Patent Application
20120175047
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a one-piece annular metal part having a reinforcing insert of composite material.
It is known that, in particular in the field of aeronautics, it is a constant objective to optimize the strength of the parts for minimal weight and size. Some parts may now comprise an insert of composite material having a metal matrix, and the part may also be monolithic. Such a composite material comprises a matrix of metal alloy, for example an alloy of titanium Ti, within which the fibers extend, for example ceramic fibers of silicon carbide SiC. Such fibers have a tensile strength far greater than that of titanium (typically 4000 MPa compared to 1000 MPa). Hence the fibers absorb the forces, and the metal alloy matrix performs the function of bonding with the rest of the part, and also of protecting and isolating the fibers, which must not be in contact with one another. Furthermore, ceramic fibers have abrasion resistance, but must necessarily be reinforced by metal.
These composite materials are used, for example, in the manufacture of disks or rings having one-piece blades for a rotor of a compressor or turbomachine turbine, also designated by the abbreviation DAM or ANAM.
To obtain such a reinforcing insert of composite material, wires called “coated wires” are first formed, comprising a metal-coated ceramic fiber. The metal imparts to the wire the elasticity and flexibility required for its handling. Preferably, a very fine carbon or tungsten wire extends at the center of the fiber, along its axis, said carbon wire is coated with silicon carbide, while a fine layer of carbon is provided at the fiber/metal interface, to act as a diffusion barrier and buffer during the differential thermal relaxation which occurs during the cooling of the liquid metal deposited on the fiber.
To manufacture a one-piece annular part such as a bladed rotor disk, before inserting a composite reinforcing insert, a forging process (see FR 2 901 305) is known, entailing a plurality of forging operations in a metal mass (slug) to obtain a preshaped part, qualified as pre-machined, followed by a plurality of machining operations to produce in particular the blades and their common platform. Such a method finally yields a structurally and functionally satisfactory part, but at particularly high production cost and with considerable weight.
To overcome in particular the drawbacks of the above method, manufacturing processes are employed using the abovementioned composite materials to be integrated in metal containers (see for example FR 2 886 290 and 2 901 497 filed in the name of the Applicant). For this purpose, a known method for manufacturing a turbine engine rotor disk having a reinforcing insert of composite material (FR 2 901 497) consists in:
defining a metal container comprising two coaxially superimposed annular blocks, outer and inner, respectively, and two lateral annular flanges, said blocks and said flanges together bounding an annular cavity,
positioning an abovementioned insert in the cavity,
subjecting the assembly thus formed to a hot isostatic pressing operation, to form a one-piece blank, and
machining the abovementioned rotor disk from said blank.
Although this method serves to obtain an annular part having a composite insert, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the part and reducing its weight, it is finally necessary to machine the container to produce the complete disk, that is to say, its portion forming a rim or a ring and its peripheral portion with blades and platform, thereby incurring high costs, specific tooling stations, and commensurately longer production time.
Furthermore, the initial production of the container from blocks and annular flanges also demands repeated lengthy and costly operations, because one container is required for each one-piece bladed disk to be produced.
It is the object of the present invention to overcome these drawbacks and it relates to a method for manufacturing a one-piece annular metal part such as, in the preferred application, a bladed disk or a ring of a turbine engine rotor, incorporating at least one reinforcing insert issuing from at least one metal-coated fiber of composite material (ceramic or similar).
For this purpose, the inventive method of the abovementioned type is noteworthy in that it consists in:
forming a blank of said part by superimposing, around a rotating cylindrical mandrel, layers of metal wire and layers of coated fiber, said layers of coated fiber being arranged in the blank according to the positioning of said insert in the part,
placing the blank in a receiving tool, and applying a hot isostatic pressing treatment to the blank, and
extracting the treated blank from the receiving tool and, as required, machining the treated blank to obtain said one-piece annular metal part having a reinforcing insert.
Thus, thanks to the invention, a one-piece annular part is obtained at minimum cost, because it consists initially and entirely of windings of metal wire and composite fiber, without resorting, in the preferred application, to lengthy and costly block and flange design and manufacturing operations, followed by final machining operations on the entire part obtained. According to the invention, after the passage in the receiving and treatment tool which caused the flow of the metal wire and of the metal coating of the fibers, a homogeneous metal part is formed directly constituting the container of the prior art without the abovementioned drawbacks, only a machining operation on the blades in the peripheral portion of the annular blank being mainly performed to obtain the part.
Preferably, the metal wire and the composite fiber are cold wound at ambient temperature, which does not require a complex installation for implementing the steps of the method concerned. And advantageously, the metal wire used is obtained, for example, by wire drawing and is made from the same metal as that of the coated fiber. However, any wire obtained otherwise than by wire drawing could obviously be suitable. In the present context, metal wire equally means a single continuous wire throughout the method and a plurality of wires positioned end to end. The metal wire may also be individual or in the form of a layer or strip of a plurality of parallel or interlaced wires, a wire rope, a unidirectional wire fabric, etc., while remaining within the scope of the invention.
Furthermore, the metal wire and the composite fiber are wound substantially perpendicular to the axis of the rotating cylindrical mandrel, in order to orientate the latter in the correct direction with regard to the centrifugal force subsequently exerted on the disk in operation.
In particular, the layers of composite fiber are arranged on a partial median area of the extent of the metal wire wound around the cylindrical mandrel, and radially close thereto. Thus, the reinforcing insert is located at the core of the rim portion of the one-piece part obtained. Obviously, the invention is not limited to such a median positioning of the insert, which can be positioned elsewhere in the part, nor to the presence of a single insert. In fact, the part to be obtained may, if necessary, comprise a plurality of inserts having different or identical shapes and dimensions, arranged at various locations thereof, said inserts being obtained from layers of coated composite fiber arranged in the metal wire layers of the blank.
Preferably, the layers of metal wires are held together by bonding means, so as to obtain a blank that can be handled until its introduction into said tool. Thus, the annular blank comprising the metal wire layers can be removed without risk from the cylindrical mandrel, for its transfer to the treatment tool. For example, the bonding means are obtained by welding, in particular by electric tack welding, or are formed of metal sheet(s) enclosing the metal wire windings.
According to another feature, to facilitate the assembly of the wire layers in particular for high part widths (or thicknesses), two transverse flanges are arranged around the cylindrical mandrel, spaced in parallel to one another and between which the windings forming the layers of joined turns of metal wire are mounted.
Furthermore, recesses can advantageously be made in the flanges for accommodating windings of metal wire, and corresponding to changes in cross section of the annular part to be obtained. Other annular flanges can also be provided, being superimposed on the previously mounted flanges and having a different spacing or profile representative of a change in cross section or shape of the part to be obtained in accordance with the production of the blank by the metal wire. Thus, the method is not limited to a basic annular part shape, but serves to obtain various complex annular part shapes (multistage, tapered, etc.) by consecutive windings of metal wires/metal composite fibers, with substantial cost reductions by decreasing the number of operations (several parts can be manufactured simultaneously in the receiving and treatment tool, as shown below).
It is also possible to incorporate the cylindrical mandrel, the annular flanges and the blank having a metal wire and composite fiber, directly in the receiving and treatment tool.
In the preferred but nonexclusive application of the invention, the one-piece annular part has a rim portion with a reinforcing insert and a peripheral portion for advantageously, after the machining of the peripheral portion, defining a bladed rotor disk for a turbine engine.
The figures in the appended drawing clearly show how the invention can be implemented. In these figures, identical references denote similar elements.
The object of the inventive method is to manufacture a one-piece annular metal part 1 exclusively from elongated elements in the form of wires, fibers and similar.
In the exemplary embodiment shown with regard to
In a first step shown schematically in
This drawn metal wire issuing from a coil, not shown, is brought, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the axis X, around the lateral surface 6 of the cylindrical mandrel 5 along a predefined extent or length corresponding to the width (or thickness) L to be obtained, after manufacture, for the rim portion 2 of the disk, thereby forming a plurality of coiled joined turns 8, and on a plurality of predefined superimposed layers, in order progressively to first produce the rim portion 2.
Then, when the desired thickness of the layers of turns 8 is reached, the metal-coated composite fiber 10 is wound on the visible outer layer C of the metal wire 7, as shown in
This fiber 10 is continuous and also issues from one or a plurality of coils with a fiber orientation substantially perpendicular to the axis X of the cylindrical mandrel 5. As a reminder, the composite fiber 10, which is intended to form the reinforcing insert 11 of the annular part, has a silicon carbide (SiC) core in this example, coated with a metal matrix made from the same material as the wire, in particular the drawn wire. Dimensionally, the diameter of the composite fiber is about 0.25 to 0.30 millimeter with a core diameter of about 0.15 millimeter. Obviously, these figures are only given as examples and could be different according to the type of part to be produced, as well as the matrix material. The metal-coated composite fiber 10, shown here as individual, could, in the same way as the wire, be different, for example in the form of a wire rope, sheet, strip or fabric including a plurality of unidirectional (parallel) fibers.
In particular, concomitant with the winding of the fiber 10 (or layer of fibers 10) of composite material, the winding of the metal wire 7 continues, on either side of the composite fiber thus coiled, respectively. For example, the metal wire 7 having served for the winding of the turns 8 of the first layers, continues to be used to “mount” the layers of coiled joined turns 8 on one, 14, of the free side zones, and another drawn metal wire, identical to the previous one, is then used for winding the layers of coiled joined turns 8 for the other free side zone 15. This procedure is obviously nonlimiting. Furthermore, the coiling of the fiber forming the insert, followed by the coilings of the side zones of metal wire, can also be carried out one after the other, or vice versa, while remaining within the scope of the invention. Once the side zones 14, 15 are filled by the windings, one of the metal wires then continues to be wound in joined turns 8, over the entire width L, thereby covering the reinforcing insert 11 produced, and over the number of layers required.
Furthermore, as shown in
These flanges 16, 17 may in particular be made from metal and/or plastic and we may observe, in the example in
Once the windings are completed and another change in cross section is to be provided on the part to be manufactured (in the example, decrease in width), two other outer annular flanges 21, 22, respectively, are arranged coaxially around the outer periphery of the transverse flanges 16, 17, as shown in
The windings of layers of joined turns 8 are then positioned between the two outer annular flanges 21, 22, while the mandrel is rotated and the metal wire 7 is moved until the predefined radial dimension shown in
The drawn metal wire 7 and metal-coated composite fiber 10 are cold wound at ambient temperature, facilitating their placement and at minimum cost. Because their circumferential winding is perpendicular to the cylindrical mandrel, the wire and the fiber are oriented in the proper direction with regard to the centrifugal force exerted subsequently on the disk.
Obviously, depending on the shape of the part to be manufactured, other pairs of transverse flanges can be mounted in succession in order to form a blank E with staged profiles, with spacings which decrease and/or increase, and/or tapered profiles, expanding in accordance with the windings. Thus, the method is not limited to a specific shape of annular part and is suitable for manufacturing annular parts of complex shape.
In an alternative arrangement of flanges shown with regard to
Then, at the next change in cross section, like a decrease in width in the example, after the placement of the suitable number of superimposed layers of metal wire 7, corresponding to the desired height of the platform, the additional outer annular flanges 21, 22 are fastened to the rings 30, 31 via the fastening elements 33 (for example screws), with the spacing between said flanges corresponding to the desired width, as for the embodiment in
When the wire and fiber winding steps are completed, according to a first alternative, the transverse flanges 16, 17, 21, 22 (and the flat rings) are removed, and the annular blank E is extracted from the cylindrical mandrel 5, said blank being produced exclusively from the drawn metal wire 7 and the coated composite fiber 10.
The blank E is then transferred to a suitable receiving and treatment tool, such as a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) tool 24, where the step of plastic deformation and flow of the metal wire with the metal coating of the composite fiber takes place, followed by their diffusion welding in an isothermal press under vacuum or in an autoclave (the choice depending in particular on the number of parts to be produced), as shown schematically and respectively in
However, before its transfer, a step of bonding or holding the windings of metal wire 7 is carried out to ensure overall cohesion of the superimposed layers of turns during the transfer to the pressing station and to avert the risk of collapse of the blank. For this purpose, a welding step can be carried out, for example tack welding in particular, symbolized in places as 25 in
After the transfer and placement of the blank E in the vacuum press tool 24,
Under the action of the pressure applied by the press plates symbolized by the arrows F, and at a suitable elevated temperature, the identical metal of the drawn wire 7 and of the coating of the composite fiber 10 becomes pasty, eliminating all the voids between the pressed turns 8, 12 and finally densifying the part that is being obtained by the axial movement of the lid (shown in two positions in
In the alternative embodiment shown in
The one-piece bladed ring 1, produced exclusively from the windings of drawn metal wire and metal composite fiber, and obtained by HIP regardless of the tool employed, is shown in
According to a second alternative, not shown, the flanges and the cylindrical mandrel, within which the drawn wire and composite fiber windings are positioned, are incorporated in the treatment tool 24 in the vacuum press or the autoclave, thereby forming an integral part of the tool. Under the action of the pressure applied and the temperature softening the metal, the flanges move towards each other (the flanges on at least one side being mobile) until the final part is obtained, as in the first alternative.
In the context of the present invention, for their manufacture and as nonlimiting examples, inserts and/or preforms can be used, based on coated wires of SiC—Ti, SiC-SIC, SiC—Al, SiC-B or of preformed or woven metal wires.
Although the one-piece annular part described above is provided with a single reinforcing insert, it could include other reinforcing inserts at specific locations thereof, with different shapes.
For example, as shown schematically with regard to
In the blanks E2 and E3 shown schematically with regard to
It is the object of these examples to show that the location, number and shape of the reinforcing inserts issuing from the coated composite fibers are freely selected in accordance with the one-piece annular parts to be manufactured, and that the inventive method is not limited to those shown.
Furthermore, for information, the windings in layers of metal wire and metal composite fiber, which determine their bulking, may have a square stacking, that is to say, that the wire or fiber turns between two superimposed layers are arranged upon one another with a single contact, or a hexagonal stacking, that is to say, that the wire or fiber turns between two superimposed layers are offset, with two contacts (the wire turn of one layer being in contact with two joined turns of an upper or lower layer). The latter stack allows a lower bulking ratio, with fewer voids being provided between the windings.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11 50194 | Jan 2011 | FR | national |
