor into the medium (Thim et al. (1986) PNAS 83:6766-6770). The prior art discloses a limited number of insulin precursors which are expressed in either E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vide U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,267, WO 95/16708, EP 0055945, EP 0163529, EP 0347845 and EP 0741188.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention features novel connecting peptides (mini C-peptides) which confer an increased production yield in insulin precursor molecules and insulin precursor analog molecules when expressed in a transformed microorganism, in particular in yeast. Such insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs can then be converted into insulin or insulin analogs by one or more suitable, well known conversion steps.

[0007] The connecting peptides of the present invention contain at least one Gly and will generally be shorter than the natural human C peptide which, including the flanking dibasic cleavage sites, consists of 35 amino acids. Thus the novel connecting peptides will in general not be of more than 15 amino acid residues in length and preferably not more than 10 amino acid residues. Typically the novel connecting peptides will be of up to 9, 8, 7 or 5 amino acid residues and will preferably not be of more than 4 amino acid residues in length.

[0008] As in the natural human insulin molecule, the connecting peptide will contain a cleavage site at its C and N termini enabling in vitro cleavage of the connecting peptide from the A and B chains. Such cleavage sites may be any convenient cleavage sites known in the art, e.g. a Met cleavable by cyanogen bromide; a single basic amino acid residue or a pair of basic amino acid residues (Lys or Arg) cleavable by trypsin or trypsin like proteases; Acromobactor lyticus protease or by a carboxypeptidase protease. The cleavage site enabling cleavage of the connecting peptide from the A-chain is preferably a single basic amino acid residue Lys or Arg, preferably Lys.

[0009] Alternatively cleavage of the connecting peptide from the B chain may be enabled by cleavage at the natural LysB29 amino acid residue in the B chain giving rise to a desB30 insulin precursor or desB30 insulin precursor analog. The desired B30 amino acid residue may then be added by well known in vitro, enzymatic procedures.

[0010] In one embodiment the connecting peptide will not contain two adjacent basic amino acid residues (Lys,Arg). In this embodiment, cleavage from the A-chain may be accomplished at a single Lys or Arg located at the N-terminal end of the A-chain and the natural Lys in position B29 in the B-chain.

[0011] The connecting peptide may comprise more than one Gly but preferably not more than 5. The connecting peptide will preferably not comprise more than 3 Gly and most preferred it will only comprise a single Gly. The Gly may be immediately N-terminal to the cleavage site adjacent to the A chain.

[0012] Furthermore, the B27 (atom CG2) will typically have a proximity to the Al (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

[0013] Accordingly, in one aspect the invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one Gly, wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the Al (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

[0014] In another aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one Gly and a cleavage site enabling cleavage of the peptide bond between the A-chain and the connecting peptide, wherein one Gly is immediately N-terminal to said cleavage site.

[0015] In another aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one Gly, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 6 amino acid residues in length.

[0016] In a further aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a sequence of formula:

B(1-27)—X3—X2—X1—Y—A(1-21),

[0017] wherein

[0018] X1 comprises 1-5 amino acid residues in length comprising at least one Gly,

[0019] X2 is one of Pro, Lys, Ala, Arg or Pro—Thr at position 29 of the B chain,

[0020] X3 is one of Pro, Asp, Lys, or Ile at position 28 of the B chain, and

[0021] Y is Lys or Arg.

[0022] In one embodiment X1 is 1-4, 1-3 or 1-2 amino acid residues in length.

[0023] In a further aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a sequence of formula:

B(1-27)—X3—X2—X1—Y—A(1-21),

[0024] wherein X1 comprises a Gly immediately N-terminal to Y,

[0025] X2 is one of Pro, Lys, Ala, Arg or Pro—Thr at position 29 of the B chain,

[0026] X3 is one of Pro, Asp, Lys, or Ile at position 28 of the B chain, and

[0027] Y is Lys or Arg.

[0028] In one embodiment, X1 is 1-15, 1-10, 1-8, 1-5 or 1-3 amino acid residues in length.

[0029] In a further aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs comprising a sequence of formula:

B(1-27)—X3—X2—X1—Y—A(1-21),

[0030] wherein X1 comprises at least one Gly,

[0031] X2 is one of Pro, Lys, Ala, Arg or Pro—Thr at position 29 of the B chain,

[0032] X3 is one of Pro, Asp, Lys, or Ile at position 28 of the B chain, and

[0033] Y is Lys or Arg,

[0034] and wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the Al (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

[0035] In this embodiment X1 is typically 1-15, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-5, 1-4 or 1-3 amino acid residues in length.

[0036] In the above formula X1 will typically contain 1-5 Gly, preferably 1-3 and more preferred only one Gly molecule.

[0037] The amino acid residues in X1 can be any codable amino acid residue and may be the same or different with the only proviso that at least one amino acid residue in X1 is Gly.

[0038] In one embodiment, X3 is Asp and X2 is Lys. This embodiment encompasses the insulin precursor analogs containing an Asp in position B28 of the B chain (termed hereinafter “AspB28IP”). In another embodiment X2 is Lys and X3 is Pro. In a further embodiment the sequence X1—Y is selected from the group of: (a) Glu—Glu—Gly—Lys (SEQ ID NO:1, (b) Glu—Gly—Lys, (c) Ser—Gly—Lys, (d) Asn—Gly—Lys, (e) Thr—Gly—Lys, (f) Asp—Gly—Lys, (g) Met—Gly—Lys, (h) Ala—Gly—Lys, (i) His—Gly—Lys and (j) Gly—Lys.

[0039] In still further specific embodiments, X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues; X3 is Lys and X2 is Pro. In a further embodiment, X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues, X3 is Asp and X2 is Lys. In another embodiment X2 is Pro, X3 is Lys and X1 is 1-2 amino acid residues of which one is Trp or Phe.

[0040] In another embodiment X3 is Lys, X2 is Pro—Thr and X1 consists of up to 15 amino acid residues of which one is Gly. In this embodiment X1 will contain a cleavage site at the C-terminal end, e.g. a mono basic or dibasic (Lys, Arg) cleavage site.

[0041] In a specific embodiment, the mini C-peptide comprises the sequence Glu—Gly—Lys, Asn—Gly—Lys, or Asp—Gly—Lys.

[0042] In a still further aspect, the present invention is related to insulin precursors comprising a sequence of formula:

B(1-29)—X1—Y—A(1-21),

[0043] wherein X1 is up to 5 amino acid residues in length and Y is a cleavage site.

[0044] X1 may be in a further embodiment be of 1-4, 1-3 or 1-2 amino acid residues in length. In another embodiment Y is Lys or Arg. In a further embodiment X1 is GluGly; GluGluGly; SerGly; AsnGly, ThrGly, AspGly; MetGly; AlaGly or HisGly. Thus the sequence X1-Y can be (a) Glu—Glu—Gly—Lys(SEQ ID NO:1, (b) Glu—Gly—Lys, (c) Ser—Gly—Lys, (d) Asn—Gly—Lys, (e) Thr-Gly—Lys, (f) Asp—Gly—Lys, (g) Met—Gly—Lys, (h) Ala—Gly—Lys, or (i) His—Gly—Lys.

[0045] The present invention is also related to polynucleotide sequences which code for the claimed insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs. In a further aspect the present invention is related to vectors containing such polynucleotide sequences and to host cells containing such polynucleotide sequences or vectors.

[0046] In another aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs in a host cell, said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs of the invention under suitable conditions for expression of said precursor or precursor analog; and (ii) isolating the precursor or precursor analog from the culture medium.

[0047] In still a further aspect, the invention relates to a process for producing insulin or insulin analogs in a host cell, said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention; (ii) isolating the precursor or precursor analog from the culture medium and (iii) converting the precursor or precursor analog into insulin or an insulin analog by in vitro enzymatic conversion.

[0048] In one embodiment of the present invention the host cell is a yeast host cell and in a further embodiment the yeast host cell is selected from to the genus Saccharomyces. In a further embodiment the yeast host cell is selected from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

[0049] In a related aspect, the invention features a mini C-peptide in an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog wherein the amino acid residues of the C-peptide exhibit sufficient flexibility to allow several geometric arrangements of the C-peptide to accommodate an atomic distance between B27 CG2 and Al CA less than 5 Å.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] FIG. 1 represents the pAK721 S. cerevisiae expression plasmid expressing the LA19 leader-EEAEAEAEPK(SEQ ID NO:2)-IP(AlaAlaLys) fusion protein.

[0051] FIG. 2 is the DNA sequence and inferred amino acid sequence of the encoded fusion protein (α-factor-leader-EEAEAEAPK(SEQ ID NO:3)-ASPB28IP portion of pAK1150 used as PCR template (SEQ ID NO:4 and 5).

[0052] FIG. 3 is the DNA sequence encoding a leader-AspB28IP fusion protein with a synthetic mini C-peptide (DGK or AspGlyLys) generated by randomized optimization (SEQ ID NO:6 and 7). The mini C-peptide (DGK) is indicated by underlining.

[0053] FIG. 4 shows the solution structures of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) as backbone lines of ensemble of 20 converged structures.

[0054] FIG. 5 shows a ribbon presentation of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys). The figure is produced using MOLSCRIPT (Kraulis (1991) J. Appl. Crystallog. 24:946-950). Amino acid residue annotation is derived as follows: B1-B29 (B chain) are numbered 1-29, residues C1-C3 (C chain) are numbered 30-32, and residues A1-A21 (A chain) are numbered 33-53.

[0055] FIG. 6 is the ID proton NMR spectrum for AspB28IP(Asp Gly Lys) recorded at 27° C. at 1.0 mM concentration in 10%/90% D2O/H2O with 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0.

[0056] FIG. 7 is DNA and inferred amino acid sequence of the expression cassette expressing the YAP3-TA39-GluGluGlyGluProLys(SEQ ID NO:8)-AspB28IP fusion protein with a synthetic mini C-peptide (DGK or AspGlyLys) (SEQ ID NO:9 and 10).

[0057] FIG. 8 is DNA and inferred amino acids sequences of the expression cassette expressing the YAP3-TA57-GluGluGlyGluProLys(SEQ ID NO:8)-AspB28IP fusion protein with a synthetic mini C-peptide (DGK or AspGlyLys) (SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12).

[0058] FIG. 9 represents the pAK855 S. cerevisiae expression plasmid expressing the TA57 leader-GluGluGlyGluProLys SEQ ID NO:8)-B(1-29)-AlaAlaLys-A(1-21) precursor and

[0059] FIG. 10. represents the nucleotide sequence of the expression cassette of the pAK855 yeast expression plasmid and the inferred amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17 and 18).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Abbreviations and Nomenclature

[0060] By “connecting peptide” or “C-peptide” is meant the connection moiety “C” of the B-C-A polypeptide sequence of a single chain preproinsulin-like molecule. Specifically, in the natural insulin chain, the C-peptide connects position 30 of the B chain and position 1 of the A chain. A “mini C-peptide” or “connecting peptide” such as those described herein, connect B29 or B30 to A1, and differ in sequence and length from that of the natural C-peptide.

[0061] By “IP” is meant a single-chain insulin precursor in which a desB30 chain is linked to the A chain of insulin via a connecting peptide. The single-chain insulin precursor will contain correctly positioned disulphide bridges (three) as in human insulin.

[0062] With “desB30” or “B(1-29)” is meant a natural insulin B chain lacking the B30 amino acid residue, “A(1-21)” means the natural insulin A chain, “B(1-27)” means the natural B chain lacking the B28, B29, and B30 amino acid residues; “AspB28IP” means a single-chain insulin precursor with aspartic acid at position 28 of the B-chain and no C-peptide (B29 is linked to A1). The mini C-peptide and its amino acid sequence is indicated in the three letter amino acid code in parenthesis following the IP; Thus “AspB28IP(MetTrpLys)” means a single-chain insulin precursor with aspartic acid at position 28 of the B-chain and a mini C-peptide with the sequence Met-Trp-Lys connecting B29 to A1.

[0063] By “insulin precursor” is meant a single-chain polypeptide which by one or more subsequent chemical and/or enzymatic processes can be converted into human insulin.

[0064] By “insulin precursor analog” is meant an insulin precursor molecule having one or more mutations, substitutions, deletions and or additions of the A and/or B amino acid chains relative to the human insulin molecule. The insulin analogs are preferably such wherein one or more of the naturally occurring amino acid residues, preferably one, two, or three of them, have been substituted by another codable amino acid residue. In one embodiment, the instant invention comprises analog molecules having position 28 of the B chain altered relative to the natural human insulin molecule. In this embodiment, position 28 is modified from the natural Pro residue to one of Asp, Lys, or Ile. In a preferred embodiment, the natural Pro residue at position B28 is modified to an Asp residue. In another embodiment Lys at position B29 is modified to Pro; Also, Asn at position A21 may be modified to Ala, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Met, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr or Val, in particular to Gly, Ala, Ser, or Thr and preferably to Gly. Furthermore, Asn at position B3 may be modified to Lys. Further examples of insulin precursor analogs are des(B30) human insulin, insulin analogs wherein PheB1 has been deleted; insulin analogs wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have an N-terminal extension and insulin analogs wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have a C-terminal extension. Thus one or two Arg may be added to position B1.

[0065] The term “immediately N-terminal to” is meant to illustrate the situation where an amino acid residue or a peptide sequence is directly linked at its C-terminal end to the N-terminal end of another amino acid residue or amino acid sequence by means of a peptide bond.

[0066] In the present context, the term “functional analog of insulin” and the like, is meant to indicate a polypeptide with a similar biological action as the native human insulin protein.

[0067] By a distance shorter than 5 Å between two amino acid residues is meant the shortest interatomic distance less than 5 Å between any atom in the first amino acid and any atom in the second amino acid. Atomic distances are measured from three-dimensional structures of the molecule determined either by NMR (Wüthrich, K., 1986, NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Wiley, N.Y.) or by X-ray crystallography (Drenth, J., 1994, Principles of Protein X-ray crystallography, Springer Verlag Berlin). A distance from one amino acid to another is measured as the shortest inter-atomic distance between any atom in the first amino acid and any atom in the second amino acid if not stated differently.

[0068] The present invention features novel mini C-peptides connecting position 29 of the insulin B chain and position 1 of the insulin A chain which significantly increased production yields in a yeast host cell. By the term “significantly increased production,” “increased fermentation yield,” and the like, is meant an increase in secreted amount of the insulin precursor molecule or insulin precursor analog molecule present in the culture supernatant compared to the yield of an insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog with no aromatic amino acid residue in the mini C peptide. An “increased” fermentation yield is an absolute number larger than the control; preferably, the increase is 50% or more larger than the control (AspB28IP) level; even more preferably, the increase is 100% or more larger than control levels.

[0069] “POT” is the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene, and “TP11” is the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase gene.

[0070] By a “leader” is meant an amino acid sequence consisting of a pre-peptide (the signal peptide) and a pro-peptide.

[0071] The term “signal peptide” is understood to mean a pre-peptide which is present as an N-terminal sequence on the precursor form of a protein. The function of the signal peptide is to allow the heterologous protein to facilitate translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide is normally cleaved off in the course of this process. The signal peptide may be heterologous or homologous to the yeast organism producing the protein. A number of signal peptides which may be used with the DNA construct of the invention including yeast aspartic protease 3 (YAP3) signal peptide or any functional analog (Egel-Mitani et al. (1990) YEAST 6:127-137 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,038) and the α-factor signal of the MFα1 gene (Thorner (1981) in The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Strathern et al., eds., pp 143-180, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY and U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,00.

[0072] The term “pro-peptide” means a polypeptide sequence whose function is to allow the expressed polypeptide to be directed from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and further to a secretory vesicle for secretion into the culture medium (i.e. exportation of the polypeptide across the cell wall or at least through the cellular membrane into the periplasmic space of the yeast cell). The pro-peptide may be the yeast a-factor pro-peptide, vide U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,546,082 and 4,870,008. Alternatively, the pro-peptide may be a synthetic pro-peptide, which is to say a pro-peptide not found in nature. Suitable synthetic pro-peptides are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,395,922; 5,795,746; 5,162,498 and WO 98/32867. The pro-peptide will preferably contain an endopeptidase processing site at the C-terminal end, such as a Lys—Arg sequence or any functional analog thereof.

[0073] The polynucleotide sequence of the invention may be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g. the phosphoamidite method described by Beaucage et al. (1981) Tetrahedron Letters 22:1859-1869, or the method described by Matthes et al. (1984) EMBO Journal 3:801-805. According to the phosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, for example, in an automatic DNA synthesizer, purified, duplexed and ligated to form the synthetic DNA construct. A currently preferred way of preparing the DNA construct is by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

[0074] The polynucleotide sequence of the invention may also be of mixed genomic, cDNA, and synthetic origin. For example, a genomic or cDNA sequence encoding a leader peptide may be joined to a genomic or cDNA sequence encoding the A and B chains, after which the DNA sequence may be modified at a site by inserting synthetic oligonucleotides encoding the desired amino acid sequence for homologous recombination in accordance with well-known procedures or preferably generating the desired sequence by PCR using suitable oligonucleotides.

[0075] The invention encompasses a vector which is capable of replicating in the selected microorganism or cell line and which carries a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursors or insulin precursor analogs of the invention. The recombinant vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector which exists as an extra-chromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extra-chromosomal element, a mini-chromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon may be used. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids and will preferably contain an element(s) that permits stable integration of the vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome.

[0076] In a preferred embodiment, the recombinant expression vector is capable of replicating in yeast organisms. Examples of sequences which enable the vector to replicate in yeast are the yeast plasmid 2 μm replication genes REP 1-3 and origin of replication.

[0077] The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more selectable markers which permit easy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers which confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline resistance. Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase) and trpC (anthranilate synthase. Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3, LEU2, LYS2, MET3, TRP1, and URA3. A preferred selectable marker for yeast is the Schizosaccharomyces pompe TPI gene (Russell (1985) Gene 40:125-130).

[0078] In the vector, the polynucleotide sequence is operably connected to a suitable promoter sequence. The promoter may be any nucleic acid sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.

[0079] Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription in a bacterial host cell, are the promoters obtained from the E. coli lac operon, Streptomyces coelicolor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (sacB), Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL), Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene (amyM), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ), and Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP). Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, and Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase. In a yeast host, useful promoters are the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ma1, TPI, ADH or PGK promoters.

[0080] The polynucleotide construct of the invention will also typically be operably connected to a suitable terminator. In yeast a suitable terminator is the TPI terminator (Alber et al. (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:419-434).

[0081] The procedures used to ligate the polynucleotide sequence of the invention, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable yeast vectors containing the information necessary for yeast replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art. It will be understood that the vector may be constructed either by first preparing a DNA construct containing the entire DNA sequence of the invention, and subsequently inserting this fragment into a suitable expression vector, or by sequentially inserting DNA fragments containing genetic information for the individual elements (such as the signal, pro-peptide, mini C-peptide, A and B chains) followed by ligation.

[0082] The present invention also relates to recombinant host cells, comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursors or the insulin precursor analogs of the invention. A vector comprising such polynucleotide sequence is introduced into the host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier. The term “host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the polypeptide and its source. The host cell may be a unicellular microorganism, e.g., a prokaryote, or a non-unicellular microorganism, e.g., a eukaryote. Useful unicellular cells are bacterial cells such as gram positive bacteria including, but not limited to, a Bacillus cell, Streptomyces cell, or gram negative bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. Eukaryote cells may be mammalian, insect, plant, or fungal cells. In a preferred embodiment, the host cell is a yeast cell The yeast organism used in the process of the invention may be any suitable yeast organism which, on cultivation, produces large amounts of the insulin precursor and insulin precursor analogs of the invention. Examples of suitable yeast organisms are strains selected from the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sacchoromyces uvarum, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Pichia kluyveri, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida sp., Candida utilis, Candida cacaoi, Geotrichum sp., and Geotrichum fermentans.

[0083] The transformation of the yeast cells may for instance be effected by protoplast formation followed by transformation in a manner known per se. The medium used to cultivate the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing yeast organisms. The secreted insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention, a significant proportion of which will be present in the medium in correctly processed form, may be recovered from the medium by conventional procedures including separating the yeast cells from the medium by centrifugation, filtration or catching the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog by an ion exchange matrix or by a reverse phase absorption matrix, precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulphate, followed by purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g. ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.

[0084] The insulin precursors and insulin precursor analogs of the invention may be expressed with an N-terminal amino acid residue extension, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,922, and European Patent No. 765,395A, both of which patents are herein specifically incorporated by reference. The extension is found to be stably attached to the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention during fermentation, protecting the N-terminal end of the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog against the proteolytic activity of yeast proteases such as DPAP. The presence of an N-terminal extension on the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog may also serve as a protection of the N-terminal amino group during chemical processing of the protein, i.e. it may serve as a substitute for a BOC (t-butyl-oxycarbonyl) or similar protecting group.

[0085] The N-terminal extension may be removed from the recovered insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog by means of a proteolytic enzyme which is specific for a basic amino acid (e.g., Lys) so that the terminal extension is cleaved off at the Lys residue. Examples of such proteolytic enzymes are trypsin or Achromobacter lyticus protease.

[0086] After secretion to the culture medium and recovery, the insulin precursor or insulin precursor analogs of the invention will be subjected to various in vitro procedures to remove the possible N-terminal extension sequence and the mini C-peptide to give insulin or the desired insulin analog. Such methods include enzymatic conversion by means of trypsin or an Achromobacter lyticus protease in the presence of an L-threonine ester followed by conversion of the threonine ester of the insulin or insulin analog into insulin or the insulin analog by basic or acid hydrolysis as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,898 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,212 or Research Disclosure, September 1994/487 the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference hereinto. Cleavage of the connecting peptide from the B chain is preferentially enabled by cleavage at the natural LysB29 amino acid residue in the B chain giving rise to a desB30 insulin precursor or desB30 insulin precursor analogue. If the insulin precursor is to be converted into human insulin, the B30 Thr amino acid residue (Thr) can be added by in vitro, enzymatic procedures such methods include enzymatic conversion by means of trypsin or an Achromobacter lyticus protease (see above). The desB30 insulin may also be converted into an acylated insulin as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,497 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,140 the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference hereinto.

[0087] As described below, IPs with synthetic C-peptides were constructed featuring a Gly residue (Examples 1 and 3). A Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression plasmid containing a DNA sequences of formula I was constructed by PCR and used to transform a S. cerevisiae host cell. The amount of insulin analog produced was measured as a percentage of the control level AspB28IP lacking mini C-peptide (Table 1 and 5). The novel C-peptides of the invention containing a Gly in the sequence X1 of the mini C-peptide increased yields by up to 4-fold levels. In Example 4 production of human insulin precursors with a Gly in the C-peptide is described. The increase in yield is up to 2-fold (Table 6).

[0088] As described below in Example 2 for AspB28IP(Asp Gly Lys), the mini C-peptides of the invention result in a region of flexibility between B27 and A1 which all allow a proximity of A1 to B27 measured as the atomic distance between A1 (atom CA) and B27 (atom CG2) (e.g., less than 5 Å). Accordingly, the invention encompasses mini C-peptide constructs which induce the structural effects shown in Example 2 below.

[0089] The present invention is described in further detail in the following examples which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. The attached Figures are meant to be considered as integral parts of the specification and description of the invention. All references cited are herein specifically incorporated by reference for all that is described therein.

EXAMPLES

General Procedures

[0090] All expressions plasmids are of the C-POT type, similar to those described in EP 171 142, which are characterized by containing the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene (POT) for the purpose of plasmid selection and stabilization in S. cerevisiae. The plasmids furthermore contain the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase promoter and terminator. These sequences are similar to the corresponding sequences in plasmid pKFN1003 (described in WO 90/100075) as are all sequences except the sequence of the EcoRI-XbaI fragment encoding the fusion of the leader and insulin precursor. In order to express different fusion proteins, the EcoRI-XbaI fragment of pKFN1003 is simply replaced by an EcoRI-XbaI fragment encoding the leader insulin precursor or leader insulin precursor analog of interest. Such EcoRI-XbaI fragments may be synthesized using synthetic oligonucleotides and PCR according to standard techniques.

[0091] Yeast transformants were prepared by transformation of the host strain: S. cerevisiae strain MT663 (MATα/MATα pep4-3/pep4-3 HIS4/his4 tpi..LEU2/tpi::LEU2 Cir+). The yeast strain MT663 was deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen in connection with filing WO 92/11378 and was given the deposit number DSM 6278.

[0092] MT663 was grown on YPGaL (1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto peptone, 2% galactose, 1% lactate) to an O.D. at 600 nm of 0.6. 100 ml of culture was harvested by centrifugation, washed with 10 ml of water, recentrifuged and resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2 M sorbitol, 25 mM Na2EDTA pH=8.0 and 6.7 mg/ml dithiotreitol. The suspension was incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes, centrifuged and the cells resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2 M sorbitol, 10 mM Na2EDTA, 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 0 5.8, and 2 mg Novozym®234. The suspension was incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes, the cells collected by centrifugation, washed in 10 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol and 10 ml of CAS (1.2 M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCI (Tris=Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) pH=7.5) and resuspended in 2 ml of CAS. For transformation, 1 ml of CAS-suspended cells was mixed with approx. 0.1 mg of plasmid DNA and left at room temperature for 15 minutes. 1 ml of (20% polyethylene glycol 4000, 10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCI, pH=7.5) was added and the mixture left for a further 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.1 ml of SOS (1.2 M sorbitol, 33% v/v YPD, 6.7 mM CaCl2) and incubated at 30° C. for 2 hours. The suspension was then centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol. Then, 6 ml of top agar (the SC medium of Sherman et al. (1982) Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) containing 1.2 M sorbitol plus 2.5% agar) at 52° C. was added and the suspension poured on top of plates containing the same agar-solidified, sorbitol containing medium.

[0093] S. cerevisiae stain MT663 transformed with expression plasmids were grown in YPD for 72 h at 30° C. Quantitation of the insulin-precursor yield in the culture supernatants was performed by reverse-phase HPLC analysis with human insulin as an external standard (Snel & Damgaard (1988) Proinsulin heterogenity in pigs. Horm. Metabol. Res. 20:476-488).

Example 1

[0094] Construction of Insulin Analog Precursors Comprising Synthetic C-peptides With a Glycine Residue

[0095] Synthetic genes encoding fusion proteins consisting of AspB28IP associated with a leader sequence consisting of a pre-peptide (signal peptide) and a pro-peptide, were constructed using PCR under standard conditions (Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) and E.H.F. polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Sandhoefer Strasse 116, Mannheim, Germany). The resulting DNA fragments were isolated and digested with endonucleases and purified using the Gene Clean kit (Bio101 Inc., La Jolla, Calif., USA). Standard methods were used for DNA ligation and transformation of E. coli cells were performed by the CaCl2 method (Sambrook et al. (1989) supra). Plasmids were purified from transformed E. coli cells using QIAGEN columns (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Nucleotide sequences were determined using the ALF Pharmacia Biotech DNA sequencing system with purified double-stranded plasmid DNA as template. Oligonucleotide primers for PCR were obtained from DNA technology (Århus, Denmark).

[0096] Secretory expression of the AspB28IP in S. cerevisiae was performed using S. cerevisiae strain MT663 and the 2 μm based yeast expression vector CPOT (see FIG. 1) as described in Thim, L. et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:6766-6770. The yeast expression vector contains the Schizosaccharomyces pombe triose phosphate isomerase gene (POT) for plasmid selection and stabilization in S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, the S. cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase gene (TPI1) promoter and terminator are used for transcription initiation and termination of the recombinant gene encoding the leader-AspB28IP fusion protein. Secretion of the AspB28IP was facilitated by the α-factor leader, although a variety of known yeast leader sequences may be used.

[0097] As shown in FIG. 1, the pAK721 S. cerevisiae expression plasmid expressing the LA19 leader-EEAEAEAEPK(SEQ ID NO:2)-IP fusion protein was constructed based on the S. cerevisiae-E. coli shuttle POT plasmid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,957). L-IP indicates the fusion protein expression cassette encoding the leader-IP fusion protein, TPI-PROMOTER is the S. cerevisiae TPI1 promoter and TPI-TERMINATOR is the S. cerevisiae TPI1 terminator; TPI-POMBE indicates the S. pombe POT gene used for selection in S. cerevisiae; ORIGIN indicates a S. cerevisiae origin of replication derived from the 2 μm plasmid; AMP-R indicates the β-lactamase gene conferring resistance toward ampicillin, facilitating selection in E. coli and ORIGIN-PBR322 indicates an E. coli origin of replication.

[0098] DNA encoding a number of fusion proteins of leader sequences and AspB28IP with different mini-C-peptides was generated by PCR using appropriate oligonucleotides as primers, as described below. Standard methods were used to subclone DNA fragments encoding the leader-AspB28IP fusion proteins into the CPOT expression vector in the following configuration: leader-Lys—Arg-spacer-AspB28IP, where Lys Arg is a potential dibasic endoprotease processing site. To optimize processing of the fusion protein by the S. cerevisiae Kex2 endoprotease, DNA encoding a spacer peptide, e.g. EEAEAEAPK (SEQ ID NO:3), was inserted between the DNA encoding the leader and the AspB28IP (Kjeldsen et al. (1996) Gene 170, 107-112.). However, the present of the spacer peptide is not mandatory. The mature AspB28IP was secreted as a single-chain N-terminally extended insulin precursor analogue with a synthetic mini C-peptide connecting LysB29 and GlyA1. After purification of the AspB28 IP and proteolytic removal of the N-terminal extension and the synthetic mini C-peptide, a threonine amino acid residue (ThrB30) may be added to LysB29 by enzyme-mediated transpeptidation, to generate AspB28 human insulin (Markussen, et al. (1987) in “Peptides 1986” (Theodoropoulos, D., Ed.), pp. 189-194, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.).

[0099] Development of synthetic mini C-peptides was performed by randomization of one or more codon(s) encoding the amino acids in the mini C-peptide. All synthetic mini C-peptides feature an enzymatic processing site (Lys) at the C-terminus which allows enzymatic removal of the synthetic mini C-peptide (U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,212, herein specifically incorporated by reference). Randomization was performed using doped oligonucleotides which introduced codon(s) variations at one or more positions of the synthetic mini C-peptides. Typically one of the two primers (oligonucleotides) used for PCR was doped. An example of an oligonucleotides pair used for PCR generation of leader-AspB28IP with randomized synthetic mini C-peptides used to generated synthetic mini C-peptides with the general formula: Xaa—Gly—Lys (XGK) are as follows:

Primer A:	5′TAAATCTATAACTACAAAAAACACATA-3′	(SEQ ID NO: 13) and
Primer B:	3′-CCAAAGAAGATGTGACTGTTCNNMCCCTTCCCATAGCAACTTGTTAC-	(SEQ ID NO: 14)
	AACATGAAGATAGACAAGAAACATGGTTAACCTTTTGATGACATTGATCAGATCTTT-
	GATTC 5′, where N is A, C, G, or T and M is C or A.

[0100] PCR was typically performed as indicated below: 5 μl Primer A (20 pmol), 5 μl Primer B (20 pmol), 10 μl 10× PCR buffer, 8 μl dNTP mix, 0.75 μl E.H.F. enzyme, 1 μl pAK1150 plasmid as template (approximately 0.2 μg DNA) (SEQ ID NO:3), and 70.25 μl distilled water.

[0101] Typically between 10 and 15 cycles were performed, one cycle typically was 94° C. for 45 sec.; 55° C. for 1 min; 72° C. for 1.5 min. The PCR mixture was subsequently loaded onto an 2% agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed using standard techniques. The resulting DNA fragment was cut out of the agarose gel and isolated by the Gene Clean kit.

[0102] FIG. 2 shows the sequence of pAK1150 DNA used as template for PCR and inferred amino acids of the encoded fusion protein (α-factor-leader-EEAEAEAPK(SEQ ID NO:3)-AspB28IP of pAK1150 (SEQ ID NO:4 and 5). The pAK1150 plasmid is similar to pAK721 shown in FIG. 1. The α-factor-leader's C-terminus was modified to introduce a Nco I restriction endonuclease site, which changes the inferred amino acid sequences linked to LysArg from SerLeuAsp to SerMetAla. Moreover, the encoded AspB28IP does not feature a mini C-peptide but LysB29 is directly connected to GlyA1.

[0103] The purified PCR DNA fragment was dissolved in water and restriction endonucleases buffer and digested with suitable restriction endonucleases (e.g. Bgl II and Xba I) according to standard techniques.

[0104] The BglII-XbaI DNA fragments were subjected to agarose electrophoresis and purified using The Gene Clean Kit.

[0105] The expression plasmid pAK1150 or a similar plasmid of the CPOT type (see FIG. 1) was digested with the restriction endonucleases Bgl II and Xba I and the vector fragment of 10765 nucleotide basepairs isolated using The Gene Clean Kit.

[0106] The two digested and isolated DNA fragments (the vector fragment and the PCR fragment) were ligated together using T4 DNA ligase and standard conditions. The ligation mix was subsequently transformed into a competent E. coli strain (R−, M+) followed by selection with ampicillin resistance. Plasmids from the resulting E. coli's were isolated using QIAGEN columns.

[0107] The plasmids were subsequently used for transformation of a suitable S. cerevisiae strain MT663 (MATα/MATα pep4-3/pep4-3 HIS4/his4 tpi::LEU2/tpi::LEU2 Cir+). Individual transformed S. cerevisiae clones were grown in liquid culture, and the quantity of ASPB28IP secreted to the culture supernatants were determined by RP-HPLC. The DNA sequence encoding the synthetic mini C-peptide of the expression plasmids from S. cerevisiae clones secreting increased quantity of the AspB28IP were then determined. Subsequently, the identified synthetic mini C-peptide sequence might be subjected to another round of randomization optimization.

[0108] An example on a DNA sequence encoding a leader-AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) fusion protein featuring a synthetic mini C-peptide (AspGlyLys) resulting from the randomized optimization process described are shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:6 and 7).

[0109] Table 1 shows the insulin analogue precursors generated by the above method and production yield expressed as a percent of the control. Fermentation was at 30° C. for 72 h in 5 ml YPD. Yield of the insulin precursor analogs was determined by RP-HPLC of the culture supernatant, and is expressed relative to the yield of insulin precursor of a control strain. In the table, “α*” indicates an α-factor leader in which the C-terminus up to the LysArg has been modified from SLD (SerLeuAsp) to SMA (SerMetAla) and “ex4” is an N-terminal extension peptide with the amino acid sequence EEAEAEAPK (SEQ ID NO:3).

TABLE 1
Leader-N-
terminal
extension	Precursor	C-peptide	Yield*	SEQ ID
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	—	100
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluGluGlyLys	245	SEQ ID NO:1
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluGlyLys	350
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	SerGlyLys	294
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	AsnGlyLys	341
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	ThrGlyLys	258
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	AspGlyLys	428
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	MetGlyLys	225
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	AlaGlyLys	243
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	HisGlyLys	225
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	TyrGlyLys	214

Example 2

[0110] Structure Determination of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) in Aqueous Solution by NMR Spectroscopy

[0111] NMR spectroscopy. Samples for NMR were prepared by dissolving the lyophilized protein powder in 10/90 D2O/H2O with a 10 mM phosphate buffer and adjusting the pH as desired by addition of small volumes of 1 M DCI or NaOD. All pH meter readings are without correction for isotope effects. Samples of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) for NMR were prepared at concentrations ranging from 25 μM to 1 mM at pH 8.0. Two-dimensional 1H-1H NMR spectra of 1 mM samples, DQF-COSY (Piantini et al. (1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104:6800-6801, Rance et al. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 117:479-485), TOCSY (Braunschweiler et al. (1983) J. Magn. Reson. 53:521-528, Bax et al. (1985) J. Magn. Reson. 65:355-360) and NOESY (Jeener et al. (1979) J. Chem. Phys. 71:4546-4553) were recorded at 600 MHz on a Varian Unity Inova NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1H/13C/15N triple resonance probe with a self-shielded triple-axis gradient coil using standard pulse sequences from the Varian user library. The operating temperature was set to 27° C. For each phase sensitive two-dimensional NMR spectrum 512 t1 increments were acquired each with 2048 or 4096 real data points according to the TPPI-States method (Marion et al. (1989) J. Magn. Reson. 85:393-399). Spectral widths of 6983 Hz in both dimensions were used, with the carrier placed exactly on the water resonance which was attenuated by using either saturation between scans for 1.5 seconds or selective excitation by a gradient-tailored excitation pulse sequence (WATERGATE, Piotto et al. (1992) J. Biomol. NMR 2:661-665). DQFCOSY spectra were recorded using a gradient enhanced version applying magic-angle gradients (Mattiello et al. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:3253-3261). For TOCSY spectra mixing times between 30 and 80 ms were used and for NOESY mixing times between 50 and 200 ms.

[0112] The processing of the two-dimensional NMR spectra was performed using the software package Xwinnmr (version 2.5, NMR processing software from Bruker Analytische Messtechnik GmbH, D-76275 Ettlingen, Germany). Each dimension was processed with shifted sine-bell apodization and zero-filling performed once in each dimension. Baseline corrections were applied if necessary using Xwinnmr standard procedures. The spectral assignment, cross peak integration, sequence specific assignment, stereo specific assignment, and all other bookkeeping were performed using the program PRONTO (PRONTO Software Development and Distribution, Copenhagen Denmark) (Kjær et al. (1991) NATO ASI Series (Hoch, J. C., Redfield C., & Poulsen, F. M., Eds.) Plenum, New York). Chemical shifts are measured in ppm and the water resonance set to 4.75 ppm.

[0113] Structure calculations. Distance restraints for the subsequent structure calculation were obtained from integrated NOESY cross peaks classified as either weak, medium or strong corresponding to upper distance restraints of 5.5, 3.3, and 2.7 Å, respectively. For distance restraints involving methyl groups, an additional 0.5 Å was added to the upper limit (Wagner et al. (1985) J. Mol. Biol. 196:611-639). Structure calculations were performed using the hybrid method combining distance geometry (Crippen et al. (1988) Distance Geometry and Molecular Conformation, Research Studies Press, Taunton, Somerset, England; Kuszewski et al. (1992) J. Biomol NMR 2:33-56) and simulated annealing based on the ideas of Nilges et al. (1988) FEBS Lett. 229:317-324 using X-PLOR 3.0 (Brünger (1992) X-PLOR Version 3.1: A System for X-ray Crystallography and NMR, Yale University Press, New Haven) according to the examples given by the X-PLOR manual (dg_sub_embed.inp, dgsa.inp, refine.inp). Residue numbers are derived from standard insulin residue numbering, residues in the B-chain are numbered B1-29, residues in the C-peptide (e.g. AsplyLys) are numbered C1-C3 and residues in the A-chain are numbered A1-A21.

[0114] Spectral assignment of the NMR spectra followed for most resonances the standard sequential assignment procedure described by Wütthrich (1986 NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Wiley, N.Y.). The standard assignment procedure fails when the amid proton of a particular amino acid residue exchanges to rapidly with protons in the water. At pH 8.0 this occurs for several amino acid residues, however, comparison with earlier mutant insulin NMR spectral assignments and identification of neighboring (in space) amino acid residues through NOEs allow an almost total spectral assignment. Analysis of the NOESY spectra showed that several amino acid residues had a NOE network to the surrounding residues similar to what has previously been determined for other insulin molecules, i.e., human insulin HisB16 mutant (Ludvigsen et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33:7998-8006) and these similar connections are found for residues B1-B10, B13-B14, B17-B24 and A4-A21. Additionally the dihedral angle restraints for the above listed residues were adopted from those used previously (Ludvigsen et al. (1994) supra).

[0115] Several amino acids in particular B27-B29, C1-C3, A1-A3 have cross peaks patterns which are consistent with peptide chains that are less well ordered than commonly well-defined secondary structural elements. Thus additional NOEs were converted into distance restraints without any further classification than upper limits of 5.5 Å or 6.0 Å if a methyl group were included. An ensemble of 20 converged structures (FIG. 4) was calculated and the relevant parameters listed in Table 2 for the converged structures. Each NOE here identical to a distance restraint is only counted once even though it might occur several times in the NOESY spectrum. Ramachandran plot quality assessment is standard quality parameters to evaluate local geometry quality. In general the described quality parameters are comparable to 2.5 Å resolution of X-ray based protein structures (Laskowski et al. (1996) J. Biomol. NMR 8:477-486).

TABLE 2
Structural quality assessment    AspB28IP(AspGlyLys)
Number of NOEs
Total                            913
Intra                            454
short range                      297
(within 5 residue positions away
but not intra NOEs)
Long range                       162
(more than 5 residue positions away)
Violations of NOEs > 0.4 Å       0
(average for 20 structures)
RMS of NOE violations            0.020(±0.002)Å
RMS of dihedral angle restraints 0.32(±0.12)°
Deviations from ideal geometry
Impropers                        0.37(±0.05)°
Angles                           0.43(±0.03)°
Bonds                            0.0034(±0.0002)Å
Ramachandran Plot
(Procheck, Laskowski
et al, 1996)
Favoured regions                 76.1%
additional allowed regions       20.8%
generously allowed regions       2.2%
disallowed regions               1.0%

[0116] Description of the Calculated Structure

[0117] A representative structure resembling the average of the ensemble is displayed in FIG. 5. AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) is structurally similar to the native insulin structure for regions comprising residues B1-B10, B14-B23, A4-A21. The differences are mostly pronounced for regions in the vicinity of the connecting peptide in positions B26-B29, C1-C3, A1-A3 and less pronounced for residues B11-B13. The structure of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) near the C-peptide is strikingly different from the native like structure in solution (Ludvigsen (1994) supra) and AspB28IP(AlaAlaLys) structure in the crystal phase (Whittingham et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37:11516-11523). The connecting peptide of AspB28 IP(AspGlyLys) is poorly determined in terms of accuracy, but a few structural restraints obtained from the NOESY spectra (NOEs between ThrB27 and GlyC2 and between ThrB27 and GlyA1) clearly indicate important structural arrangements of the C-peptide. The relative intense NOEs between ThrB27 (methyl group HG2) and GlyC2 (atom HA) and between ThrB27 (methyl group HG2) and GlyA1 (atom HA) in a flexible region shows that these proton pairs are close in space (<5 Å). The tight arrangement of ThrB27, GlyC2 and GlyA1 defined as the atomic distance between B27 (CG2) and A1 (CA) is less than 5 Å, not seen previously in any single chain insulin molecule shows that the C-peptide accommodates this structural arrangement and in fact the C-peptide can do this in several ways which appears to be a prerequisite for the C-peptide. However, it is clear that the presence of Glycine in the connecting peptide allows more flexibility in the connecting peptide and subsequently less structural constraints are imposed on the neighboring amino acids in their quest to accommodate an optimal packing with the remainder of the insulin molecule. Secondly the arrangement of AspB28, LysB29, AspC1 and LysC3 charged side-chains creates a highly polar surface compared to other connecting peptides.

[0118] Under the conditions used for NMR both the spectra AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) are influenced by some degree of self-association but the exchange between monomer and dimer is on the timescale of NMR only observed here as an average between the two states. Below concentrations of 0.2 mM the degree of self-association does not change as seen by NMR at even lower concentrations (at least until 25 μM). Table 3 provides the NMR spectral assignments for AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) and Table 4 provides the atomic coordinates of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) in PDB format. The structure selected to represent the ensemble (FIG. 5 and Table 4 atomic coordinates) has 84.8% residues in “favored” regions and 15.2% in “additionally allowed” regions of the ramachandran plot as described in Table 2.

[0119] Table 3 shows chemical shifts of AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) at 27° Celcius obtained at 600 MHz, pH 8 in 10%/90% D2O/H2O with 10 mM phosphate buffer. Chemical shifts are referenced by setting the residual water signal to 4.75 ppm. N/A means no assignment. AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) assignments (1-29=B1-B29; 30-32=C1-C3 and 33-53=A1-A21):

TABLE 3
Spin
system	HN	HA	Other
Phe-1		4 52	HB#a. N/A, HB#b 2 992, HD# 7 087,
			HE# 7 203, HZ 7 145
Val-2	7.70	3 99	HB 1 912, HG#a 0 797, HG#b N/A
Asn-3		4 50	HB#a 2.989, HB#b 2 321, HD2#a 7 372,
			HD2#b 6 920
Glu-4		4 38	HB#a 1.999, HB#b 2 103
His-5		4 31	HB#a 3 314, HB#b 2 978, HD2 6.798,
			HE1 7.595
Leu-6		4.44	HB#a 1 648, HB#b N/A, HG 1 503,
			HD#a 0 755, HD#b 0 662
Cys-7	8 28	4 87	HB#a; 2.925, HB#b 3 143
Gly-8		3 94, 3 76
Ser-9		4.05	HB# 3 812
His-10	8 55	4 38	HB#a 3.124, HB#b 3 282, HD2. 7 081,
			HEI 7.708
Leu-11	6 93	3 85	HB#a 1 749, HB#b, 1 175, HG 1 222,
			HD#a 0 602, HD#b 0 722
Val-12	7.02	3 17	HB 2 031, HG#a 0 970, HG#b N/A
Glu-13	7 84	3 97	HB#a 2 025, HG#a 2 222, HG#b 2 383
Ala-14	7 55	3 94	HB#: 1 253
Leu-15	7 91	3 59	HB#a 0.905, HB#b: 0.067, HG 1 075,
			HD#a 0 377, HD#b −0 051
Tyr-16	8 10	4 30	HB#a 3 064, HD# 7.193, HE# 6 771
Leu-17	7 66	4 02	HB#a, N/A, HB#b 1 844, HG 1 712,
			HD#a 0.892, HD#b 0 872
Val-18	8 27	3 68	HB 1 882, HG#a 0 945, HG#b 0 792
Cys-19	8 69	4 76	HB#a 2 759, HB#b 3.254
Gly-20	7 78	3 90, 3 76
Arg-22	8 03	4 08	HB#a 1.801, HB#b 1 845, HG#a 2 041,
			HG#b 2 088, HD#a 3 352, HD#b 3 280
Gly-23	7 23	4.07, 3 67
Phe-24	7.37	5 37	HB#a 2 857, HB#b 3.013, HD# 6.502,
			HE# 6.688, HZ: 6 944
Phe-25	8.51	4 87	HB#a 3 151, HB#b. 3 321, HD# 7.162,
			HE# 7 073
Tyr-26	8 17	4 69	HB#a 2.920, HB#b 3 168, HD# 7 029,
			HE# 6.662
Thr-27	7.80	5 06	HB. 3 965, HG2# 1 198
Asp-28	8 43	4 50	HB#a 2 764, HB#b. 2 660
Lys-29
Asp-30	8 06	4 76	HB#a 2 615, HB#b 2 821
Gly-31	8 15	4 14, 3 58
Lys-32
Gly-33		4 03, 4 87
Ile-34	8 16	3 78	HB N/A, HG1#a 0 730, HG1#b 0 885,
			HG2# 0 722, HD# 0 345
Val-35	8 08	3 54	HB 1 966, HB N/A, HG#a 0 862,
			HG#b 0 957
Glu-36	8 23	4 11	HB#a 2 094, HG#a: 2.249
Gln-37	7.79	4.09	HB#: N/A, HG# N/A
Cys-38	8 11	5 04	HB#a 3 273, HB#b 2 695
Cys-39	8 33	4 86	HB#a 3 732, HB#b 3 275
Thr-40		4 06	HB 4 402, HB2# 1 188
Ser-41	7.23	4 62	HB#a 3 732, HB#b 3 874
Ile-42	7 74	4 18	HB 1.488, HG1#a 1 038,
			HG2# 0 604, HD# 0.446
Cys-43	9.61	4 95	HB#a 3 125
Ser-44	8 52	4 58	HB#a. 4 084, HB#b 3 930
Leu-45		3 88	HB#a N/A, HB#b 1 452,
			HG 1 543, HD#a. 0 812, HD#b 0 750
Tyr-46	7 58	4 28	HB#a 2 956, HD# 7 074, HE# 6 806
Gln-47	7.43	3 95	HB#a, 2 287, HB#b. 1 983, HG#a, 2 382,
			HG#b 2 140
Leu-48	7.70	3 99	HB#a 1 905, HB#b 1 329, HG 1 658,
			HD#a 0.666, HD#b. 0 614
Glu-49	7 82	4 15	HB#a N/A, HB#b 1 946, HG#a 2.307,
			HG#b 2 171
Asn-50	7 27	4.44	HB#a 2 716, HB#b 2.592
Tyr-51	7 88	3 94	HB#a 3 534, HB#b 2.573, HD# 7.192,
			HE# 6 682
Cys-52	7 03	5 10	HB#a 2 711, HB#b 3 231
Asn-53	7 88	4.46	HB#a 2 475, HB#b 2 683, HD2#a 7 480,
			HD2#b 6 549

[0120]

TABLE 4
Atomic coordinates of Asp28IP(AspGlyLys) in PDB format
ATOM	1	CA	PHE	1	5.563	−10.343	1.925	1.00	0.00
ATOM	2	HA	PHE	1	5.191	−11.236	1.550	1.00	0.00
ATOM	3	CB	PHE	1	4.581	−9.224	1.558	1.00	0.00
ATOM	4	HB1	PHE	1	5.131	−8.325	1.323	1.00	0.00
ATOM	5	HB2	PHE	1	3.923	−9.037	2.393	1.00	0.00
ATOM	6	CG	PHE	1	3.765	−9.641	0.357	1.00	0.00
ATOM	7	CD1	PHE	1	3.789	−8.866	−0.809	1.00	0.00
ATOM	8	HD1	PHE	1	4.392	−7.970	−0.851	1.00	0.00
ATOM	9	CD2	PHE	1	2.985	−10.800	0.410	1.00	0.00
ATOM	10	HD2	PHE	1	2.968	−11.397	1.311	1.00	0.00
ATOM	11	CE1	PHE	1	3.033	−9.253	−1.921	1.00	0.00
ATOM	12	HE1	PHE	1	3.052	−8.657	−2.822	1.00	0.00
ATOM	13	CE2	PHE	1	2.229	−11.187	−0.701	1.00	0.00
ATOM	14	EE2	PHE	1	1.627	−12.083	−0.658	1.00	0.00
ATOM	15	CZ	PHE	1	2.252	−10.414	−1.867	1.00	0.00
ATOM	16	HZ	PHE	1	1.670	−10.713	−2.726	1.00	0.00
ATOM	17	C	PHE	1	6.925	−10.049	1.295	1.00	0.00
ATOM	18	O	PHE	1	7.945	−10.088	1.957	1.00	0.00
ATOM	19	N	PHE	1	5.702	−10.416	3.406	1.00	0.00
ATOM	20	HT1	PHE	1	6.005	−9.491	3.772	1.00	0.00
ATOM	21	HT2	PHE	1	6.412	−11.136	3.653	1.00	0.00
ATOM	22	HT3	PHE	1	4.787	−10.672	3.829	1.00	0.00
ATOM	23	N	VAL	2	6.943	−9.757	0.020	1.00	0.00
ATOM	24	HN	VAL	2	6.105	−9.735	−0.486	1.00	0.00
ATOM	25	CA	VAL	2	8.231	−9.458	−0.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	26	HA	VAL	2	9.024	−10.032	−0.210	1.00	0.00
ATOM	27	CB	VAL	2	8.122	−9.830	−2.148	1.00	0.00
ATOM	28	HB	VAL	2	7.420	−9.167	−2.633	1.00	0.00
ATOM	29	CG1	VAL	2	9.494	−9.691	−2.810	1.00	0.00
ATOM	30	HG11	VAL	2	9.807	−8.658	−2.773	1.00	0.00
ATOM	31	HG12	VAL	2	9.431	−10.012	−3.840	1.00	0.00
ATOM	32	HG13	VAL	2	10.211	−10.304	−2.285	1.00	0.00
ATOM	33	CG2	VAL	2	7.638	−11.275	−2.277	1.00	0.00
ATOM	34	HG21	VAL	2	6.763	−11.417	−1.660	1.00	0.00
ATOM	35	HG22	VAL	2	8.418	−11.948	−1.954	1.00	0.00
ATOM	36	HG23	VAL	2	7.389	−11.481	−3.308	1.00	0.00
ATOM	37	C	VAL	2	8.542	−7.967	−0.542	1.00	0.00
ATOM	38	O	VAL	2	7.869	−7.135	−1.120	1.00	0.00
ATOM	39	N	ASN	3	9.562	−7.624	0.206	1.00	0.00
ATOM	40	HN	ASN	3	10.089	−8.316	0.658	1.00	0.00
ATOM	41	CA	ASN	3	9.926	−6.186	0.370	1.00	0.00
ATOM	42	HA	ASN	3	9.083	−5.644	0.771	1.00	0.00
ATOM	43	CB	ASN	3	11.112	−6.067	1.329	1.00	0.00
ATOM	44	HB1	ASN	3	11.492	−5.057	1.310	1.00	0.00
ATOM	45	HB2	ASN	3	11.892	−6.752	1.025	1.00	0.00
ATOM	46	CG	ASN	3	10.654	−6.411	2.748	1.00	0.00
ATOM	47	OD1	ASN	3	9.911	−7.350	2.949	1.00	0.00
ATOM	48	ND2	ASN	3	11.070	−5.683	3.748	1.00	0.00
ATOM	49	HD21	ASN	3	11.669	−4.925	3.586	1.00	0.00
ATOM	50	HD22	ASN	3	10.781	−5.894	4.660	1.00	0.00
ATOM	51	C	ASN	3	10.308	−5.602	−0.991	1.00	0.00
ATOM	52	O	ASN	3	11.414	−5.782	−1.466	1.00	0.00
ATOM	53	N	GLN	4	9.395	−4.909	−1.623	1.00	0.00
ATOM	54	HN	GLN	4	8.512	−4.784	−1.217	1.00	0.00
ATOM	55	CA	GLN	4	9.688	−4.313	−2.957	1.00	0.00
ATOM	56	HA	GLN	4	10.705	−3.950	−2.973	1.00	0.00
ATOM	57	CB	GLN	4	9.509	−5.381	−4.038	1.00	0.00
ATOM	58	HB1	GLN	4	8.468	−5.655	−4.103	1.00	0.00
ATOM	59	HB2	GLN	4	10.096	−6.249	−3.779	1.00	0.00
ATOM	60	CG	GLN	4	9.977	−4.834	−5.389	1.00	0.00
ATOM	61	HG1	GLN	4	10.940	−4.358	−5.272	1.00	0.00
ATOM	62	HG2	GLN	4	9.260	−4.114	−5.754	1.00	0.00
ATOM	63	CD	GLN	4	10.101	−5.986	−6.387	1.00	0.00
ATOM	64	OE1	GLN	4	9.108	−6.515	−6.849	1.00	0.00
ATOM	65	NE2	GLN	4	11.285	−6.401	−6.744	1.00	0.00
ATOM	66	HE21	GLN	4	12.086	−5.975	−6.373	1.00	0.00
ATOM	67	HE22	GLN	4	11.374	−7.140	−7.381	1.00	0.00
ATOM	68	C	GLN	4	8.728	−3.150	−3.217	1.00	0.00
ATOM	69	O	GLN	4	7.710	−3.016	−2.564	1.00	0.00
ATOM	70	N	HIS	5	9.053	−2.304	−4.160	1.00	0.00
ATOM	71	HN	HIS	5	9.883	−2.434	−4.665	1.00	0.00
ATOM	72	CA	HIS	5	8.175	−1.136	−4.467	1.00	0.00
ATOM	73	HA	HIS	5	7.882	−0.660	−3.543	1.00	0.00
ATOM	74	CB	HIS	5	8.952	−0.133	−5.327	1.00	0.00
ATOM	75	HB1	HIS	5	8.355	0.752	−5.481	1.00	0.00
ATOM	76	HB2	HIS	5	9.190	−0.582	−6.281	1.00	0.00
ATOM	77	CG	HIS	5	10.221	0.235	−4.607	1.00	0.00
ATOM	78	ND1	HIS	5	10.323	1.365	−3.815	1.00	0.00
ATOM	79	HD1	HIS	5	9.636	2.051	−3.698	1.00	0.00
ATOM	80	CD2	HIS	5	11.431	−0.401	−4.505	1.00	0.00
ATOM	81	HD2	HIS	5	11.691	−1.314	−5.005	1.00	0.00
ATOM	82	CE1	HIS	5	11.553	1.366	−3.267	1.00	0.00
ATOM	83	HE1	HIS	5	11.906	2.105	−2.570	1.00	0.00
ATOM	84	NE2	HIS	5	12.270	0.312	−3.659	1.00	0.00
ATOM	85	C	HIS	5	6.922	−1.614	−5.206	1.00	0.00
ATOM	86	O	HIS	5	6.951	−2.590	−5.931	1.00	0.00
ATOM	87	N	LEU	6	5.819	−0.941	−5.005	1.00	0.00
ATOM	88	HN	LEU	6	5.824	−0.170	−4.403	1.00	0.00
ATOM	89	CA	LEU	6	4.546	−1.353	−5.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	90	HA	LEU	6	4.633	−2.370	−6.017	1.00	0.00
ATOM	91	CB	LEU	6	3.398	−1.259	−4.658	1.00	0.00
ATOM	92	HB1	LEU	6	2.510	−1.694	−5.086	1.00	0.00
ATOM	93	HB2	LEU	6	3.213	−0.219	−4.425	1.00	0.00
ATOM	94	CG	LEU	6	3.766	−2.012	−3.378	1.00	0.00
ATOM	95	HG	LEU	6	4.726	−1.669	−3.022	1.00	0.00
ATOM	96	CD1	LEU	6	2.702	−1.755	−2.306	1.00	0.00
ATOM	97	HD11	LEU	6	2.518	−2.664	−1.752	1.00	0.00
ATOM	98	HD12	LEU	6	1.786	−1.429	−2.775	1.00	0.00
ATOM	99	HD13	LEU	6	3.052	−0.989	−1.629	1.00	0.00
ATOM	100	CD2	LEU	6	3.837	−3.510	−3.681	1.00	0.00
ATOM	101	HD21	LEU	6	4.620	−3.694	−4.401	1.00	0.00
ATOM	102	HD22	LEU	6	2.891	−3.840	−4.083	1.00	0.00
ATOM	103	HD23	LEU	6	4.050	−4.052	−2.771	1.00	0.00
ATOM	104	C	LEU	6	4.239	−0.428	−6.848	1.00	0.00
ATOM	105	O	LEU	6	3.838	0.706	−6.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	106	N	CYS	7	4.408	−0.908	−8.052	1.00	0.00
ATOM	107	HN	CYS	7	4.721	−1.830	−8.171	1.00	0.00
ATOM	108	CA	CYS	7	4.113	−0.063	−9.246	1.00	0.00
ATOM	109	HA	CYS	7	3.509	0.781	−8.947	1.00	0.00
ATOM	110	HB1	CYS	7	5.206	1.052	−10.719	1.00	0.00
ATOM	111	HB2	CYS	7	6.026	−0.406	−10.157	1.00	0.00
ATOM	112	C	CYS	7	3.348	−0.893	−10.279	1.00	0.00
ATOM	113	O	CYS	7	3.726	−2.004	−10.597	1.00	0.00
ATOM	114	CB	CYS	7	5.422	0.438	−9.857	1.00	0.00
ATOM	115	SG	CYS	7	6.321	1.417	−8.626	1.00	0.00
ATOM	116	N	GLY	8	2.272	−0.359	−10.798	1.00	0.00
ATOM	117	HN	GLY	8	1.989	0.538	−10.520	1.00	0.00
ATOM	118	CA	GLY	8	1.470	−1.108	−11.809	1.00	0.00
ATOM	119	HA1	GLY	8	2.057	−1.925	−12.201	1.00	0.00
ATOM	120	HA2	GLY	8	1.195	−0.442	−12.616	1.00	0.00
ATOM	121	C	GLY	8	0.206	−1.665	−11.152	1.00	0.00
ATOM	122	O	GLY	8	−0.493	−0.968	−10.441	1.00	0.00
ATOM	123	N	SER	9	−0.091	−2.917	−11.390	1.00	0.00
ATOM	124	HN	SER	9	0.492	−3.453	−11.968	1.00	0.00
ATOM	125	CA	SER	9	−1.309	−3.534	−10.788	1.00	0.00
ATOM	126	CA	SER	9	−2.073	−2.781	−10.672	1.00	0.00
ATOM	127	CB	SER	9	−1.822	−4.640	−11.711	1.00	0.00
ATOM	128	HB1	SER	9	−1.181	−5.508	−11.621	1.00	0.00
ATOM	129	HB2	SER	9	−1.810	−4.293	−12.731	1.00	0.00
ATOM	130	OG	SER	9	−3.154	−4.977	−11.346	1.00	0.00
ATOM	131	HG	SER	9	−3.683	−5.002	−12.147	1.00	0.00
ATOM	132	C	SER	9	−0.972	−4.134	−9.415	1.00	0.00
ATOM	133	O	SER	9	−1.845	−4.340	−8.594	1.00	0.00
ATOM	134	N	HIS	10	0.284	−4.419	−9.164	1.00	0.00
ATOM	135	HN	HIS	10	0.969	−4.248	−9.841	1.00	0.00
ATOM	136	CA	HIS	10	0.877	−5.009	−7.849	1.00	0.00
ATOM	137	HA	HIS	10	0.159	−5.946	−7.710	1.00	0.00
ATOM	138	CB	HIS	10	2.188	−5.262	−7.841	1.00	0.00
ATOM	139	HB1	HIS	10	2.488	−5.607	−6.863	1.00	0.00
ATOM	140	HB2	HIS	10	2.705	−4.342	−8.070	1.00	0.00
ATOM	141	CG	HIS	10	2.548	−6.305	−8.872	1.00	0.00
ATOM	142	ND1	HIS	10	1.608	−6.886	−9.715	1.00	0.00
ATOM	143	HD1	HIS	10	0.648	−6.690	−9.733	1.00	0.00
ATOM	144	CD2	HIS	10	3.750	−6.882	−9.204	1.00	0.00
ATOM	145	HD2	HIS	10	4.697	−6.655	−8.738	1.00	0.00
ATOM	146	CE1	HIS	10	2.255	−7.766	−10.500	1.00	0.00
ATOM	147	HE1	HIS	10	1.775	−8.370	−11.255	1.00	0.00
ATOM	148	NE2	HIS	10	3.562	−7.802	−10.231	1.00	0.00
ATOM	149	C	HIS	10	0.314	−4.052	−6.702	1.00	0.00
ATOM	150	O	HIS	10	0.243	−4.455	−5.557	1.00	0.00
ATOM	151	N	LEU	11	0.089	−2.792	−6.994	1.00	0.00
ATOM	152	HN	LEU	11	0.156	−2.485	−7.921	1.00	0.00
ATOM	153	CA	LEU	11	−0.264	−1.813	−5.918	1.00	0.00
ATOM	154	HA	LEU	11	0.542	−1.764	−5.202	1.00	0.00
ATOM	155	CB	LEU	11	−0.474	−0.420	−6.548	1.00	0.00
ATOM	156	HB1	LEU	11	−1.303	−0.471	−7.239	1.00	0.00
ATOM	157	HB2	LEU	11	0.417	−0.143	−7.090	1.00	0.00
ATOM	158	CG	LEU	11	−0.771	0.668	−5.484	1.00	0.00
ATOM	159	HG	LEU	11	−0.601	1.639	−5.929	1.00	0.00
ATOM	160	CD1	LEU	11	−2.235	0.588	−5.040	1.00	0.00
ATOM	161	HD11	LEU	11	−2.305	0.002	−4.134	1.00	0.00
ATOM	162	HD12	LEU	11	−2.823	0.121	−5.817	1.00	0.00
ATOM	163	HD13	LEU	11	−2.609	1.584	−4.853	1.00	0.00
ATOM	164	CD2	LEU	11	0.146	0.514	−4.260	1.00	0.00
ATOM	165	HD21	LEU	11	−0.214	−0.294	−3.640	1.00	0.00
ATOM	166	HD22	LEU	11	0.144	1.432	−3.691	1.00	0.00
ATOM	167	HD23	LEU	11	1.151	0.296	−4.589	1.00	0.00
ATOM	168	C	LEU	11	−1.543	−2.259	−5.207	1.00	0.00
ATOM	169	O	LEU	11	−1.542	−2.522	−4.020	1.00	0.00
ATOM	170	N	VAL	12	−2.636	−2.322	−5.922	1.00	0.00
ATOM	171	HN	VAL	12	−2.608	−2.089	−6.874	1.00	0.00
ATOM	172	CA	VAL	12	−3.931	−2.729	−5.298	1.00	0.00
ATOM	173	HA	VAL	12	−4.203	−1.999	−4.550	1.00	0.00
ATOM	174	CB	VAL	12	−5.020	−2.770	−6.379	1.00	0.00
ATOM	175	HB	VAL	12	−5.052	−1.816	−6.884	1.00	0.00
ATOM	176	CG1	VAL	12	−4.715	−3.872	−7.406	1.00	0.00
ATOM	177	HD11	VAL	12	−3.689	−4.192	−7.295	1.00	0.00
ATOM	178	HD12	VAL	12	−4.864	−3.485	−8.403	1.00	0.00
ATOM	179	HD13	VAL	12	−5.373	−4.713	−7.245	1.00	0.00
ATOM	180	CG2	VAL	12	−6.378	−3.035	−5.720	1.00	0.00
ATOM	181	HG21	VAL	12	−6.885	−2.097	−5.560	1.00	0.00
ATOM	182	HC22	VAL	12	−6.230	−3.531	−4.772	1.00	0.00
ATOM	183	HD23	VAL	12	−6.975	−3.662	−6.365	1.00	0.00
ATOM	184	C	VAL	12	−3.795	−4.105	−4.629	1.00	0.00
ATOM	185	O	VAL	12	−4.496	−4.415	−3.684	1.00	0.00
ATOM	186	N	GLU	13	−2.897	−4.928	−5.112	1.00	0.00
ATOM	187	HN	GLU	13	−2.343	−4.655	−5.873	1.00	0.00
ATOM	188	CA	GLU	13	−2.716	−6.281	−4.505	1.00	0.00
ATOM	189	HA	GLU	13	−3.650	−6.802	−4.509	1.00	0.00
ATOM	190	CB	GLU	13	−1.675	−7.072	−5.302	1.00	0.00
ATOM	191	HB1	GLU	13	−1.299	−7.882	−4.696	1.00	0.00
ATOM	192	HB2	GLU	13	−0.860	−6.418	−5.577	1.00	0.00
ATOM	193	CG	GLU	13	−2.319	−7.642	−6.567	1.00	0.00
ATOM	194	HG1	GLU	13	−2.926	−6.883	−7.038	1.00	0.00
ATOM	195	HG2	GLU	13	−2.939	−8.488	−6.306	1.00	0.00
ATOM	196	CD	GLU	13	−1.225	−8.091	−7.536	1.00	0.00
ATOM	197	OE1	GLU	13	−0.270	−8.698	−7.080	1.00	0.00
ATOM	198	OE2	GLU	13	−1.359	−7.821	−8.718	1.00	0.00
ATOM	199	C	GLU	13	−2.254	−6.129	−3.066	1.00	0.00
ATOM	200	O	GLU	13	−2.698	−6.838	−2.188	1.00	0.00
ATOM	201	N	ALA	14	−1.378	−5.204	−2.821	1.00	0.00
ATOM	202	HN	ALA	14	−1.044	−4.644	−3.552	1.00	0.00
ATOM	203	CA	ALA	14	−0.885	−4.986	−1.439	1.00	0.00
ATOM	204	HA	ALA	14	−0.531	−5.919	−1.027	1.00	0.00
ATOM	205	CB	ALA	14	0.254	−3.979	−1.475	1.00	0.00
ATOM	206	HB1	ALA	14	−0.159	−2.981	−1.506	1.00	0.00
ATOM	207	HB2	ALA	14	0.855	−4.148	−2.355	1.00	0.00
ATOM	208	HB3	ALA	14	0.862	−4.092	−0.591	1.00	0.00
ATOM	209	C	ALA	14	−2.010	−4.427	−0.563	1.00	0.00
ATOM	210	O	ALA	14	−1.948	−4.511	0.644	1.00	0.00
ATOM	211	N	LEU	15	−3.018	−3.829	−1.154	1.00	0.00
ATOM	212	HN	LEU	15	−3.038	−3.744	−2.129	1.00	0.00
ATOM	213	CA	LEU	15	−4.114	−3.237	−0.335	1.00	0.00
ATOM	214	HA	LEU	15	−3.678	−2.805	0.553	1.00	0.00
ATOM	215	CB	LEU	15	−4.815	−2.131	−1.125	1.00	0.00
ATOM	216	HB1	LEU	15	−5.783	−1.935	−0.691	1.00	0.00
ATOM	217	HB2	LEU	15	−4.936	−2.445	−2.153	1.00	0.00
ATOM	218	CG	LEU	15	−3.969	−0.854	−1.077	1.00	0.00
ATOM	219	HG	LEU	15	−2.977	−1.073	−1.450	1.00	0.00
ATOM	220	CD1	LEU	15	−4.617	0.221	−1.951	1.00	0.00
ATOM	221	HD11	LEU	15	−5.679	0.032	−2.029	1.00	0.00
ATOM	222	HD12	LEU	15	−4.176	0.199	−2.938	1.00	0.00
ATOM	223	HD13	LEU	15	−4.457	1.192	−1.507	1.00	0.00
ATOM	224	CD2	LEU	15	−3.873	−0.343	0.370	1.00	0.00
ATOM	225	HD21	LEU	15	−3.530	0.683	0.370	1.00	0.00
ATOM	226	HD22	LEU	15	−3.175	−0.955	0.927	1.00	0.00
ATOM	227	HD23	LEU	15	−4.847	−0.396	0.835	1.00	0.00
ATOM	228	C	LEU	15	−5.129	−4.291	0.108	1.00	0.00
ATOM	229	O	LEU	15	−5.380	−4.409	1.290	1.00	0.00
ATOM	230	N	TYR	16	−5.728	−5.057	−0.787	1.00	0.00
ATOM	231	HN	TYR	16	−5.524	−4.964	−1.743	1.00	0.00
ATOM	232	CA	TYR	16	−6.725	−6.069	−0.290	1.00	0.00
ATOM	233	HA	TYR	16	−7.334	−5.578	0.452	1.00	0.00
ATOM	234	CB	TYR	16	−7.655	−6.628	−1.371	1.00	0.00
ATOM	235	HB1	TYR	16	−8.424	−5.905	−1.580	1.00	0.00
ATOM	236	HB2	TYR	16	−8.115	−7.527	−1.002	1.00	0.00
ATOM	237	CG	TYR	16	−6.942	−6.954	−2.641	1.00	0.00
ATOM	238	CD1	TYR	16	−6.878	−5.998	−3.640	1.00	0.00
ATOM	239	HD1	TYR	16	−7.282	−5.020	−3.467	1.00	0.00
ATOM	240	CD2	TYR	16	−6.414	−8.230	−2.846	1.00	0.00
ATOM	241	HD2	TYR	16	−6.462	−8.969	−2.059	1.00	0.00
ATOM	242	CE1	TYR	16	−6.290	−6.298	−4.856	1.00	0.00
ATOM	243	HE1	TYR	16	−6.249	−5.541	−5.617	1.00	0.00
ATOM	244	CE2	TYR	16	−5.805	−8.541	−4.063	1.00	0.00
ATOM	245	HE2	TYR	16	−5.385	−9.525	−4.220	1.00	0.00
ATOM	246	CZ	TYR	16	−5.748	−7.574	−5.078	1.00	0.00
ATOM	247	OH	TYR	16	−5.159	−7.874	−6.289	1.00	0.00
ATOM	248	HH	TYR	16	−5.854	−7.948	−6.946	1.00	0.00
ATOM	249	C	TYR	16	−5.992	−7.206	0.394	1.00	0.00
ATOM	250	O	TYR	16	−6.522	−7.835	1.293	1.00	0.00
ATOM	251	N	LEU	17	−4.758	−7.455	0.025	1.00	0.00
ATOM	252	HN	LEU	17	−4.336	−6.915	−0.674	1.00	0.00
ATOM	253	CA	LEU	17	−3.980	−8.527	0.713	1.00	0.00
ATOM	254	HA	LEU	17	−4.465	−9.481	0.569	1.00	0.00
ATOM	255	CB	LEU	17	−2.558	−8.573	0.151	1.00	0.00
ATOM	256	HB1	LEU	17	−2.022	−7.685	0.448	1.00	0.00
ATOM	257	HB2	LEU	17	−2.602	−8.628	−0.925	1.00	0.00
ATOM	258	CG	LEU	17	−1.837	−9.805	0.688	1.00	0.00
ATOM	259	HG	LEU	17	−1.862	−9.793	1.769	1.00	0.00
ATOM	260	CD1	LEU	17	−2.536	−11.064	0.174	1.00	0.00
ATOM	261	HD11	LEU	17	−1.806	−11.843	0.011	1.00	0.00
ATOM	262	HD12	LEU	17	−3.044	−10.842	−0.759	1.00	0.00
ATOM	263	HD13	LEU	17	−3.259	−11.393	0.907	1.00	0.00
ATOM	264	CD2	LEU	17	−0.385	−9.787	0.207	1.00	0.00
ATOM	265	HD21	LEU	17	0.104	−8.898	0.578	1.00	0.00
ATOM	266	HD22	LEU	17	−0.363	−9.786	−0.873	1.00	0.00
ATOM	267	HD23	LEU	17	0.128	−10.661	0.578	1.00	0.00
ATOM	268	C	LEU	17	−3.939	−8.186	2.207	1.00	0.00
ATOM	269	O	LEU	17	−3.941	−9.052	3.060	1.00	0.00
ATOM	270	N	VAL	18	−3.940	−6.911	2.511	1.00	0.00
ATOM	271	HN	VAL	18	−3.959	−6.242	1.798	1.00	0.00
ATOM	272	CA	VAL	18	−3.943	−6.464	3.921	1.00	0.00
ATOM	273	HA	VAL	18	−3.358	−7.145	4.520	1.00	0.00
ATOM	274	CB	VAL	18	−3.370	−5.042	4.015	1.00	0.00
ATOM	275	HB	VAL	18	−4.051	−4.353	3.529	1.00	0.00
ATOM	276	CG1	VAL	18	−3.222	−4.647	5.484	1.00	0.00
ATOM	277	HG11	VAL	18	−4.150	−4.224	5.837	1.00	0.00
ATOM	278	HG12	VAL	18	−2.433	−3.917	5.584	1.00	0.00
ATOM	279	HG13	VAL	18	−2.980	−5.521	6.071	1.00	0.00
ATOM	280	CG2	VAL	18	−2.004	−4.964	3.327	1.00	0.00
ATOM	281	HG21	VAL	18	−1.904	−5.774	2.622	1.00	0.00
ATOM	282	HG22	VAL	18	−1.223	−5.030	4.066	1.00	0.00
ATOM	283	HG23	VAL	18	−1.924	−4.019	2.805	1.00	0.00
ATOM	284	C	VAL	18	−5.395	−6.419	4.421	1.00	0.00
ATOM	285	O	VAL	18	−5.660	−6.559	5.599	1.00	0.00
ATOM	286	N	CYS	19	−6.334	−6.183	3.528	1.00	0.00
ATOM	287	HN	CYS	19	−6.095	−6.041	2.586	1.00	0.00
ATOM	288	CA	CYS	19	−7.765	−6.079	3.939	1.00	0.00
ATOM	289	HA	CYS	19	−7.813	−5.715	4.955	1.00	0.00
ATOM	290	HB1	CYS	19	−9.470	−4.891	3.352	1.00	0.00
ATOM	291	HB2	CYS	19	−8.498	−5.465	2.012	1.00	0.00
ATOM	292	C	CYS	19	−8.452	−7.454	3.872	1.00	0.00
ATOM	293	O	CYS	19	−8.550	−8.144	4.870	1.00	0.00
ATOM	294	CB	CYS	19	−8.466	−5.071	3.012	1.00	0.00
ATOM	295	SG	CYS	19	−7.549	−3.504	2.992	1.00	0.00
ATOM	296	N	GLY	20	−8.933	−7.860	2.718	1.00	0.00
ATOM	297	HN	GLY	20	−8.849	−7.297	1.925	1.00	0.00
ATOM	298	CA	GLY	20	−9.613	−9.186	2.613	1.00	0.00
ATOM	299	HA1	GLY	20	−10.029	−9.451	3.574	1.00	0.00
ATOM	300	HA2	GLY	20	−8.895	−9.935	2.311	1.00	0.00
ATOM	301	C	GLY	20	−10.741	−9.110	1.580	1.00	0.00
ATOM	302	O	GLY	20	−10.548	−8.649	0.472	1.00	0.00
ATOM	303	N	GLU	21	−11.914	−9.569	1.937	1.00	0.00
ATOM	304	HN	GLU	21	−12.038	−9.939	2.837	1.00	0.00
ATOM	305	CA	GLU	21	−13.064	−9.539	0.983	1.00	0.00
ATOM	306	HA	GLU	21	−12.693	−9.624	−0.028	1.00	0.00
ATOM	307	CB	GLU	21	−14.004	−10.713	1.283	1.00	0.00
ATOM	308	HB1	GLU	21	−15.030	−10.392	1.186	1.00	0.00
ATOM	309	HB2	GLU	21	−13.831	−11.061	2.292	1.00	0.00
ATOM	310	CG	GLU	21	−13.736	−11.855	0.299	1.00	0.00
ATOM	311	HG1	GLU	21	−13.882	−12.801	0.797	1.00	0.00
ATOM	312	HG2	GLU	21	−12.719	−11.790	−0.060	1.00	0.00
ATOM	313	CD	GLU	21	−14.702	−11.748	−0.882	1.00	0.00
ATOM	314	OE1	GLU	21	−14.275	−11.299	−1.932	1.00	0.00
ATOM	315	OE2	GLU	21	−15.853	−12.118	−0.716	1.00	0.00
ATOM	316	C	GLU	21	−13.835	−8.223	1.132	1.00	0.00
ATOM	317	O	GLU	21	−14.459	−7.753	0.199	1.00	0.00
ATOM	318	N	ARG	22	−13.808	−7.631	2.302	1.00	0.00
ATOM	319	HN	ARG	22	−13.304	−8.035	3.040	1.00	0.00
ATOM	320	CA	ARG	22	−14.548	−6.350	2.524	1.00	0.00
ATOM	321	HA	ARG	22	−15.605	−6.522	2.398	1.00	0.00
ATOM	322	CB	ARG	22	−14.288	−5.853	3.944	1.00	0.00
ATOM	323	HB1	ARG	22	−14.444	−4.788	3.983	1.00	0.00
ATOM	324	HB2	ARG	22	−13.269	−6.080	4.225	1.00	0.00
ATOM	325	CG	ARG	22	−15.251	−6.543	4.912	1.00	0.00
ATOM	326	HG1	ARG	22	−14.802	−7.452	5.281	1.00	0.00
ATOM	327	HG2	ARG	22	−16.172	−6.778	4.395	1.00	0.00
ATOM	328	CD	ARG	22	−15.549	−5.610	6.085	1.00	0.00
ATOM	329	HD1	ARG	22	−16.250	−6.085	6.755	1.00	0.00
ATOM	330	HD2	ARG	22	−15.973	−4.689	5.714	1.00	0.00
ATOM	331	NE	ARG	22	−14.285	−5.315	6.818	1.00	0.00
ATOM	332	HE	ARG	22	−13.502	−4.985	6.331	1.00	0.00
ATOM	333	CZ	ARG	22	−14.224	−5.496	8.107	1.00	0.00
ATOM	334	NH1	ARG	22	−13.711	−6.595	8.589	1.00	0.00
ATOM	335	HH11	ARG	22	−13.363	−7.298	7.968	1.00	0.00
ATOM	336	HH12	ARG	22	−13.666	−6.735	9.578	1.00	0.00
ATOM	337	NH2	ARG	22	−14.679	−4.579	8.917	1.00	0.00
ATOM	338	HH21	ARG	22	−15.074	−3.737	8.547	1.00	0.00
ATOM	339	HH22	ARG	22	−14.634	−4.717	9.905	1.00	0.00
ATOM	340	C	ARG	22	−14.086	−5.290	1.520	1.00	0.00
ATOM	341	O	ARG	22	−14.890	−4.676	0.843	1.00	0.00
ATOM	342	N	GLY	23	−12.799	−5.074	1.417	1.00	0.00
ATOM	343	HN	GLY	23	−12.173	−5.585	1.972	1.00	0.00
ATOM	344	CA	GLY	23	−12.281	−4.057	0.456	1.00	0.00
ATOM	345	HA1	GLY	23	−13.077	−3.381	0.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	346	HA2	GLY	23	−11.913	−4.556	−0.429	1.00	0.00
ATOM	347	C	GLY	23	−11.146	−3.266	1.102	1.00	0.00
ATOM	348	O	GLY	23	−10.816	−3.465	2.256	1.00	0.00
ATOM	349	N	PHE	24	−10.547	−2.370	0.361	1.00	0.00
ATOM	350	HN	PHE	24	−10.835	−2.236	−0.565	1.00	0.00
ATOM	351	CA	PHE	24	−9.425	−1.556	0.914	1.00	0.00
ATOM	352	HA	PHE	24	−9.307	−1.785	1.957	1.00	0.00
ATOM	353	CB	PHE	24	−8.124	−1.905	0.165	1.00	0.00
ATOM	354	HB1	PHE	24	−7.810	−2.901	0.433	1.00	0.00
ATOM	355	HB2	PHE	24	−7.355	−1.201	0.426	1.00	0.00
ATOM	356	CG	PHE	24	−8.358	−1.845	−1.319	1.00	0.00
ATOM	357	CD1	PHE	24	−8.560	−0.612	−1.925	1.00	0.00
ATOM	358	HD1	PHE	24	−8.529	0.279	−1.325	1.00	0.00
ATOM	359	CD2	PHE	24	−8.387	−3.019	−2.077	1.00	0.00
ATOM	360	HD2	PHE	24	−8.212	−3.981	−1.597	1.00	0.00
ATOM	361	CE1	PHE	24	−8.800	−0.532	−3.300	1.00	0.00
ATOM	362	HE1	PHE	24	−8.956	0.429	−3.768	1.00	0.00
ATOM	363	CE2	PHE	24	−8.625	−2.943	−3.457	1.00	0.00
ATOM	364	HE2	PHE	24	−8.657	−3.844	−4.051	1.00	0.00
ATOM	365	CZ	PHE	24	−8.833	−1.700	−4.068	1.00	0.00
ATOM	366	HZ	PHE	24	−9.018	−1.643	−5.130	1.00	0.00
ATOM	367	C	PHE	24	−9.755	−0.061	0.759	1.00	0.00
ATOM	368	O	PHE	24	−10.883	0.304	0.486	1.00	0.00
ATOM	369	N	PHE	25	−8.782	0.806	0.931	1.00	0.00
ATOM	370	HN	PHE	25	−7.883	0.493	1.152	1.00	0.00
ATOM	371	CA	PHE	25	−9.036	2.274	0.796	1.00	0.00
ATOM	372	HA	PHE	25	−10.093	2.450	0.662	1.00	0.00
ATOM	373	CB	PHE	25	−8.553	2.987	2.063	1.00	0.00
ATOM	374	HB1	PHE	25	−8.158	3.958	1.800	1.00	0.00
ATOM	375	HB2	PHE	25	−7.776	2.401	2.522	1.00	0.00
ATOM	376	CG	PHE	25	−9.693	3.162	3.040	1.00	0.00
ATOM	377	CD1	PHE	25	−9.908	4.410	3.637	1.00	0.00
ATOM	378	HD1	PHE	25	−9.267	5.244	3.392	1.00	0.00
ATOM	379	CD2	PHE	25	−10.524	2.082	3.360	1.00	0.00
ATOM	380	HD2	PHE	25	−10.359	1.119	2.900	1.00	0.00
ATOM	381	CE1	PHE	25	−10.955	4.579	4.550	1.00	0.00
ATOM	382	HE1	PHE	25	−11.118	5.542	5.010	1.00	0.00
ATOM	383	CE2	PHE	25	−11.570	2.252	4.271	1.00	0.00
ATOM	384	HE2	PHE	25	−12.210	1.421	4.514	1.00	0.00
ATOM	385	CZ	PHE	25	−11.787	3.500	4.867	1.00	0.00
ATOM	386	HZ	PHE	25	−12.594	3.629	5.572	1.00	0.00
ATOM	387	C	PHE	25	−8.263	2.828	−0.409	1.00	0.00
ATOM	388	O	PHE	25	−7.421	2.161	−0.979	1.00	0.00
ATOM	389	N	TYR	26	−8.540	4.051	−0.784	1.00	0.00
ATOM	390	HN	TYR	26	−9.216	4.567	−0.297	1.00	0.00
ATOM	391	CA	TYR	26	−7.825	4.671	−1.938	1.00	0.00
ATOM	392	HA	TYR	26	−6.785	4.381	−1.915	1.00	0.00
ATOM	393	CB	TYR	26	−8.463	4.196	−3.248	1.00	0.00
ATOM	394	HB1	TYR	26	−9.171	4.934	−3.593	1.00	0.00
ATOM	395	HB2	TYR	26	−8.975	3.259	−3.078	1.00	0.00
ATOM	396	CG	TYR	26	−7.391	4.000	−4.295	1.00	0.00
ATOM	397	CD1	TYR	26	−7.086	5.034	−5.188	1.00	0.00
ATOM	398	HD1	TYR	26	−7.617	5.973	−5.129	1.00	0.00
ATOM	399	CD2	TYR	26	−6.701	2.783	−4.373	1.00	0.00
ATOM	400	HD2	TYR	26	−6.936	1.985	−3.684	1.00	0.00
ATOM	401	CE1	TYR	26	−6.093	4.852	−6.159	1.00	0.00
ATOM	402	HE1	TYR	26	−5.858	5.650	−6.847	1.00	0.00
ATOM	403	CE2	TYR	26	−5.708	2.602	−5.344	1.00	0.00
ATOM	404	HE2	TYR	26	−5.177	1.663	−5.404	1.00	0.00
ATOM	405	CZ	TYR	26	−5.403	3.637	−6.236	1.00	0.00
ATOM	406	OH	TYR	26	−4.425	3.459	−7.192	1.00	0.00
ATOM	407	HH	TYR	26	−4.787	2.908	−7.890	1.00	0.00
ATOM	408	C	TYR	26	−7.934	6.195	−1.835	1.00	0.00
ATOM	409	O	TYR	26	−8.901	6.787	−2.277	1.00	0.00
ATOM	410	N	THR	27	−6.953	6.830	−1.241	1.00	0.00
ATOM	411	HN	THR	27	−6.191	6.325	−0.888	1.00	0.00
ATOM	412	CA	THR	27	−6.994	8.316	−1.090	1.00	0.00
ATOM	413	HA	THR	27	−7.965	8.612	−0.720	1.00	0.00
ATOM	414	CB	THR	27	−5.915	8.758	−0.091	1.00	0.00
ATOM	415	HB	THR	27	−6.127	8.330	0.876	1.00	0.00
ATOM	416	OG1	THR	27	−5.920	10.175	0.008	1.00	0.00
ATOM	417	HG1	THR	27	−6.818	10.458	0.194	1.00	0.00
ATOM	418	CG2	THR	27	−4.535	8.282	−0.562	1.00	0.00
ATOM	419	HG21	THR	27	−4.643	7.648	−1.431	1.00	0.00
ATOM	420	HG22	THR	27	−4.058	7.725	0.231	1.00	0.00
ATOM	421	HG23	THR	27	−3.926	9.137	−0.814	1.00	0.00
ATOM	422	C	THR	27	−6.743	8.988	−2.442	1.00	0.00
ATOM	423	O	THR	27	−6.319	8.357	−3.392	1.00	0.00
ATOM	424	N	ASP	28	−6.999	10.268	−2.527	1.00	0.00
ATOM	425	HN	ASP	28	−7.337	10.750	−1.743	1.00	0.00
ATOM	426	CA	ASP	28	−6.779	11.004	−3.806	1.00	0.00
ATOM	427	HA	ASP	28	−5.809	10.748	−4.207	1.00	0.00
ATOM	428	CB	ASP	28	−7.870	10.622	−4.812	1.00	0.00
ATOM	429	HB1	ASP	28	−8.163	11.495	−5.377	1.00	0.00
ATOM	430	HB2	ASP	28	−8.726	10.231	−4.281	1.00	0.00
ATOM	431	CG	ASP	28	−7.333	9.556	−5.771	1.00	0.00
ATOM	432	OD1	ASP	28	−6.648	9.924	−6.711	1.00	0.00
ATOM	433	OD2	ASP	28	−7.617	8.390	−5.549	1.00	0.00
ATOM	434	C	ASP	28	−6.837	12.509	−3.534	1.00	0.00
ATOM	435	O	ASP	28	−5.850	13.209	−3.651	1.00	0.00
ATOM	436	N	LYS	29	−7.992	13.007	−3.169	1.00	0.00
ATOM	437	HN	LYS	29	−8.770	12.418	−3.083	1.00	0.00
ATOM	438	CA	LYS	29	−8.126	14.466	−2.885	1.00	0.00
ATOM	439	HA	LYS	29	−7.666	15.029	−3.684	1.00	0.00
ATOM	440	CB	LYS	29	−9.614	14.835	−2.798	1.00	0.00
ATOM	441	HB1	LYS	29	−10.092	14.617	−3.741	1.00	0.00
ATOM	442	HB2	LYS	29	−9.708	15.890	−2.585	1.00	0.00
ATOM	443	CG	LYS	29	−10.293	14.027	−1.685	1.00	0.00
ATOM	444	HG1	LYS	29	−10.315	14.614	−0.779	1.00	0.00
ATOM	445	HG2	LYS	29	−9.741	13.116	−1.510	1.00	0.00
ATOM	446	CD	LYS	29	−11.725	13.685	−2.101	1.00	0.00
ATOM	447	HD1	LYS	29	−11.719	12.806	−2.728	1.00	0.00
ATOM	448	HD2	LYS	29	−12.149	14.515	−2.648	1.00	0.00
ATOM	449	CE	LYS	29	−12.565	13.413	−0.853	1.00	0.00
ATOM	450	HE1	LYS	29	−13.613	13.525	−1.093	1.00	0.00
ATOM	451	HE2	LYS	29	−12.297	14.115	−0.078	1.00	0.00
ATOM	452	NZ	LYS	29	−12.311	12.024	−0.375	1.00	0.00
ATOM	453	HZ1	LYS	29	−11.297	11.810	−0.453	1.00	0.00
ATOM	454	HZ2	LYS	29	−12.854	11.353	−0.957	1.00	0.00
ATOM	455	HZ3	LYS	29	−12.605	11.939	0.618	1.00	0.00
ATOM	456	C	LYS	29	−7.429	14.801	−1.562	1.00	0.00
ATOM	457	O	LYS	29	−6.940	15.899	−1.369	1.00	0.00
ATOM	458	N	ASP	20	−7.387	13.862	−0.651	1.00	0.00
ATOM	459	HN	ASP	30	−7.793	12.989	−0.833	1.00	0.00
ATOM	460	CA	ASP	30	−6.730	14.112	0.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	461	HA	ASP	30	−7.187	14.969	1.138	1.00	0.00
ATOM	462	CB	ASP	30	−6.905	12.884	1.562	1.00	0.00
ATOM	463	HB1	ASP	30	−6.222	12.109	1.249	1.00	0.00
ATOM	464	HB2	ASP	30	−7.920	12.523	1.481	1.00	0.00
ATOM	465	CG	ASP	30	−6.612	13.262	3.016	1.00	0.00
ATOM	466	OD1	ASP	30	−6.960	14.367	3.402	1.00	0.00
ATOM	467	OD2	ASP	30	−6.045	12.442	3.719	1.00	0.00
ATOM	468	C	ASP	30	−5.238	14.384	0.456	1.00	0.00
ATOM	469	O	ASP	30	−4.735	15.434	0.811	1.00	0.00
ATOM	470	N	GLY	31	−4.526	13.444	−0.116	1.00	0.00
ATOM	471	HN	GLY	31	−4.956	12.607	−0.392	1.00	0.00
ATOM	472	CA	GLY	31	−3.066	13.643	−0.351	1.00	0.00
ATOM	473	HA1	GLY	31	−2.510	12.870	0.158	1.00	0.00
ATOM	474	HA2	GLY	31	−2.769	14.611	0.028	1.00	0.00
ATOM	475	C	GLY	31	−2.772	13.569	−1.851	1.00	0.00
ATOM	476	O	GLY	31	−3.342	14.300	−2.639	1.00	0.00
ATOM	477	N	LYS	32	−1.887	12.690	−2.246	1.00	0.00
ATOM	478	HN	LYS	32	−1.445	12.114	−1.589	1.00	0.00
ATOM	479	CA	LYS	32	−1.550	12.559	−3.694	1.00	0.00
ATOM	480	HA	LYS	32	−2.213	13.182	−4.274	1.00	0.00
ATOM	481	CB	LYS	32	−0.102	13.003	−3.922	1.00	0.00
ATOM	482	HB1	LYS	32	0.545	12.139	−3.924	1.00	0.00
ATOM	483	HB2	LYS	32	0.198	13.675	−3.131	1.00	0.00
ATOM	484	CG	LYS	32	0.004	13.719	−5.269	1.00	0.00
ATOM	485	HG1	LYS	32	−0.951	14.154	−5.522	1.00	0.00
ATOM	486	HG2	LYS	32	0.290	13.010	−6.032	1.00	0.00
ATOM	487	CD	LYS	32	1.058	14.827	−5.180	1.00	0.00
ATOM	488	HD1	LYS	32	2.023	14.427	−5.452	1.00	0.00
ATOM	489	HD2	LYS	32	1.097	15.203	−4.168	1.00	0.00
ATOM	490	CE	LYS	32	0.695	15.967	−6.137	1.00	0.00
ATOM	491	HE1	LYS	32	−0.301	15.816	−6.527	1.00	0.00
ATOM	492	HE2	LYS	32	1.401	15.990	−6.953	1.00	0.00
ATOM	493	NZ	LYS	32	0.746	17.263	−5.402	1.00	0.00
ATOM	494	HZ1	LYS	32	1.615	17.304	−4.833	1.00	0.00
ATOM	495	HZ2	LYS	32	−0.083	17.339	−4.777	1.00	0.00
ATOM	496	HZ3	LYS	32	0.741	18.048	−6.082	1.00	0.00
ATOM	497	C	LYS	32	−1.712	11.100	−4.127	1.00	0.00
ATOM	498	O	LYS	32	−1.028	10.629	−5.015	1.00	0.00
ATOM	499	N	GLY	33	−2.614	10.385	−3.504	1.00	0.00
ATOM	500	HN	GLY	33	−3.152	10.792	−2.792	1.00	0.00
ATOM	501	CA	GLY	33	−2.831	8.956	−3.872	1.00	0.00
ATOM	502	HA1	GLY	33	−2.770	8.848	−4.945	1.00	0.00
ATOM	503	HA2	GLY	33	−3.808	8.643	−3.532	1.00	0.00
ATOM	504	C	GLY	33	−1.758	8.085	−3.216	1.00	0.00
ATOM	505	O	GLY	33	−0.590	8.419	−3.217	1.00	0.00
ATOM	506	N	ILE	34	−2.151	6.971	−2.656	1.00	0.00
ATOM	507	HN	ILE	34	−3.101	6.728	−2.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	508	CA	ILE	34	−1.166	6.063	−1.993	1.00	0.00
ATOM	509	HA	ILE	34	−0.651	6.600	−1.211	1.00	0.00
ATOM	510	CB	ILE	34	−1.905	4.872	−1.389	1.00	0.00
ATOM	511	HB	ILE	34	−1.184	4.158	−1.016	1.00	0.00
ATOM	512	CG1	ILE	34	−2.780	4.208	−2.463	1.00	0.00
ATOM	513	HG11	ILE	34	−2.453	4.521	−3.443	1.00	0.00
ATOM	514	HG12	ILE	34	−3.812	4.497	−2.320	1.00	0.00
ATOM	515	CG2	ILE	34	−2.783	5.348	−0.237	1.00	0.00
ATOM	516	HG21	ILE	34	−3.214	4.491	0.255	1.00	0.00
ATOM	517	HD22	ILE	34	−3.572	5.977	−0.621	1.00	0.00
ATOM	518	HG23	ILE	34	−2.185	5.906	0.466	1.00	0.00
ATOM	519	CD1	ILE	34	−2.660	2.686	−2.356	1.00	0.00
ATOM	520	HD11	ILE	34	−3.421	2.221	−2.965	1.00	0.00
ATOM	521	HD12	ILE	34	−2.791	2.387	−1.326	1.00	0.00
ATOM	522	HD13	ILE	34	−1.683	2.376	−2.700	1.00	0.00
ATOM	523	C	ILE	34	−0.146	5.536	−3.011	1.00	0.00
ATOM	524	O	ILE	34	0.905	5.052	−2.641	1.00	0.00
ATOM	525	N	VAL	35	−0.460	5.593	−4.280	1.00	0.00
ATOM	526	HN	VAL	35	−1.324	5.962	−4.555	1.00	0.00
ATOM	527	CA	VAL	35	0.479	5.063	−5.316	1.00	0.00
ATOM	528	HA	VAL	35	0.679	4.022	−5.111	1.00	0.00
ATOM	529	CB	VAL	35	−0.172	5.195	−6.695	1.00	0.00
ATOM	530	HB	VAL	35	−0.280	6.229	−6.951	1.00	0.00
ATOM	531	CG1	VAL	35	0.706	4.491	−7.739	1.00	0.00
ATOM	532	HG11	VAL	35	0.080	4.041	−8.496	1.00	0.00
ATOM	533	HG12	VAL	35	1.299	3.725	−7.259	1.00	0.00
ATOM	534	HG13	VAL	35	1.360	5.218	−8.198	1.00	0.00
ATOM	535	CG2	VAL	35	−1.551	4.518	−6.665	1.00	0.00
ATOM	536	HG21	VAL	35	−1.505	3.626	−6.058	1.00	0.00
ATOM	537	HG22	VAL	35	−1.847	4.255	−7.669	1.00	0.00
ATOM	538	HG23	VAL	35	−2.273	5.204	−6.245	1.00	0.00
ATOM	539	C	VAL	35	1.802	5.840	−5.303	1.00	0.00
ATOM	540	O	VAL	35	2.820	5.331	−5.726	1.00	0.00
ATOM	541	N	GLU	36	1.799	7.063	−4.833	1.00	0.00
ATOM	542	HN	GLU	36	0.965	7.458	−4.504	1.00	0.00
ATOM	543	CA	GLU	36	3.066	7.861	−4.814	1.00	0.00
ATOM	544	HA	GLU	36	3.623	7.664	−5.718	1.00	0.00
ATOM	545	CB	GLU	36	2.737	9.359	−4.745	1.00	0.00
ATOM	546	HB1	GLU	36	2.149	9.635	−5.608	1.00	0.00
ATOM	547	HB2	GLU	36	3.657	9.926	−4.745	1.00	0.00
ATOM	548	CG	GLU	36	1.940	9.671	−3.469	1.00	0.00
ATOM	549	HG1	GLU	36	1.907	8.794	−2.840	1.00	0.00
ATOM	550	HG2	GLU	36	0.934	9.957	−3.739	1.00	0.00
ATOM	551	CD	GLU	36	2.607	10.817	−2.704	1.00	0.00
ATOM	552	OE1	GLU	36	2.693	11.902	−3.257	1.00	0.00
ATOM	553	OE2	GLU	36	3.017	10.591	−1.577	1.00	0.00
ATOM	554	C	GLU	36	3.931	7.469	−3.607	1.00	0.00
ATOM	555	O	GLU	36	5.117	7.727	−3.586	1.00	0.00
ATOM	556	N	GLN	37	3.350	6.870	−2.599	1.00	0.00
ATOM	557	HN	GLN	37	2.392	6.686	−2.626	1.00	0.00
ATOM	558	CA	GLN	37	4.148	6.481	−1.397	1.00	0.00
ATOM	559	HA	GLN	37	4.977	7.165	−1.285	1.00	0.00
ATOM	560	CB	GLN	37	3.261	6.559	−0.153	1.00	0.00
ATOM	561	HB1	GLN	37	2.696	5.644	−0.056	1.00	0.00
ATOM	562	HB2	GLN	37	2.583	7.396	−0.247	1.00	0.00
ATOM	563	CG	GLN	37	4.141	6.748	1.085	1.00	0.00
ATOM	564	HG1	GLN	37	4.996	7.357	0.829	1.00	0.00
ATOM	565	HG2	GLN	37	4.479	5.783	1.435	1.00	0.00
ATOM	566	CD	GLN	37	3.337	7.438	2.188	1.00	0.00
ATOM	567	OE1	GLN	37	3.428	8.637	2.363	1.00	0.00
ATOM	568	NE2	GLN	37	2.549	6.726	2.946	1.00	0.00
ATOM	569	HE21	GLN	37	2.476	5.760	2.806	1.00	0.00
ATOM	570	HE22	GLN	37	2.033	7.159	3.658	1.00	0.00
ATOM	571	C	GLN	37	4.689	5.053	−1.548	1.00	0.00
ATOM	572	O	GLN	37	5.778	4.749	−1.099	1.00	0.00
ATOM	573	N	CYS	38	3.930	4.169	−2.150	1.00	0.00
ATOM	574	HN	CYS	38	3.049	4.430	−2.488	1.00	0.00
ATOM	575	CA	CYS	38	4.396	2.753	−2.299	1.00	0.00
ATOM	576	HA	CYS	38	5.053	2.514	−1.480	1.00	0.00
ATOM	577	HB1	CYS	38	3.526	0.793	−2.375	1.00	0.00
ATOM	578	HB2	CYS	38	2.520	2.059	−3.077	1.00	0.00
ATOM	579	C	CYS	38	5.164	2.558	−3.610	1.00	0.00
ATOM	580	O	CYS	38	6.166	1.873	−3.639	1.00	0.00
ATOM	581	CB	CYS	38	3.188	1.813	−2.264	1.00	0.00
ATOM	582	SG	CYS	38	2.305	1.990	−0.686	1.00	0.00
ATOM	583	N	CYS	39	4.717	3.135	−4.695	1.00	0.00
ATOM	584	HN	CYS	39	3.906	3.683	−4.666	1.00	0.00
ATOM	585	CA	CYS	39	5.459	2.950	−5.982	1.00	0.00
ATOM	586	HA	CYS	39	5.633	1.897	−6.130	1.00	0.00
ATOM	587	HB1	CYS	39	4.453	4.551	−6.994	1.00	0.00
ATOM	588	HB2	CYS	39	3.678	2.985	−7.182	1.00	0.00
ATOM	589	C	CYS	39	6.813	3.671	−5.901	1.00	0.00
ATOM	590	O	CYS	39	7.723	3.370	−6.650	1.00	0.00
ATOM	591	CB	CYS	39	4.626	3.499	−7.149	1.00	0.00
ATOM	592	SG	CYS	39	5.492	3.260	−8.732	1.00	0.00
ATOM	593	N	THR	40	6.958	4.611	−4.994	1.00	0.00
ATOM	594	HN	THR	40	6.216	4.837	−4.397	1.00	0.00
ATOM	595	CA	THR	40	8.256	5.337	−4.866	1.00	0.00
ATOM	596	HA	THR	40	8.733	5.391	−5.833	1.00	0.00
ATOM	597	CB	THR	40	8.000	6.751	−4.343	1.00	0.00
ATOM	598	HB	THR	40	8.940	7.258	−4.199	1.00	0.00
ATOM	599	OG1	THR	40	7.305	6.680	−3.107	1.00	0.00
ATOM	600	HG1	THR	40	7.327	7.550	−2.702	1.00	0.00
ATOM	601	CG2	THR	40	7.164	7.527	−5.364	1.00	0.00
ATOM	602	HG21	THR	40	7.651	7.496	−6.326	1.00	0.00
ATOM	603	HG22	THR	40	7.066	8.554	−5.042	1.00	0.00
ATOM	604	HG23	THR	40	6.183	7.080	−5.442	1.00	0.00
ATOM	605	C	THR	40	9.166	4.582	−3.891	1.00	0.00
ATOM	606	O	THR	40	10.293	4.253	−4.215	1.00	0.00
ATOM	607	N	SER	41	8.686	4.300	−2.702	1.00	0.00
ATOM	608	HN	SER	41	7.775	4.572	−2.467	1.00	0.00
ATOM	609	CA	SER	41	9.524	3.562	−1.709	1.00	0.00
ATOM	610	HA	SER	41	10.499	3.375	−2.134	1.00	0.00
ATOM	611	CB	SER	41	9.670	4.394	−0.435	1.00	0.00
ATOM	612	HB1	SER	41	8.877	4.137	0.255	1.00	0.00
ATOM	613	HB2	SER	41	9.604	5.441	−0.679	1.00	0.00
ATOM	614	OG	SER	41	10.936	4.128	0.153	1.00	0.00
ATOM	615	HG	SER	41	10.794	3.925	1.080	1.00	0.00
ATOM	616	C	SER	41	8.860	2.225	−1.377	1.00	0.00
ATOM	617	O	SER	41	7.796	1.921	−1.867	1.00	0.00
ATOM	618	N	ILE	42	9.489	1.418	−0.567	1.00	0.00
ATOM	619	HN	ILE	42	10.357	1.676	−0.193	1.00	0.00
ATOM	620	CA	ILE	42	8.897	0.088	−0.235	1.00	0.00
ATOM	621	HA	ILE	42	8.391	−0.300	−1.106	1.00	0.00
ATOM	622	CB	ILE	42	10.011	−0.883	0.172	1.00	0.00
ATOM	623	HB	ILE	42	10.391	−0.610	1.147	1.00	0.00
ATOM	624	CG1	ILE	42	11.145	−0.836	−0.860	1.00	0.00
ATOM	625	HG11	ILE	42	11.496	0.180	−0.962	1.00	0.00
ATOM	626	HG12	ILE	42	10.777	−1.186	−1.813	1.00	0.00
ATOM	627	CG2	ILE	42	9.443	−2.298	0.224	1.00	0.00
ATOM	628	HG21	ILE	42	9.306	−2.663	−0.783	1.00	0.00
ATOM	629	HG22	ILE	42	8.494	−2.287	0.737	1.00	0.00
ATOM	630	HG23	ILE	42	10.131	−2.941	0.750	1.00	0.00
ATOM	631	CD1	ILE	42	12.301	−1.729	−0.400	1.00	0.00
ATOM	632	HD11	ILE	42	12.203	−2.705	−0.854	1.00	0.00
ATOM	633	HD12	ILE	42	12.275	−1.825	0.675	1.00	0.00
ATOM	634	HD13	ILE	42	13.239	−1.285	−0.700	1.00	0.00
ATOM	635	C	ILE	42	7.888	0.233	0.907	1.00	0.00
ATOM	636	O	ILE	42	8.249	0.470	2.044	1.00	0.00
ATOM	637	N	CYS	43	6.621	0.082	0.604	1.00	0.00
ATOM	638	HN	CYS	43	6.363	−0.113	−0.322	1.00	0.00
ATOM	639	CA	CYS	43	5.569	0.198	1.656	1.00	0.00
ATOM	640	HA	CYS	43	5.746	1.082	2.251	1.00	0.00
ATOM	641	HB1	CYS	43	3.453	−0.182	1.629	1.00	0.00
ATOM	642	HB2	CYS	43	4.214	−0.215	0.039	1.00	0.00
ATOM	643	C	CYS	43	5.621	−1.042	2.550	1.00	0.00
ATOM	644	O	CYS	43	5.914	−2.131	2.093	1.00	0.00
ATOM	645	CB	CYS	43	4.189	0.289	0.993	1.00	0.00
ATOM	646	SG	CYS	43	3.742	2.028	0.741	1.00	0.00
ATOM	647	N	SER	44	5.342	−0.887	3.820	1.00	0.00
ATOM	648	HN	SER	44	5.111	0.002	4.163	1.00	0.00
ATOM	649	CA	SER	44	5.377	−2.057	4.746	1.00	0.00
ATOM	650	HA	SER	44	5.988	−2.837	4.317	1.00	0.00
ATOM	651	CB	SER	44	5.970	−1.626	6.089	1.00	0.00
ATOM	652	HB1	SER	44	7.044	−1.758	6.065	1.00	0.00
ATOM	653	HB2	SER	44	5.555	−2.229	6.880	1.00	0.00
ATOM	654	OG	SER	44	5.652	−0.261	6.327	1.00	0.00
ATOM	655	HG	SER	44	6.453	0.254	6.213	1.00	0.00
ATOM	656	C	SER	44	3.958	−2.582	4.966	1.00	0.00
ATOM	657	O	SER	44	2.988	−1.872	4.776	1.00	0.00
ATOM	658	N	LEU	45	3.831	−3.821	5.374	1.00	0.00
ATOM	659	HN	LEU	45	4.633	−4.366	5.523	1.00	0.00
ATOM	660	CA	LEU	45	2.479	−4.408	5.619	1.00	0.00
ATOM	661	HA	LEU	45	1.902	−4.381	4.707	1.00	0.00
ATOM	662	CB	LEU	45	2.642	−5.866	6.086	1.00	0.00
ATOM	663	HB1	LEU	45	2.210	−5.981	7.070	1.00	0.00
ATOM	664	HB2	LEU	45	3.693	−6.109	6.130	1.00	0.00
ATOM	665	CG	LEU	45	1.940	−6.828	5.113	1.00	0.00
ATOM	666	HG	LEU	45	2.092	−7.842	5.453	1.00	0.00
ATOM	667	CD1	LEU	45	0.437	−6.533	5.085	1.00	0.00
ATOM	668	HD11	LEU	45	0.254	−5.543	5.475	1.00	0.00
ATOM	669	HD12	LEU	45	−0.083	−7.259	5.692	1.00	0.00
ATOM	670	HD13	LEU	45	0.074	−6.591	4.068	1.00	0.00
ATOM	671	CD2	LEU	45	2.530	−6.674	3.700	1.00	0.00
ATOM	672	HD21	LEU	45	1.731	−6.619	2.977	1.00	0.00
ATOM	673	HD22	LEU	45	3.154	−7.528	3.478	1.00	0.00
ATOM	674	HD23	LEU	45	3.126	−5.774	3.650	1.00	0.00
ATOM	675	C	LEU	45	1.763	−3.590	6.700	1.00	0.00
ATOM	676	O	LEU	45	0.555	−3.464	6.698	1.00	0.00
ATOM	677	N	TYR	46	2.512	−3.032	7.616	1.00	0.00
ATOM	678	HN	TYR	46	3.486	−3.149	7.586	1.00	0.00
ATOM	679	CA	TYR	46	1.903	−2.213	8.702	1.00	0.00
ATOM	680	HA	TYR	46	1.032	−2.718	9.092	1.00	0.00
ATOM	681	CB	TYR	46	2.945	−2.040	9.826	1.00	0.00
ATOM	682	HB1	TYR	46	3.877	−1.704	9.396	1.00	0.00
ATOM	683	HB2	TYR	46	3.100	−2.989	10.316	1.00	0.00
ATOM	684	CG	TYR	46	2.474	−1.024	10.846	1.00	0.00
ATOM	685	CD1	TYR	46	1.239	−1.187	11.485	1.00	0.00
ATOM	686	HD1	TYR	46	0.620	−2.044	11.256	1.00	0.00
ATOM	687	CD2	TYR	46	3.274	0.084	11.139	1.00	0.00
ATOM	688	HD2	TYR	46	4.228	0.205	10.644	1.00	0.00
ATOM	689	CE1	TYR	46	0.806	−0.239	12.419	1.00	0.00
ATOM	690	HE1	TYR	46	−0.147	−0.362	12.913	1.00	0.00
ATOM	691	CE2	TYR	46	2.843	1.031	12.074	1.00	0.00
ATOM	692	HE2	TYR	46	3.462	1.886	12.298	1.00	0.00
ATOM	693	CZ	TYR	46	1.608	0.871	12.714	1.00	0.00
ATOM	694	OH	TYR	46	1.182	1.807	13.635	1.00	0.00
ATOM	695	HH	TYR	46	1.440	2.676	13.317	1.00	0.00
ATOM	696	C	TYR	46	1.489	−0.848	8.130	1.00	0.00
ATOM	697	O	TYR	46	0.498	−0.273	8.537	1.00	0.00
ATOM	698	N	GLN	47	2.250	−0.329	7.202	1.00	0.00
ATOM	699	HN	GLN	47	3.049	−0.812	6.900	1.00	0.00
ATOM	700	CA	GLN	47	1.917	0.999	6.609	1.00	0.00
ATOM	701	HA	GLN	47	1.816	1.727	7.398	1.00	0.00
ATOM	702	CB	GLN	47	3.037	1.432	5.663	1.00	0.00
ATOM	703	HB1	GLN	47	2.649	2.158	4.965	1.00	0.00
ATOM	704	HB2	GLN	47	3.403	0.573	5.123	1.00	0.00
ATOM	705	CG	GLN	47	4.180	2.060	6.463	1.00	0.00
ATOM	706	HG1	GLN	47	5.107	1.930	5.927	1.00	0.00
ATOM	707	HG2	GLN	47	4.251	1.582	7.429	1.00	0.00
ATOM	708	CD	GLN	47	3.908	3.555	6.649	1.00	0.00
ATOM	709	OE1	GLN	47	2.774	3.961	6.811	1.00	0.00
ATOM	710	NE2	GLN	47	4.907	4.396	6.632	1.00	0.00
ATOM	711	HE21	GLN	47	5.821	4.070	6.501	1.00	0.00
ATOM	712	HE22	GLN	47	4.740	5.355	6.751	1.00	0.00
ATOM	713	C	GLN	47	0.606	0.914	5.822	1.00	0.00
ATOM	714	O	GLN	47	−0.167	1.855	5.797	1.00	0.00
ATOM	715	N	LEU	48	0.356	−0.193	5.164	1.00	0.00
ATOM	716	HN	LEU	48	0.999	−0.932	5.186	1.00	0.00
ATOM	717	CA	LEU	48	−0.898	−0.317	4.361	1.00	0.00
ATOM	718	HA	LEU	48	−1.178	0.661	4.011	1.00	0.00
ATOM	719	CB	LEU	48	−0.653	−1.227	3.151	1.00	0.00
ATOM	720	HB1	LEU	48	−1.599	−1.466	2.688	1.00	0.00
ATOM	721	HB2	LEU	48	−0.178	−2.139	3.482	1.00	0.00
ATOM	722	CG	LEU	48	0.250	−0.524	2.127	1.00	0.00
ATOM	723	HG	LEU	48	1.213	−0.323	2.575	1.00	0.00
ATOM	724	CD1	LEU	48	0.434	−1.434	0.914	1.00	0.00
ATOM	725	HD11	LEU	48	−0.381	−1.278	0.222	1.00	0.00
ATOM	726	HD12	LEU	48	0.441	−2.465	1.236	1.00	0.00
ATOM	727	HD13	LEU	48	1.369	−1.202	0.427	1.00	0.00
ATOM	728	CD2	LEU	48	−0.391	0.793	1.667	1.00	0.00
ATOM	729	HD21	LEU	48	−0.293	1.532	2.447	1.00	0.00
ATOM	730	HD22	LEU	48	−1.437	0.629	1.455	1.00	0.00
ATOM	731	HD23	LEU	48	0.108	1.143	0.775	1.00	0.00
ATOM	732	C	LEU	48	−2.047	−0.892	5.201	1.00	0.00
ATOM	733	O	LEU	48	−3.135	−1.097	4.695	1.00	0.00
ATOM	734	N	GLU	49	−1.832	−1.150	6.468	1.00	0.00
ATOM	735	HN	GLU	49	−0.954	−0.979	6.864	1.00	0.00
ATOM	736	CA	GLU	49	−2.930	−1.700	7.315	1.00	0.00
ATOM	737	HA	GLU	49	−3.371	−2.553	6.822	1.00	0.00
ATOM	738	CB	GLU	49	−2.361	−2.134	8.669	1.00	0.00
ATOM	739	HB1	GLU	49	−3.148	−2.130	9.407	1.00	0.00
ATOM	740	HB2	GLU	49	−1.583	−1.445	8.968	1.00	0.00
ATOM	741	CG	GLU	49	−1.773	−3.547	8.552	1.00	0.00
ATOM	742	HG1	GLU	49	−0.698	−3.485	8.536	1.00	0.00
ATOM	743	HG2	GLU	49	−2.119	−4.009	7.640	1.00	0.00
ATOM	744	CD	GLU	49	−2.211	−4.392	9.751	1.00	0.00
ATOM	745	OE1	GLU	49	−2.509	−5.558	9.550	1.00	0.00
ATOM	746	OE2	GLU	49	−2.237	−3.860	10.848	1.00	0.00
ATOM	747	C	GLU	49	−4.006	−0.631	7.530	1.00	0.00
ATOM	748	O	GLU	49	−5.146	−0.942	7.823	1.00	0.00
ATOM	749	N	ASN	50	−3.655	0.624	7.393	1.00	0.00
ATOM	750	HN	ASN	50	−2.730	0.851	7.163	1.00	0.00
ATOM	751	CA	ASN	50	−4.655	1.714	7.596	1.00	0.00
ATOM	752	HA	ASN	50	−5.281	1.470	8.441	1.00	0.00
ATOM	753	CB	ASN	50	−3.919	3.024	7.881	1.00	0.00
ATOM	754	HB1	ASN	50	−4.525	3.856	7.552	1.00	0.00
ATOM	755	HB2	ASN	50	−2.979	3.032	7.348	1.00	0.00
ATOM	756	CG	ASN	50	−3.657	3.151	9.383	1.00	0.00
ATOM	757	OD1	ASN	50	−4.068	4.112	10.004	1.00	0.00
ATOM	758	ND2	ASN	50	−2.983	2.218	9.997	1.00	0.00
ATOM	759	HD21	ASN	50	−2.650	1.444	9.497	1.00	0.00
ATOM	760	HD22	ASN	50	−2.810	2.291	10.959	1.00	0.00
ATOM	761	C	ASN	50	−5.538	1.894	6.347	1.00	0.00
ATOM	762	O	ASN	50	−6.396	2.757	6.321	1.00	0.00
ATOM	763	N	TYR	51	−5.342	1.102	5.313	1.00	0.00
ATOM	764	HN	TYR	51	−4.649	0.413	5.342	1.00	0.00
ATOM	765	CA	TYR	51	−6.184	1.260	4.086	1.00	0.00
ATOM	766	HA	TYR	51	−6.744	2.180	4.159	1.00	0.00
ATOM	767	CB	TYR	51	−5.293	1.305	2.838	1.00	0.00
ATOM	768	HB1	TYR	51	−5.911	1.234	1.956	1.00	0.00
ATOM	769	HB2	TYR	51	−4.601	0.476	2.860	1.00	0.00
ATOM	770	CG	TYR	51	−4.525	2.597	2.799	1.00	0.00
ATOM	771	CD1	TYR	51	−5.154	3.766	2.364	1.00	0.00
ATOM	772	HD1	TYR	51	−6.189	3.738	2.061	1.00	0.00
ATOM	773	CD2	TYR	51	−3.187	2.625	3.189	1.00	0.00
ATOM	774	HD2	TYR	51	−2.706	1.719	3.518	1.00	0.00
ATOM	775	CE1	TYR	51	−4.442	4.970	2.323	1.00	0.00
ATOM	776	HE1	TYR	51	−4.924	5.873	1.980	1.00	0.00
ATOM	777	CE2	TYR	51	−2.470	3.824	3.147	1.00	0.00
ATOM	778	HE2	TYR	51	−1.435	3.843	3.448	1.00	0.00
ATOM	779	CZ	TYR	51	−3.098	4.998	2.716	1.00	0.00
ATOM	780	OH	TYR	51	−2.392	6.183	2.678	1.00	0.00
ATOM	781	HH	TYR	51	−2.342	6.527	3.574	1.00	0.00
ATOM	782	C	TYR	51	−7.163	0.085	3.961	1.00	0.00
ATOM	783	O	TYR	51	−7.191	−0.606	2.958	1.00	0.00
ATOM	784	N	CYS	52	−7.969	−0.146	4.964	1.00	0.00
ATOM	785	HN	CYS	52	−7.933	0.419	5.764	1.00	0.00
ATOM	786	CA	CYS	52	−8.945	−1.273	4.885	1.00	0.00
ATOM	787	HA	CYS	52	−9.067	−1.561	3.852	1.00	0.00
ATOM	788	HB1	CYS	52	−9.205	−3.211	5.770	1.00	0.00
ATOM	789	HB2	CYS	52	−8.165	−2.127	6.692	1.00	0.00
ATOM	790	C	CYS	52	−10.299	−0.835	5.445	1.00	0.00
ATOM	791	O	CYS	52	−10.402	0.139	6.168	1.00	0.00
ATOM	792	CB	CYS	52	−8.430	−2.462	5.700	1.00	0.00
ATOM	793	SG	CYS	52	−6.973	−3.180	4.902	1.00	0.00
ATOM	794	N	ASN	53	−11.337	−1.559	5.114	1.00	0.00
ATOM	795	HN	ASN	53	−11.218	−2.339	4.531	1.00	0.00
ATOM	796	CA	ASN	53	−12.699	−1.212	5.617	1.00	0.00
ATOM	797	HA	ASN	53	−12.919	−0.183	5.382	1.00	0.00
ATOM	798	CB	ASN	53	−13.733	−2.121	4.950	1.00	0.00
ATOM	799	HB1	ASN	53	−14.565	−2.272	5.621	1.00	0.00
ATOM	800	HB2	ASN	53	−13.279	−3.074	4.721	1.00	0.00
ATOM	801	CG	ASN	53	−14.234	−1.471	3.658	1.00	0.00
ATOM	802	OD1	ASN	53	−13.551	−0.657	3.069	1.00	0.00
ATOM	803	ND2	ASN	53	−15.407	−1.800	3.192	1.00	0.00
ATOM	804	HD21	ASN	53	−15.958	−2.456	3.669	1.00	0.00
ATOM	805	HD22	ASN	53	−15.737	−1.391	2.364	1.00	0.00
ATOM	806	C	ASN	53	−12.750	−1.410	7.133	1.00	0.00
ATOM	807	OT1	ASN	53	−12.763	−2.553	7.560	1.00	0.00
ATOM	808	OT2	ASN	53	−12.775	−0.416	7.840	1.00	0.00
END

Example 3

[0121] The insulin analogue precursor AspB28IP(AspGlyLys) was produced culturing yeast strain MT663 transformed with an expression plasmid expressing either a YAP3-TA39-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:8)-AspB28IP(DGK) fusion protein or a YAP3-TA57-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:8)-AspB28IP(DGK) fusion protein. TA39 is a pro-sequence QPIDDTESNTTSVNLMADDT-ESRFATNTTLAGGLDVVNLISMAKR(SEQ ID NO: 15). The sequence EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:8) is an N-terminal extension to the B-chain of the insulin analogue. TA57 is a pro-sequence QPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTNSGGLDVVGLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO:16). cDNA encoding the leader sequences YAP3-TA39 and YAP3-TA57 and cDNA encoding the AspB28IP(DGK) and the N-terminal extension were cloned into an expression vector of the C-POT type using standard techniques (Sambrook J, Fritsch E F and Maniatis T, Molecular cloning, Cold spring Harbour laboratory press, 1989). The DNA and inferred amino acids sequences are shown in FIG. 7 (SEQ ID NO:9 and 10) and FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:11 and 12).

[0122] Table 5 shows the yields. Fermentation was conducted at 30° C. for 72 h in 5 ml YPD. IP yield was determined by RP-HPLC of the culture supernatant and is expressed relative to the IP yield of the strain yJB155.

TABLE 5
Leader	Precursor	N-terminal extension	C-peptide	Yield*	SEQ ID
α*-ex4	AspB28IP	GluGluAlaGluAlaGlu-	None	100	SEQ ID NO:3
		AlaProLys
YAP3-TA39	AspB28IP	GluGluGlyGluProLys	AspGlyLys	477%	SEQ ID NO:8
YAP3-TA57	AspB28IP	GluGluGlyGluProLys	AspGlyLys	306%	SEQ ID NO:8

Example 4

[0123] Construction of Human Insulin Precursors With Synthetic C-peptides With a Glycine Residue

[0124] Synthetic genes encoding fusion proteins consisting of the insulin precursor associated with a leader sequence consisting of a pre-peptide (signal peptide) and a pro-peptide, were constructed using PCR under standard conditions (Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) and E.H.F. polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Sandhoefer Strasse 116, Mannheim, Germany). The resulting DNA fragments were isolated and digested with endonucleases and purified using the Gene Clean kit (Bio101 Inc., La Jolla, Calif., USA). Standard methods were used for DNA ligation and transformation of E. coli cells were performed by the CaCl2 method (Sambrook et al. (1989) supra). Plasmids were purified from transformed E. coli cells using QIAGEN columns (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Nucleotide sequences were determined using the ALF Pharmacia Biotech DNA sequencing system with purified double-stranded plasmid DNA as template. Oligonucleotide primers for PCR were obtained from DNA technology (Arhus, Denmark).

[0125] Secretion of the insulin precursor was facilitated by the TA57 leader (Kjeldsen et al., 1998. Protein Expression Purif. 14, 309-316), although a variety of known yeast leader sequences may be used.

[0126] As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the pAK855 S. cerevisiae expression plasmid expressing the TA57 leader-GluGluGlyGluProLys(SEQ ID NO:8)-insulin precursor fusion protein was constructed based on the S. cerevisiae-E. coli shuttle POT plasmid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,957). L-IP indicates the fusion protein expression cassette encoding the leader-insulin precursor fusion protein, TPI-PROMOTER is the S. cerevisiae TPI1 promoter and TPI-TERMINATOR is the S. cerevisiae TPI1 terminator; TPI-POMBE indicates the S. pombe POT gene used for selection in S. cerevisiae; ORIGIN indicates a S. cerevisiae origin of replication derived from the 2 μm plasmid; AMP-R indicates the β-lactamase gene conferring resistance toward ampicillin, facilitating selection in E. coli and ORIGIN-PBR322 indicates an E. coli origin of replication.

[0127] DNA encoding a number of fusions proteins of leader sequences and insulin precursors with different mini C-peptides was generated by PCR using appropriate oligonucleotides as primers, as described below. Standard methods were used to subclone DNA fragments encoding the leader-insulin precursor fusion proteins into the CPOT expression vector in the following configuration: leader-Lys—Arg-spacer-insulin precursor, where Lys—Arg is a potential dibasic endoprotease processing site and spacer is an N-terminal extension. To optimize processing of the fusion protein by the S. cerevisiae Kex2 endoprotease, DNA encoding a spacer peptide (N-terminal extension), e.g. GluGluGlyGluPro—Lys (SEQ ID NO:8) was inserted between the DNA encoding the leader and the insulin precursor (Kjeldsen et al. (1999b.) J. Biotechnology, 75 195-208). However, the present of the spacer peptide is not mandatory. The insulin precursor was secreted as a single-chain N-terminally extended insulin precursor with a mini C-peptide, connecting LysB29 and GlyA1. After purification of the insulin precursor and proteolytic removal of the N-terminal extension and the mini C-peptide, the amino acid ThrB30 can be added to LysB29 by enzyme-mediated transpeptidation, to generate human insulin (Markussen, et al. (1987) in “Peptides 1986” (Theodoropoulos, D., Ed.), pp. 189-194, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin.).

[0128] Development of synthetic mini C-peptides was performed by randomization of one or more codon(s) encoding the amino acids in the mini C-peptide. The synthetic mini C-peptides feature typically an enzymatic processing site (Lys) at the C-terminus which allows enzymatic removal of the synthetic mini C-peptide. Randomization was performed using doped oligonucleotides which introduced codon(s) variations at one or more positions of the synthetic mini C-peptides. Typically one of the two primers (oligonucleotides) used for PCR was doped. Examples of primers are:

Primer A:	5′-TTGCTTAAATCTATAACTAC-3′	(SEQ ID NO: 19)
Primer B:	5′-TTAGTTTCTAGACTAGTTGCAGTAGTTTTCCAATTGGTACAAGGAGCAGATGGA-	(SEQ ID NO: 20)
	GGTACAGCATTGTTCGACAATACCCTTACCMNNCTTAGGAGTGTAGAAGAAACC-3′
N = ACTG, M = GT

[0129] PCR was typically performed as indicated below: 5 μl Primer A (20 pmol), 5 μl Primer B (20 pmol), 10 μl 10× PCR buffer, 8 μl dNTP mix, 0.75 μl E.H.F. enzyme, 1 μl pAK885 plasmid as template (approximately 0.2 μg DNA), and 70.25 μl distilled water.

[0130] Typically between 10 and 15 cycles were performed, one cycle typically was 95° C. for 45 sec.; 55° C. for 1 min; 72° C. for 1.5 min. The PCR mixture was subsequently loaded onto an 2% agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed using standard techniques. The resulting DNA fragment was cut out of the agarose gel and isolated by the Gene Clean kit.

[0131] FIG. 9 shows the nucleotide sequence of the pAK855 DNA expression cassette used as template for PCR and inferred amino acids of the encoded fusion protein (TA57-leader-EEGEPK(SEQ ID NO:8)-insulin precursor of pAK855 (SEQ ID NO:17 and 18).

[0132] The purified PCR DNA fragment was dissolved in water and restriction endonucleases buffer and digested with suitable restriction endonucleases (e.g. Bgl II and Xba I) according to standard techniques. The BglII-XbaI DNA fragments were subjected to agarose electrophoresis and purified using The Gene Clean Kit. The digested and isolated DNA fragments were ligated together with a suitable vector (e.g. of the CPOT type) using T4 DNA ligase and standard conditions. The ligation mix was subsequently transformed into a competent E. coli strain (R−, M+) followed by selection with ampicillin resistance. Plasmids from the resulting E. coli's were isolated using QIAGEN columns.

[0133] The plasmids were subsequently used for transformation of a suitable S. cerevisiae strainMT663 (MATα/MATα pep4-3/pep4-3 HIS4/his4 tpi::LEU2/tpi::LEU2 Cir+). Individual transformed S. cerevisiae clones were grown in liquid culture, and the quantity of secreted insulin precursor the culture supernatants was determined by RP-HPLC. The DNA sequence encoding the synthetic mini C-peptide of the expression plasmids from S. cerevisiae clones secreting increased quantity of the insulin precursor were then determined.

[0134] Table 6 shows the insulin precursors generated by the above method and production yield expressed as a percent of control. Fermentation was conducted at 30° C. for 72 h in 5 ml YPD. Yield of the insulin precursor was determined by RP-HPLC of the culture supernatant, and is expressed relative to the yield of a control strain expressing a leader-insulin precursor fusion protein in which the B29 residue is linked to the A1 residue by a mini C-peptide Ala—Ala—Lys. YAP3 is the YAP3 signal sequence. The sequence EEGEPK (SEQ ID NO:8) is an N-terminal extension to the B-chain and TA57 is a synthetic pro-sequence QPIDDTESQTTSVNLMADDTESAFATQTNSGGLDVVGLISMAKR (SEQ ID NO: 16).

TABLE 6
Leader	N-terminal extension	C-peptide	Yield*	SEQ ID
YAP3-	GluGluGlyGluProLys	AlaAlaLys	100	SEQ ID NO:2
TA57		Control
YAP3-	GluGluGlyGluProLys	AspGlyLys	185	SEQ ID NO:2
TA57
YAP3-	GluGluGlyGluProLys	GluGlyLys	153	SEQ ID NO:2
TA57

Claims

1. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one Gly and wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the Al (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

2. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 10 amino acid residues in length.

3. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 9 amino acid residues in length.

4. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 5, preferably up to 3 amino acid residues in length.

5. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 5 Gly.

6. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 3 Gly, preferably only one Gly.

7. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 1, wherein the connecting peptide comprises a C-terminal Lys or Arg immediately N-terminal to the A chain.

8. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 7, wherein one Gly amino acid residue is immediately N-terminal to the Lys or Arg.

9. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one Gly and a cleavage site enabling cleavage of the peptide bond between the A-chain and the connecting peptide, wherein one Gly is immediately N-terminal to said cleavage site.

10. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 15 amino acid residues in length.

11. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 10 amino acid residues in length.

12. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 9 amino acid residues in length.

13. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 5 amino acid residues in length.

14. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 3 amino acid residues in length.

15. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the A1 (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

16. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 5 Gly.

17. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 3 Gly, preferably only one Gly.

18. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 9, wherein the cleavage site enabling cleavage of the peptide bond between the A-chain and the connecting peptide is Lys or Arg.

19. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a connecting peptide (C-peptide) being cleavable from the A and B chains said connecting peptide comprising at least one Gly, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 6 amino acid residues in length.

20. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 19, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 5 amino acid residues in length.

21. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 19, wherein the connecting peptide is of up to 3 or up to 2 amino acid residues in length.

22. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 19, wherein the connecting peptide comprises up to 3 Gly, preferably only one Gly.

23. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 19, wherein the connecting peptide comprises a Lys or Arg immediately N-terminal to the A chain.

24. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 23, wherein one Gly immediately N-terminal to the Lys or Arg.

25. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 19, wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the A1 (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

26. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a sequence of formula I:

27. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein X1 is 1-4 amino acid residues in length.

28. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues in length.

29. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein X1 contains up to three, preferably one Gly.

30. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein X3 is Asp and X2 is Lys.

31. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein X1—Y is selected from the group of: (a) Glu—Glu—Gly Lys(SEQ ID NO:1), (b) Glu—Gly—Lys, (c) Ser—Gly—Lys, (d) Asn—Gly—Lys, (e) Thr—Gly—Lys, (f) Asp—Gly—Lys, (g) Me—Gly—Lys, (h) Ala—Gly—Lys, (i) His—Gly—Lys and (j) Gly—Lys.

32. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein one Gly is immediately N-terminal to Y.

33. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 26, wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the A1 (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

34. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a sequence of formula I:

35. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 is 1-15 amino acid residues in length.

36. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 is 1-10 amino acid residues in length.

37. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 is 1-8 amino acid residues in length.

38. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 is 1-5 amino acid residues in length.

39. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues in length.

40. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 contains up to 5 Gly.

41. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1 contains up to three, preferably only one Gly.

42. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X3 is Asp and X2 is Lys.

43. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein X1—Y is selected from the group of:(a) Glu—Glu—Gly—Lys(SEQ ID NO: 1) (b) Glu—Gly—Lys, (c) Ser—Gly—Lys, (d) Asn—Gly—Lys, (e) Thr—Gly—Lys, (f) Asp—Gly—Lys, (g) Me—Gly—Lys, (h) Ala—Gly—Lys, (i) His—Gly—Lys and (j) Gly—Lys.

44. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog according to claim 34, wherein the B27 (atom CG2) has a proximity to the A1 (atom CA) of less than 5 Å.

45. An insulin precursor or insulin precursor analog comprising a sequence of formula I:

46. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 is 1-15 amino acid residues in length.

47. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 is 1-10, amino acid residues in length.

48. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 is 1-8, preferably acid residues in length.

49. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 is 1-5 amino acid residues in length.

50. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 is 1-3 amino acid residues in length.

51. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 contains up to 5 Gly.

52. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X1 contains up to three, preferably only one Gly.

53. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein X3 is Asp and X2 is Lys.

54. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45 wherein X1—Y is selected from the group of:(a) Glu—Glu—Gly—Lys(SEQ ID NO:1), (b) Glu—Gly—Lys, (c) Ser—Gly—Lys, (d) Asn—Gly—Lys, (e) Thr—Gly—Lys, (f) Asp—Gly—Lys, (g) Me—Gly—Lys, (h) Ala—Gly—Lys, (i) His—Gly—Lys and (j) Gly—Lys.

55. An insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45, wherein one Gly is immediately N-terminal to Y.

56. An insulin precursor comprising a sequence of formula:

57. An insulin precursor according to claim 56, wherein X1 is AspGly and Y is Lys or Arg.

58. An insulin precursor according to claim 56, wherein X1 is GluGly and Y is Lys or Arg.

59. An insulin precursor according to claim 56, wherein X1 is of 1-4, 1-3 or 1-2 amino acid residues in length.

60. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 1.

61. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 9.

62. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 19.

63. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 26.

64. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 34.

65. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 45.

66. A polynucleotide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to claim 56.

67. An expression vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence of any of claim 60.

68. A host cell transformed with the vector claim 67.

69. A process for making an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucloetide sequence encoding an insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to any of claim 1 under suitable culture conditions for expression of said precursor or precursor analog; and (ii) isolating the expressed precursor or precursor analog.

70. A process according to claim 69, wherein the host cell is a yeast host cell.

71. A process for making insulin or an insulin analog, said method comprising (i) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the insulin precursor or an insulin precursor analog according to any of claim 1 under suitable culture conditions for expression of said precursor or precursor analog; (ii) isolating the precursor or precursor analog from the culture medium and (iii) converting the precursor or precursor analog into insulin or an insulin analog by in vitro chemical or enzymatic conversion.

72. A process according to claim 71, wherein the host cell is a yeast host cell line.