METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING FIBER REINFORCED ARTICLE AND APPARATUS

Abstract

A method of forming a fiber reinforced article comprising following steps: 101) providing a composite preform comprising of thermoplastic polymer matrix and reinforcing fibers, wherein the preform comprises an initial volume and initial fiber orientation, 102) loading the preform inside a radial molding apparatus comprising of at least three adjacent die segments next to each other forming a mold cavity in an initial position having an initial volume, 103) molding the preform by moving the die segments, which are in direct contact with each other during the initial position and movement and a compressed position, and which are perpendicular to a common longitudinal axis of the preform, wherein the initial volume of the mold cavity decreases and the die segments compress the preform to a form defined by the mold cavity in the compressed position having a final volume, which is smaller or equal to the initial volume of the preform, 104) opening the mold cavity, and 105) removing the obtained fiber reinforced article, which comprises a tailored fiber orientation, from the mold cavity, wherein the continuous reinforcing fibers follow to a surface contour of said article.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced article, and more particularly to a fiber reinforced article having a tailored multidirectional fiber orientation.

BACKGROUND ART

Composite materials, also referred to as composites, are a combination of two or more materials that are mixed or joined on a macroscopic level. They are used in engineering applications where a pure material cannot provide the specific set of properties that are required. They can be thought of as a single material that has been enhanced by the addition of another material.

Fibers are added as a means of reinforcement and provide strength, stiffness, or any other desired property to the composite. One of the problems associated with the above arrangement is how to preserve the desired multidirectional fiber orientation of a complex-shaped article during the manufacturing phase.

SUMMARY

An object of the present invention is thus to provide a method to solve the above problems related to manufacturing the articles with desired fiber orientations. The desired fiber orientation may be just a simple uniaxial orientation or complex multilayer multidirectional orientation depending on the end product requirements. The objects of the invention are achieved by a method and an apparatus which are characterized by what is stated in the independent claims. The preferred embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims.

The invention is based on the idea of using radial molding and forming a fiber reinforced article, which comprises a tailored fiber orientation, from the mold cavity, wherein the continuous reinforcing fibers follow to a surface design of said article.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following the invention will be described in greater detail by means of preferred embodiments with reference to the attached drawings, in which

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment;

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate exemplary die segments;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary composite preform;

FIGS. 5a-5f illustrate a series of exemplary manufacturing steps with pistons; and

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative step of the exemplary manufacturing step.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

This invention is focused on fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites, which can be especially used in medical devices such as bone screws and fasteners. Said medical devices are usually made of stainless steel or titanium alloys. However, these materials tend to have certain challenges, such as mechanical mismatch with mechanical properties of bone tissue which may cause further challenges such as stress shielding. Metallic implant may also cause disturbance in imaging such as in MRI. This has led engineers to search for alternative materials which can meet the desired effects and properties.

One of the alternatives is the fiber reinforced polymer composite. This type of composites is composed of a combination of reinforcing fibers, and a thermoplastic polymer matrix material, that surrounds the fibers. Fibers add strength and stiffness to an otherwise viscoelastic polymer that, without reinforcement, lacks the mechanical properties needed in certain applications. Fibers and matrix work together in synergy providing a composite material with characteristic properties benefiting from the contribution of both elements.

Fibers are added as a means of reinforcement and provide strength, stiffness, or any other desired property to the composite. The matrix bonds the fibers together, protects the fibers from damage, and distributes the load from one fiber to another. The properties of the composite are determined by the properties of the fibers, their length, diameter, orientation, and amount, as well as the properties of the matrix, and the bonding between the matrix and the fibers. When using reinforcing fibers, the fibers can be chopped and/or continuous.

When the continuous fibers are aligned, they provide maximum strength along the direction of alignment. The composite can be considerably weaker along other directions and can therefore be highly anisotropic. This anisotropy can be overcome by fibers aligned in desired directions, i.e. fiber orientations.

One of the problems associated with the above arrangement is how to preserve the desired fiber orientation of a complex-shaped article during the manufacturing phase. On laminated planar structures this can be easily overcome by aligning fibers on desired fiber orientations on distinct layers or by selecting pre-manufactured sheets with desired fiber orientations. If the fiber reinforced article being manufactured is a simple rotationally symmetrical object the desired fiber orientation can be achieved by means of filament winding. On more complex shapes the desired fiber orientation may be manufactured by means of automatic composite manufacturing techniques, such as automatic tape placement and/or automatic fiber placement. If, however, the complex fiber orientation is to be manufactured on small size products which need to be mass produced on large quantity on industrial scale, the preferable manufacturing techniques include compression molding and injection molding.

During the conventional compression moulding, the fiber orientation of a preform changes or it is considerably challenging to preserve on certain geometry articles. Preserving the desired fibre orientation on planar structures is somewhat straightforward, but more complex geometries are not that easy to reproduce with predictable fibre orientation. For example, when compression molding a rotationally symmetrical solid object, the shape transformation of a preform is not uniform along the surfaces of the object when compressing the preform to mold defining the final shape of the article. Thus, the initial fiber orientation of preform distort, shuffle and/or disarrange at different amounts on different sections due to non-uniform shape transformation.

On injection molding the desired fiber orientation of the article being manufactured can be achieved by using an insert containing the fibers having desired fiber orientation. The insert is placed inside the mold defining the final shape of the article before injecting the matrix polymer which fills the mold. The largest outer dimensions of the insert need to be smaller than the smallest outer dimensions of the mold, because otherwise the fiber insert would squeeze on between the mold parts when the mold closes making the injection molding impossible.

The present invention relates to a continuous fiber reinforced structure forming method, which utilizes radial molding. Continuous fiber reinforced structure obtained by this method for certain product geometries can comprise a layer structure with defined fiber orientation on each layer which can be tailored having desired properties. Using conventional methods such as compression molding, such layer structure and/or fiber orientation tends to shuffle and disarrange during the molding, which causes the desired properties of the finished product to weaken and on some occasion, even render it useless. Using radial molding, the construction/structure of desired fiber orientation of final product can be tailored/predicted as the shape transformation during the mold closing is uniform radially surrounding the longest dimension of the preform. Ideally the fiber orientation structure can even remain unchanged in the finished product, which maximizes benefits of the desired properties. Such properties can be, for example, toughness, stiffness, or any other desired mechanical property.

FIG. 1 illustrates a flow chart of a method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to an embodiment. The first step 101 comprises providing a composite preform composed of thermoplastic polymer matrix and reinforcing fibers, wherein the preform comprises an initial volume and initial fiber orientation. The preform may be rotationally symmetrical and comprise an intermingled or interlocked layer structure, which would be preserved in the finished article. The preform may also comprise a tailored fiber structure, on which the fibers are initially located in separate and superimposed layers, and on which there are designed gaps on fiber structure on undermost layers and extra fibers on layers above the layers having gaps. These extra fibers on topmost layers may be located on the same position as the gaps on undermost layers. Thus, when radially compressing the preform, the extra fibers on topmost layers move to direction of the core and fill the gaps and the fiber structure of final product is 3D intermingled or interlocked structure, which is created during the radial molding phase. Each layer may consist of same or different material, and additionally may comprise a helix orientation having a desired angle such as 90°, 45° or 30°, for instance. The preform may consist of a core or insert wrapped around multiple layers having different helix, uni-axial, etc. orientation. In some structures, there may be gaps between different layers which would further facilitate interlocking the fibers in the finished article.

The thermoplastic materials are materials which shape can be transformed when heating them to certain material specific temperatures (e.g. glass transition temperature, melting temperature, etc.). Certain material properties, such as degree of crystallinity, strength properties, etc., of thermoplastic polymers may also be altered as a function of temperature and time. When thermoplastics are heated to certain temperature (glass transition temperature Tg), they soften, and their shape can be transformed. Semi-crystalline and crystalline thermoplastic polymers melt when they are heated to their melting point (Tm) or above melting point. Amorphous thermoplastic polymers do not have a melting point. Usually thermoplastic polymers are molded on temperatures above the Tg or above the Tm. They solidify to a glassy state when cooled below their glass transition temperature. There are many different types of fibers that can be used to reinforce polymer matrix composites. The most common are carbon fibers (AS4, IM7, etc.) and fiberglass (S-glass, E-glass, etc.). Fibre preforms are often manufactured in sheets, continuous mats, tubular structures or as continuous filaments or continuous filaments/tapes impregnated using matrix polymer.

The second step 102 comprises loading the preform inside a radial molding apparatus, either manually or automatically by a machine. Said radial molding apparatus comprises at least three adjacent die segments next to each other forming a mold cavity having an initial volume in an initial position and a final volume in a compressed position, which is smaller than the initial volume. The final volume of the mold cavity also defines a final volume and shape of the finished fiber reinforced article.

Each die segment can be identical, such as wedge-shaped with planar surfaces, which are arranged to form an approximately cylindrical central cavity. However, other shapes can also be formed depending on the design of the cavity surface. The wedges can be hinged and driven in unison to change the diameter, and consequently the volume, of the cavity. The die segment can have any design comprising two adjacent sides forming a 120° or less angle.

The third step 103 comprises molding the preform by moving said die segments. Each die segment is in direct contact with each other during end positions and movement of the mold, such as opening and closing as well as during the initial and compressed position. During this step, the compression applies similar or identical radial force and deformation towards the longitudinal axis of the preform.

Radial molding is a technique where the molded article is formed by a moldable continuous fiber reinforced preform material from the initial volume to the final volume along a plurality of radial directions. These radial directions are substantially perpendicular to a common longitudinal axis and arranged to lie in different planes. In this context the common longitudinal axis refers to the axis along which preform is loaded and perpendicular to the compression.

The said movable radial die segments are movable concurrently between the initial position and the final compression position which respectively define said initial volume and said final volume. The volume of the mold cavity in the compressed position can be smaller than or equal to the volume of the preform. Additionally, the volume of the preform can be smaller than the volume of the mold cavity in the initial position, and transverse dimension of the preform in the initial position can be larger than the transverse dimension of finished article in the compressed position. The transverse dimension of the preform in the initial position can also be smaller than or equal to the transverse dimension of the finished article in the compressed position, wherein the preform is additionally compressed from an end along the common longitudinal axis of the preform.

Linear or curved path actuators can be used to move said die segments between their initial and compressed positions. The said radial die segments can move along either linear or curved paths during which the interface surfaces on between the adjacent radial die segments can be then either linear or curved.

The radial mold comprised of at least three mold die segments described in this invention may also be used as a mold for injection molding. In injection molding the mold which opens radially, as described in this invention, enables to use continuous fiber inserts which have even larger initial diameter than the molded final product. With conventional mold there are always gaps on between the mold parts, also known as dies, when the mold opens and thus the use of such larger diameter inserts would be impossible, as the insert would get squeezed between the mold parts when the mold closes. If the mold opens and closes radially as explained in this invention such squeezing will not happen. This enables to use such continuous fiber reinforced inserts in overmolding injection molding which are impossible to use when using any other type of molds in injection molding.

The fourth step 104 comprises opening the mold cavity, by returning the die segments to the initial position, wherein each die segment is in direct contact with adjacent die segments during the movement. Both compression and release movements can be actuated by actuators to forcedly move said die segments between their initial and compressed positions. Said actuator can be hydraulic power cylinder, for instance, attached to the die segments. Operation of the die segments can be controlled by a valve. The power cylinders can be simultaneously connected to compress and, after compression, to reverse flow through the valve.

The fifth step 105 comprises removing the obtained fiber reinforced article from the mold cavity, either manually or automatically by a machine. The finished article comprises a tailored orientation and layer structure, wherein the continuous reinforced fibers follow or conform to a surface contour of said article. The initial fiber orientation structure can even remain unchanged in the finished article, which maximizes benefits of the desired properties. The obtained article comprises desired properties such as better toughness, as well as compression, torsion, impact resistance, or any other desired property.

In another embodiment, the method further comprises a heating step, wherein the preform is heated to above the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of matrix polymer. Heating the preform facilitates formability of the preform. Said heating step can be arranged inside the radial molding apparatus before the molding step or before loading the preform inside the radial molding apparatus. In some embodiments, the die segments can be heated using heating elements placed inside the desired locations in the compression die body and transfer the heat to the preform located in mold cavity. The preform is then cooled down inside the mold cavity by conduction or the finished article is cooled down after the molding step by any suitable cooling means such as air cooling.

In yet another embodiment, before or after or during the molding step, the method further comprises sliding at least one piston inside the mold cavity along the common longitudinal axis of the preform to further facilitate the compression of the preform by sealing the mold cavity from at least one end. In this context, the piston refers to any rod or stick or similar arranged to fit and move inside the molding apparatus. For example, one piston on each longitudinal end of the mold cavity can be provided, and during molding step, said pistons slide towards the preform and thus further compresses the preform from both ends. With the combination of the mold segments and the pistons all sides of the product can be formed. Preferably the pistons slide towards the preform after the die segments are moved to final compression position. A separate actuator may move the piston or both pistons. The piston may comprise a feature penetrating the whole mold cavity from one piston to another piston. Such embodiment is beneficial particularly when molding parts which have hollow opening trough the longest dimension of part. An example of such part is a cannulated screw.

A distal end of the piston may comprise a mold with an inverse design which is reproduced at an end portion of the obtained fiber reinforced article. The mold can be made of plastic such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), which has excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties that are maintained at high temperatures. The distal end in this context refers to the end contacting the preform. The design can be for instance a screw head and/or screw tip. On another embodiment the piston can include a separate part which is used as an insert and which is joined to the part being manufactured during the radial molding phase. Such insert is temporarily attached to piston prior to compression molding phase and it is permanently attached to the part being radial molded during the molding phase. Such insert may be composed of same material as part being manufactured or it may be composed of different material such as a metal, ceramic, etc. Such insert may comprise the whole tip of the part being manufactured. Such tip can be for instance threaded and used in applications where a mixture of two or more materials is more advantageous.

In yet another embodiment, the preform is provided in a continuous manner by loading and compressing the preform, returning the die segments and removing the obtained fiber reinforced article in such way that the preform is moved equally or less than the length of the mold cavity in the direction of the common longitudinal axis without separating the preform and the obtained fiber reinforced article from each other. The loading can be performed automatically or manually. When automated the actuator may move the preform to mold cavity on continuous manner explained below:

Continuous process:

• • 1. starting the process by loading continuous preform to a cool mold cavity
  • 2. heating and closing the mold and radial molding it to a final shape
  • 3. cooling down the mold
  • 4. opening the mold
  • 5. moving the continuous preform equally or less than the length of the mold cavity in the direction of the common longitudinal axis
  • 6. heating and closing the mold and radial molding it to final shape
  • 7. cooling down the mold
  • 8. opening the mold
  • 9. repeating the steps 5-8 as many times as required to compress the whole length of the preform

The outcome is a continuous radially molded article having desired fiber orientation and shape.

In yet another embodiment, before the molding step, the method further comprises sliding at least one piston with specifically designed mold sealing feature at the distal end of the piston along the common longitudinal axis of the preform to further facilitate mold sealing. The sealing feature stops at the edge of the mold cavity. In this context, the piston includes a geometrical feature which seals the mold at the stage where mold cavity is “open” (FIG. 2) before the die segments move to the compressed position (FIG. 3). On such embodiment the separate actuator may move the piston or both pistons.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate exemplary die segments 2 of a radial molding apparatus viewed along a longitudinal axis in an initial position and a compressed position, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the apparatus comprises four die segments 2 forming a mold cavity 3. The die segments 2 can be similar or different depending on the manufactured product. Each die segment 2 comprises two interface surfaces 2a forming a wedge, which are in contact with interface surfaces 2a of adjacent die segments 2 all the time during an initial position (FIG. 2), molding step and compressed position (FIG. 3) and during movements between the positions. The die segments 2 can move along linear path which the interface surfaces 2a between the adjacent die segments 2 can be linear.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary composite preform 1 comprising thermoplastic polymer matrix and reinforcing fibers. The preform 1 comprises a core 11 having uniaxial fiber orientation and plurality surrounding fiber layers 12 having a substantially 45° helix orientation. The helix orientation may be either or both right hand or/and left hand. The layers 12 may be overlapped with 45°/−45°/45°/−45°/45° etc. helix orientation, for example. The layers 12 may overlap with different or same helix orientation from the core 11 to the surface, wherein the fibers of the core 11 comprise same orientation parallel to the longitudinal axis. In some examples, the layers 12 may have same helix orientation close to the core 11 and different helix orientation close to the surface. The continuous reinforcing fibers are arranged to follow or conform to a surface design of finished article. In screws especially, the helix angle is essential for determining torque. Screw efficiency is controlled by the helix angle, and the maximum efficiency is between 40 and 45 degrees. However, in some embodiments, the helix orientation can be substantially or 30° or parallel to the longitudinal axis. The fiber insert 11 may also be replaced with a different material.

FIGS. 5a-5f illustrate a series of exemplary manufacturing steps comprising similar die segments from FIGS. 2 and 3 with pistons 4, 5 in open views, wherein two front adjacent die segments 2 are not shown. FIG. 5a illustrates the die segments 2 in the initial position, wherein a mold cavity 3 has an initial volume. The mold cavity 3 in this example has a shape of a threaded screw. Above and below the mold cavity 3 are paths for pistons.

FIG. 5b illustrates the die segments 2 and pistons 4, 5 in initial positions, wherein a preform 1, having an initial shape and volume and comprising thermoplastic polymer matrix and reinforcing fibers, has been loaded inside the mold cavity 3. The preform 1 has a common longitudinal axis A which is perpendicular to compression. The initial volume of the preform 1 can be smaller than the initial volume of the mold cavity 3, and in a compressed position the mold cavity 3 and a finished article has a matching volume. The first piston 4 and the second piston 5 may have different diameter and shape but they may also have same diameter (as shown in FIG. 6). The pistons 4, 5 can be made of metal or metal with plastic tip such as PEEK.

FIG. 5c illustrates a step, wherein the die segments 2 are at the compressed position while the pistons 4, 5 are still at the initial position. During radial compression, longitudinal shape of the preform 1 is formed and having a tailored fiber orientation wherein the continuous reinforcing fibers follow or conform to the surface contour. As seen from FIG. 5c, both end sections have a protrusion with non-controlled shape (shown as round shape in FIG. 5c), which may not be a desired design.

FIG. 5d illustrates the complete compressed position, wherein both pistons 4, 5 have slid inside the mold cavity 3 after the radial compression. The volume of the mold cavity 3 in the compressed position equals to the volume of the finished article 6. The first piston 4, and/or the second piston 5, has a distal end, which is the end contacting the preform 1 or unfinished article, that functions as a mold with an inverse design which is reproduced at an end portion of the finished article 6.

FIG. 5e illustrates the step, where the die segments 2 and pistons 4 and 5 are returned to the initial position and the finished article 6 is ready to be removed.

FIG. 5f illustrates a closer view of the finished article 6, which can be divided into the end portion 6a, middle portion 6b and tip portion 6c. The end portion 6a has a top shape which is formed by the first piston 4. The middle portion 6b has the helix threads which have the tailored fiber orientation with optimized mechanical properties. The tip portion 6c can be flat or, in some embodiments, include a tip made of other material than the preform 1. It may be fully threaded or partially threaded or smooth.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative step of the exemplary manufacturing steps. The embodiment of FIG. 6 is very similar to the one explained in connection with FIG. 5c. Therefore, the embodiment of FIG. 6 is in the following mainly explained by pointing out differences.

FIG. 6 illustrates a step before the radial compression, wherein the pistons 4, 5 are at the compressed position while the die segments 2 are still at the initial position (i.e. 5b). The pistons 4, 5 can either compress the end portion of the preform 1 to the desired design before radial compression or keep the preform 1 from flowing out of the mold cavity 3 during the radial compression while the radial compression pressure causes the preform 1 to push towards the pistons 4, 5 or both. In both cases the finished product is obtained having a tailored fiber orientation wherein the continuous reinforcing fibers follow or conform to the surface contour.

In a yet another embodiment, the piston 4, 5 may further comprise a sealing feature 7 at the interface of the mold cavity 3 along the common longitudinal axis A of the preform 1 to further facilitate mold sealing. The term “interface of the mold cavity 3” in this context refers to the border where the mold cavity 3 is defined by the final volume. The sealing feature 7 is shaped to seal the interface of at proximal and/or distal end of the mold cavity 3 when the die segments 2 are still at the initial position and arranged to focus and lock against rotation of the die segments 2 at the compressed position. The sealed interface at the end of the mold cavity 3 thus prevents leakage of moldable preform 1 to these directions and thus the sealed interfaces improve pressure regulation during the molding phase. When the sealing feature 7 is utilized, the diameter of the pistons 4, 5 may be smaller than the diameter of the mold cavity 3 in the compressed stage. The sealing feature 7 may be manufactured of any suitable sealant material such as rubber, metal or plastics such as PEEK. The sealing feature 7 may also be composed of same material as the rest of the pistons. The sealing feature 7 may also be a geometrical feature of the piston 4, 5, which is integrated or seamlessly joined to the piston 4, 5 and which is composed of any suitable material.

Claims

1-19. (canceled)

20. A method of forming a fiber reinforced article by comprising following steps: 101) providing a composite preform comprising of thermoplastic polymer matrix and reinforcing fibers, wherein the preform comprises an initial volume and initial fiber orientation,102) loading the preform inside a radial molding apparatus comprising of at least three adjacent die segments next to each other forming a mold cavity in an initial position having an initial volume,103) molding the preform by moving the die segments, which are in direct contact with each other during the initial position and movement and a compressed position, and which are perpendicular to a common longitudinal axis of the preform, wherein the initial volume of the mold cavity decreases and the die segments compress the preform to a form defined by the mold cavity in the compressed position having a final volume, which is smaller or equal to the initial volume of the preform,wherein before or after the molding step, at least one piston is slid towards the preform inside the mold cavity along the common longitudinal axis of the preform to further facilitate the compression of the preform by sealing the mold cavity from at least one end,104) opening the mold cavity, and105) removing the obtained fiber reinforced article, which comprises a tailored fiber orientation, from the mold cavity, wherein the continuous reinforcing fibers follow to a surface contour of said article.

21. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the molding step comprises radial compression molding.

22. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 21, wherein the preform is heated to above glass transition temperature or melting temperature of matrix polymer inside the radial molding apparatus before or during the molding step or before loading the preform inside the radial molding apparatus, and cooled down during or after the molding step.

23. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the molding step comprises injection molding, and where the obtained article is a fiber insert, which is used as an insert in an overmolding process.

24. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein a distal end of the piston comprises a mold with an inverse design which is reproduced at an end portion of the obtained fiber reinforced article.

25. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the piston is arranged to attach an insert or a metal or ceramic tip to the preform during the compression.

26. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the piston further comprises a sealing feature at an interface of the mold cavity arranged to seal the mold cavity at the compressed position and/or during the molding step.

27. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the initial volume of the preform is smaller than volume of the mold cavity in the initial position, and transverse dimension of the preform in the initial position is larger than the transverse dimension of the obtained article in the compressed position.

28. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein during the compression step, the die segments move an identical linear or curved displacement length along the adjacent die segment, which movements are synchronized by at least one actuator, and wherein the die segments are in direct contact with each other.

29. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the fiber orientation of preform can be tailored beforehand, wherein the preform comprises a fiber insert having uniaxial fiber orientation and plurality surrounding fiber layers having a helix orientation with any desired fiber angle.

30. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the preform comprises an intermingled or interlocked layer structure.

31. The method of forming a fiber reinforced article according to claim 20, wherein the fiber reinforced article is a medical device.

32. A radial compression molding apparatus for forming a fiber reinforced article comprising thermoplastic polymer matrix and reinforcing fibers, wherein the apparatus comprises at least three adjacent die segments next to each other forming a mold cavity for a preform, wherein during a compression the die segments move an identical linear or curved displacement length along the adjacent die segment, the die segments are arranged to be in direct contact with each other during an initial position and movement and a compressed position, which movements are synchronized by at least one actuator, and wherein the apparatus further comprises at least one piston arranged at an end of the mold cavity and before or after the compression is arranged to slide towards the preform inside the mold cavity along a common longitudinal axis of the preform.

33. The radial compression molding apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the distal end of the piston comprises a mold with an inverse design.

34. The radial compression molding apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the piston further comprises a metal or ceramic tip to be attached to an end of the preform during the compression.

35. The radial compression molding apparatus according to claim 32, wherein the piston further comprises a sealing feature at an interface of the mold cavity arranged to seal the mold cavity at a compressed position.

36. The radial compression molding apparatus according to claim 35, wherein the sealing feature is a geometrical feature of the piston, which is integrated or seamlessly joined to the piston.