Method for manufacturing ceramic-metal articles

Abstract

A method for manufacturing a dense cermet article including about 80-95% by volume of a granular hard phase and about 5-20% by volume of a metal binder phase. The hard phase is (a) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carboxynitrides, borides, and mixtures thereof of the elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, and B, or (b) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, and carboxynitrides, and mixtures thereof of a cubic solid solution of Zr--Ti, Hf--Ti, Hf--Zr, V--Ti, Nb--Ti, Ta--Ti, Mo--Ti, W--Ti, W--Hf, W--Nb, or W--Ta. The binder phase is a combination of Ni and Al having a Ni:Al weight ratio of from about 85:15 to about 88:12, and 0-5% by weight of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Co, B, and/or C. The method involves presintering the hard phase/binder phase mixture in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at about 1475.degree.-1675.degree. C., then HIPing at about 1575.degree.-1675.degree. C., in an inert atmosphere, and at about 34-207 MPa pressure. Limiting the presintering temperature to 1475.degree.-1575.degree. C. and keeping the presintering temperature at least 50.degree. C. below the hot pressing temperature, produces an article of gradated hardness, harder at the surface than at the core.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to metal bonded ceramic, e.g. carbide, nitride, and carbonitride, articles for use as cutting tools, wear parts, and the like. In particular the invention relates to methods for producing such articles bonded with a binder including both nickel and aluminum.

The discovery and implementation of cobalt bonded tungsten carbide (WC-Co) as a tool material for cutting metal greatly extended the range of applications beyond that of conventional tool steels. Over the last 50 years process and compositional modifications to WC-Co materials have led to further benefits in wear resistance, yet the potential of these materials is inherently limited by the physical properties of the cobalt binder phase. This becomes evident when cutting speeds are increased to a level which generates sufficient heat to soften the metal binder. The high speed finishing of steel rolls serves as an example of a metal cutting application where the tool insert must maintain its cutting edge geometry at high temperature and resist both wear and deformation.

Unfortunately, the wear characteristics of WC-Co based cemented carbides are also affected by the high temperature chemical interaction at the interface between the ferrous alloy workpiece and the cemented carbide tool surface. Additions of cubic carbides (i.e. TiC) to the WC-Co system have led to some improvement in tool performance during steel machining, due in part to the resulting increased hardness and increased resistance to chemical interaction. However, the performance of such TiC-rich WC-Co alloys is influenced by the low fracture toughness of the TiC phase, which can lead to a tendency toward fracture during machining operations involving intermittent cutting, for example milling.

Accordingly, a cemented carbide material suitable for cutting tools capable of withstanding the demands of hard steel turning (wear resistance) and steel milling (impact resistance) would be of great value. Such a new and improved material is described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect the invention is a process for producing a ceramic-metal article involving presintering and densifying steps. A mixture including about 80-95% by volume of a granular hard phase component and about 5-20% by volume of a metal binder phase component is presintered in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at about 1475.degree.-1675.degree. C. for a time sufficient to develop a microstructure with closed porosity. The hard phase component consists essentially of a ceramic material selected from the group consisting of (a) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carboxynitrides, borides, and mixtures thereof of the elements selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and boron, and (b) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, and carboxynitrides, and mixtures thereof of a cubic solid solution selected from the group consisting of zirconium-titanium, hafnium-titanium, hafnium-zirconium, vanadium-titanium, niobium-titanium, tantalum-titanium, molybdenum-titanium, tungsten-titanium, tungsten-hafnium, tungsten-niobium, and tungsten-tantalum. The binder phase component consists essentially of nickel and aluminum, in a ratio of nickel to aluminum of from about 85:15 to about 88:12 by weight, and 0-5% by weight of an additive selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, boron, carbon, and combinations thereof. The presintered mixture is densified by hot isostatic pressing at a temperature of about 1575.degree.-1675.degree. C., in an inert atmosphere, and at about 34-207 MPa pressure for a time sufficient to produce an article having a density of at least about 95% of theoretical.

In narrower aspect, the presintering step of the above-described process is carried out at about 1475.degree.-1575.degree. C. and the presintering step is carried out at at least 50.degree. C. lower than the densifying step.

In another narrower aspect, the ratio of nickel to aluminum is selected such that during said densifying step said binder phase component is substantially converted to a Ni.sub.3 Al ordered crystal structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following Description, together with the Drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation comparing the machining performance of a cutting tool shaped article according to one aspect of the invention and commercially available tools;

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation comparing the milling performance of cutting tool shaped articles according to two aspects of the invention and commercially available tools.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The ceramic materials described herein include as the ceramic phase (a) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carboxynitrides, borides, or mixtures thereof of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, or boron, or (b) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carboxynitrides, and mixtures thereof of a cubic solid solution of zirconium and titanium, hafnium and titanium, hafnium and zirconium, vanadium and titanium, niobium and titanium, tantalum and titanium, molybdenum and titanium, tungsten and titanium, tungsten and hafnium, tungsten and niobium, or tungsten and tantalum. Of these, the combinations including solid solutions of tungsten with titanium, hafnium, niobium, or tantalum are preferred. More preferred ceramic phases include hard refractory tungsten or cubic solid solution tungsten-titanium carbides, nitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides, and carboxynitrides Most preferred are hard refractory cubic solid solution tungsten-titanium carbides. The ceramic phase is bonded by an intermetallic binder combining nickel and aluminum. A preferred densified, metal bonded hard ceramic body or article is prepared from a powder mixture: solid solution powders of (W.sub.x,Ti.sub.1-x)C, (W.sub.x,Ti.sub.1-x)N, (W.sub.x,Ti.sub.1-x)(C,N), (W.sub.x,Ti.sub.1-x)(O,C), (W.sub.x,Ti.sub.1-x)(O,N), (W.sub.x,Ti.sub.1-x )(O,C,N) or combinations thereof as the hard phase component, and a combination of both Ni and Al powders in an amount of about 5-20% by volume as the binder component. Most preferably, x is a weight fraction of about 0.3-0.7. The best combination of properties (hardness and fracture toughness) is obtained when total metal binder addition is in the range of about 7-15% by weight. For best results in sintering and in both physical and chemical property balance, the weight in the solid solution hard phase of tungsten to titanium should be in the range of about 0.3-3.0 and more preferably about 0.6-1.5. Materials with a W:Ti ratio lower than about 0.3 exhibit lowered fracture toughness and impact resistance, which can be important in some applications, e.g. when used as cutting tools for steel milling. A ratio of about 3.0 or less can enhance wear resistance, which can also be important in some applications, e.g. when used as cutting tools for steel turning.

As stated above, the metal powder represents about 5-20% by volume and preferably about 7-15% by volume of the total starting formulation. The binder metal powder includes nickel in an amount of about 85-88% by weight, and aluminum in an amount of about 12-15% by weight, both relative to the total weight of the binder metal powder. A minor amount of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, boron and/or carbon, not to exceed about 5% by weight of total binder metal, may also be included. The preferred composition is 12-14% by weight Al, balance Ni. In the most preferred binder compositions the Ni:Al ratio results in the formation of a substantially Ni.sub.3 Al binder, having the Ni.sub.3 Al ordered crystal structure. The amount of Ni.sub.3 Al is also dependent on the processing, e.g. the processing temperatures, and may be selected to achieve various properties in the cermet, e.g. 100%, 40-80%, less than 50%, etc. of the metal phase. The ratio of Ni:Al powders required to achieve the desired amount of Ni.sub.3 Al may be readily determined by empirical methods. Alternatively, prereacted Ni.sub.3 Al may be used in the starting formulation.

In some compositions, this ordered crystal structure may coexist or be modified by the above-mentioned additives. The preferred average grain size of the hard phase in a densified body of this material for cutting tool use is about 0.5-5.0 .mu.m. In other articles for applications where deformation resistance requirements are lower, e.g. sand blasting nozzles, a larger range of grain sizes, e.g. about 0.5-20 .mu.m, may prove satisfactory. The material may be densified by known methods, for example sintering, continuous cycle sinter-hip, two step sinter-plus-HIP, or hot pressing, all known in the art.

Another preferred densified, metal bonded hard ceramic body or article has the same overall composition as described above, but differs in that it exhibits a gradated hardness, most preferably exhibiting lower hardness in the center portion of the body and progressively increasing hardness toward the tool surface. To obtain a body with these characteristics, the densification process includes a presintering step in which the starting powder mixture is subjected to temperatures of about 1475.degree.-1575.degree. C., preferably 1475.degree.-1550.degree. C., in vacuum (e.g. about 0.1 Torr) or in an inert atmosphere (e.g. at about 1 atm) for a time sufficient to develop a microstructure with closed porosity, e.g. about 0.5-2 hr. As used herein, the term "microstructure with closed porosity" is intended to mean a microstructure in which the remaining pores are no longer interconnected. Subsequently, the body is fully densified in an inert atmospheric overpressure of about 34-207 MPa and temperature of about 1575.degree.-1675.degree. C., preferably 1600.degree.-1675.degree. C., for a time sufficient to achieve full density, e.g. about 0.5-2 hr. The presintering temperature is at least 50.degree. C. lower than the final densification temperature. These gradated bodies exhibit outstanding impact resistance, and are particularly useful as milling tool inserts and as tools for interrupted cutting of steel.

The depth to which the gradated hardness is effected is dependent on the presintering temperature. Thus, if a fully gradated hardness is not critical a similar process, but with a broader range of presintering temperatures, about 1475.degree.-1675.degree. C., may be used, and a 50.degree. C. difference between the presintering and hot pressing temperatures is not required.

For certain applications such as cutting tools the articles described herein may be coated with refractory materials to provide certain desired surface characteristics. The preferred coatings have one or more adherent, compositionally distinct layers of refractory metal carbides, nitrides, and/or carbonitrides, e.g. of titanium, tantalum, or hafnium, or oxides, e.g. of aluminum or zirconium, or combinations of these materials as different layers and/or solid solutions. Such coatings may be deposited by methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD), and preferably to a total thickness of about 0.5-10 .mu.m. CVD or PVD techniques known in the art to be suitable for coating cemented carbides are preferred for coating the articles described herein.

Coatings of alumina, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, titanium carbonitride, hafnium carbide, hafnium nitride, or hafnium carbonitride are typically applied by CVD. The other coatings described above may be applied either by CVD techniques, where such techniques are applicable, or by PVD techniques. Suitable PVD techniques include but are not limited to direct evaporation and sputtering. Alternatively, a refractory metal or precursor material may be deposited on the above-described bodies by chemical or physical deposition techniques and subsequently nitrided and/or carburized to produce a refractory metal carbide, carbonitride, or nitride coating. Useful characteristics of the preferred CVD method are the purity of the deposited coating and the enhanced layer adherency often produced by diffusional interaction between the layer being deposited and the substrate or intermediate adherent coating layer during the early stages of the deposition process.

For certain applications, for example cutting tools, combinations of the various coatings described above may be tailored to enhance the overall performance, the combination selected depending, for cutting tools, on the machining application and the workpiece material. This is achieved, for example, through selection of coating combinations which improve adherence of coating to substrate and coating to coating, as well as through improvement of microstructurally influenced properties of the substrate body. Such properties include hardness, fracture toughness, impact resistance, and chemical inertness of the substrate body.

The following Examples are presented to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand and practice the present invention. These Examples should not be considered as a limitation upon the scope of the present invention, but merely as being illustrative and representative thereof.

EXAMPLES

Cutting tools were prepared from a powder mixture of 10% by volume metal binder (86.7% Ni, 13.3% Al, both by weight, corresponding to a Ni.sub.3 Al stoichiometric ratio) and 90% by volume hard phase (a (W,Ti)C in a 50:50 ratio by weight solid solution W:Ti).

A charge of 111.52 g of the carbide and metal powder mixture, 0.0315 g of carbon, 4.13 g of paraffin, and 150 cc of heptane was milled in a 500 cc capacity tungsten carbide attritor mill using 2000 g of 3.2 mm cemented tungsten carbide ball media for 21/2 hr at 120 rpm. After milling, the powder was separated from the milling media by washing with additional heptane through a stainless steel screen. The excess heptane was slowly evaporated. To prevent binder (wax) inhomogeneity, the thickened slurry was mixed continuously during evaporation, and the caking powder broken up with a plastic spatula into small, dry granules. The dry granules were then sieved in two steps using 40- and 80-mesh screens. The screened powder was then pressed at 138 MPa, producing green compacts measuring 16.times.16.times.6.6 mm and containing 50-60% by volume of solids loading.

The pressed compacts were placed in a graphite boat, covered with alumina sand, and placed in a hydrogen furnace at room temperature. The temperature then was raised in increments of 100.degree. every hour and held at 300.degree. C. for 2 hr to complete the removal of the organic binder. The dewaxed samples were then taken from the hot zone, cooled to room temperature, and removed from the hydrogen furnace. These dewaxed samples were then densified as described below.

EXAMPLE 1

For this Example, the densification was carried out in two steps: presintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). The dewaxed compacts, on graphite plates which had been sprinkled with coarse alumina sand, were presintered at 1650.degree. C. for 1 hr at about 0.1 Torr in a cold wall graphite vacuum furnace. The initial rise in temperature was rapid, 15.degree. C./min up to 800.degree. C. From 800.degree. C. the rise was reduced to 4.5.degree. C./min, allowing the sample to outgas. Throughout the entire presintering cycle, the chamber pressure was maintained at about 0.1 Torr.

The final consolidation was carried out in a HIP unit at 1650.degree. C. and 207 MPa of argon for 1 hr, using a heating rate of about 10.degree. C./min. The maximum temperature (1650.degree. C.) and pressure (207 MPa) were reached at the same time and were maintained for about 1 hr, followed by oven cooling to room temperature. Cutting tools prepared by this process exhibited improved performance over that of commercially available cutting tools in machining of steel, as shown in FIG. 1. The tools were used in the dry turning of 1045 steel, 600 ft/min, 0.016 in/rev, 0.050 in D.O.C. (depth of cut). The wear values shown in FIG. 1 are averages of the wear induced at three corners; 29.1 in.sup.3 of metal were removed. As may be seen in FIG. 1, the tool of this Example compared favorably in turning performance with commercial tool #1, showing significantly superior notch wear, and was far superior to commercial tool #2. The composition and room temperature hardness of the commercial materials of FIG. 1 and of the tools of this Example are compared in the Table below.

EXAMPLE 2

The cutting tools of this Example were prepared as described above for Example 1, except that the dewaxed compacts were presintered at 1500.degree. C. for 1 hr. at 0.1 Torr in the same cold wall graphite vacuum furnace. The rise in temperature was the same as in Example 1: initially rapid, 15.degree. C./min. up to 800.degree. C. From 800.degree. C., the rise was reduced to 4.5.degree. C./min., allowing the sample to outgas.

The metal bonded carbide cutting tool of Example 2 was characterized by a specific microstructure in which a gradient of hardness (as shown in the Table) and fracture toughness was developed from the surface of the densified article to its core. The performance of the gradated cutting tool material was measured by machining tests, the results of which are shown in FIG. 2. The impact resistances of the tool of this Example (with gradated hardness), the tool of Example 1 (without gradated hardness), and two commercial grade tools were determined by a dry flycutter milling test on a steel workpiece (Rockwell hardness, R.sub.c =24) using a standard milling cutter (available from GTE Valenite Corporation, Troy, MI, U.S.A.) at 750 ft/min, 4.2 in/rev, 0.125 in D.O.C. The wear values shown in FIG. 2 are four corner averages at 341 impacts per corner. The specific cutting tools used in the machining tests are listed in the Table with their compositions and room temperature hardness.

As shown in FIG. 2, the tool of this Example was superior in milling performance to both commercial tools. Further, although the tool of Example 2 was most suitable for this application, the tool of Example 1 also proved to have commercial value for such high impact machining.

TABLE______________________________________ Hardness*, Hardness*,Sample Composition Knoop, GPa Vickers, GPa______________________________________Example 1 (W,Ti)C + 15.4 .+-. 0.3 13.8 .+-. 0.3 10 v/o (Ni + Al)Example 2 (W,Ti)C + Gradated**- 10 v/o (Ni + Al) core: 18.10 surface: 20.34Commercial TiC 14.5 .+-. 0.2 16.53 .+-. 0.16Tool #1 10 Ni + 10 Mo (v/o)Commercial 10 Co + 10 Ni + 13.4 .+-. 0.2Tool #2 80 other (v/o)______________________________________ *1. ON Load. **0.5 N Load. MoC, TiC, TiN, VC, WC (proprietary composition)

The present invention provides novel improved cutting tools capable of withstanding the demands of hard steel turning, which requires a high degree of wear resistance, and steel milling, which requires a high degree of impact resistance. It also provides wear parts and other structural parts of high strength and wear resistance.

While there has been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A process for producing a ceramic-metal article comprising the steps of:

presintering, in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at about 1475.degree.-1675.degree. C. and for a time sufficient to permit development of a microstructure with closed porosity, a mixture of about 80-95% by volume of a granular hard phase component consisting essentially of a ceramic material selected from the group consisting of the carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, and carboxynitrides of a cubic solid solution of tungsten and titanium; and about 5-20% by volume of a metal binder phase component, wherein said binder phase component consists essentially of nickel and aluminum, in a ratio of nickel to aluminum of from about 85:15 to about 88:12 by weight, and 0-5% by weight of an additive selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, boron, carbon, and combinations thereof; and densifying said presintered mixture by hot isostatic pressing at a temperature of about 1575.degree.-1675.degree. C., in an inert atmosphere, and at about 34-207 MPa pressure for a time sufficient to produce an article having a density of at least about 95% of theoretical.

2. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said presintering step is carried out at about 1475.degree.-1575.degree. C. and said presintering step is carried out at a temperature at least 50.degree. C. lower than that of said densifying step.

3. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of tungsten to titanium in said hard phase component is about 1:3 to about 3:1.

4. An process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said ratio of nickel to aluminum is selected such that during said densifying step said binder phase component is substantially converted to a Ni.sub.3 Al ordered crystal structure.

5. An process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said ratio of nickel to aluminum and the amount of said additive are selected such that during said densifying step said binder phase component is substantially converted to a Ni.sub.3 Al ordered crystal structure coexistent with or modified by said additive.

6. A process for producing a ceramic-metal article comprising the steps of:

presintering, in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at about 1475.degree.-1675.degree. C. and for a time sufficient to permit development of a microstructure with closed porosity, a mixture of about 80-95% by volume of a granular hard phase component consisting essentially of a ceramic material selected from the group consisting of (a) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, carboxynitrides, borides, and mixtures thereof of the elements selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and boron, and (b) the hard refractory carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbides, oxynitrides, and carboxynitrides, and mixtures thereof of a cubic solid solution selected from the group consisting of zirconium-titanium, hafnium-titanium, hafnium-zirconium, vanadium-titanium, niobium-titanium, tantalum-titanium, molybdenum-titanium, tungsten-titanium, tungsten-hafnium, tungsten-niobium, and tungsten-tantalum; and about 5-20% by volume of a metal binder phase component, wherein said binder phase component consists essentially of nickel and aluminum, in a ratio of nickel to aluminum of from about 85:15 to about 88:12 by weight, and 0-5% by weight of an additive selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, boron, carbon, and combinations thereof; and densifying said presintered mixture by hot isostatic pressing at a temperature of about 1575.degree.-1675.degree. C., in an inert atmosphere, and at about 34-207 MPa pressure for a time sufficient to produce an article having a density of at least about 95% of theoretical.

7. A process in accordance with claim 6 wherein said presintering step is carried out at about 1475.degree.-1575.degree. C. and said presintering step is carried out at a temperature at least 50.degree. C. lower than that of said densifying step.

8. A process in accordance with claim 6 wherein said hard phase component consists essentially of a cubic solid solution selected from the group consisting of tungsten-titanium, tungsten-hafnium, tungsten-niobium, and tungsten-tantalum.

9. A process in accordance with claim 6 wherein said ratio of nickel to aluminum is selected such that during said densifying step said binder phase component is substantially converted to a Ni.sub.3 Al ordered crystal structure or a Ni.sub.3 Al ordered crystal structure coexistent with or modified by said additive.