Patent Application
20220410504
The present disclosure relates to the manufacture of composite panels. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to technologies and techniques for manufacturing composite panels utilizing fibrous materials from natural sources, such as paper, and polymer materials.
There is a need for lightweight, sustainable materials in the automotive industry. Current vehicle body panels are manufactured primarily out materials such as steel and aluminum, along with plastics, and, to a lesser extent, carbon or glass fiber reinforced plastics. It is estimated that, in the case of metal-based body panels, the painting process of such panels account for approximately 50% of the energy consumption of the entire manufacturing process. Painted metal surfaces are chemically stable, but are prone to mechanical damage, such as dents and scratches, which may lead to expensive repairs. Thermoplastic exterior panels, such as most bumpers, are dent-resistant and low weight, but the materials are inherently incompatible with coating processes used for metals, due to their temperature sensitivity. Therefore, their paint process requires reduced temperatures, which in turn requires paint materials with higher solvent ratios. This leads to a coating process with lower energy usage but increased chemical/ecological footprint.
Thermoplastic body panels are usually manufactured from injection molded polypropylenes (PP) or thermoplastic olefins (TPO). Thermoformed flat thermoplastic sheet panels are used as well, but suffer from very limited design freedom. Generally, materials used in the automotive industry today are manufactured and painted in energy-intensive processes with a significant ecological footprint, leading to components with high embodied energy and damage-prone surfaces.
The use of natural fiber composite materials has increased recently, as most industry sectors as striving to reduce their carbon footprint and turn toward renewable resources. Paper-based composites are interesting in particular as paper fibers are readily recycled and available in most regions of the world. Sheets of paper are typically impregnated with a phenolic resin, dried, stacked and pressed, similarly to the conventional plywood manufacturing process. However, the structure of conventional paper composite materials limits the application to primarily flat surfaces and/or simple curved (developable) surfaces. Other paper-based materials include molded fiber products, which can take up complex geometries but usually aren't fully consolidated with plastics and rely on the bonds formed between cellulose fibers. Furthermore, additional development is needed to provide paper composite material with greater structural integrity, while allowing the material to be formed into more complex shapes, as well as providing configurations for installing and/or embedding electrical and/or mechanical components, such as those found in vehicle systems or other suitable systems.
Various apparatus, systems and methods are disclosed herein relating to the manufacture of doubly-curved panels made of recyclable materials.
In some examples, a method is disclosed for manufacturing a fiber-reinforced polymer composite assembly, comprising: forming a plurality of sheets from a composite mixture comprising a fibrous material and a resin; cutting each of the plurality of sheets to one or more predetermined dimensions; forming a stack by positioning an insert between an upper plurality of sheets and a lower plurality of sheets; positioning the stack on a mold; and pressing and consolidating the stack on the mold to form the composite assembly.
In some examples, a fiber-reinforced polymer composite assembly is disclosed, comprising: a first plurality of sheets, each formed from a composite mixture comprising a fibrous material and a resin, wherein each of the first plurality of sheets are cut to one or more predetermined dimensions; a second plurality of sheets, each formed from the composite mixture comprising the fibrous material and the resin, wherein each of the second plurality of sheets are cut to one or more predetermined dimensions; and an insert, positioned between the first plurality of sheets and the second plurality of sheets, wherein the first plurality of sheets, the second plurality of sheets, and the insert are configured to form a stack, and wherein the stack is shaped by positioning the stack on a mold and pressing and curing the stack to form the composite assembly.
In some examples, a fiber-reinforced polymer composite assembly is disclosed, comprising: a first plurality of sheets, each formed from a composite mixture comprising a fibrous material and a resin, wherein each of the first plurality of sheets are cut to one or more predetermined dimensions; and a second plurality of sheets, each formed from the composite mixture comprising the fibrous material and the resin, wherein each of the second plurality of sheets are cut to one or more predetermined dimensions; wherein the first plurality of sheets and the second plurality of sheets are configured to form a stack, and wherein the stack is shaped by positioning the stack on a mold and pressing and curing the stack to form a doubly-curved geometric shape.
In some examples, each of the plurality of sheets may be cut to one or more predetermined dimensions by removing one or more portions of at least some of the plurality of sheets, and wherein the location of the one or more portions are contiguous throughout each of the at least some of the plurality of sheets. The location of the one or more portions may be configured to form at least one of a hole, notch and cavity within the at least some of the plurality of sheets when pressing and consolidating the stack in the mold. In some examples, pressing and consolidating the stack may include subjecting the stack to a hot press and stamping
In some examples, forming the fibrous material may include forming the fibrous material using paper, and wherein the resin comprises one of a thermoset resin or a thermoplastic resin. The thermoset resin may include one of a phenolic, epoxy, unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester, polyurethane or polyimide resin, and wherein the thermoplastic resin may include one of a polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamides or polystyrene resin. In some examples, the fiber-reinforced polymer composite assembly may be subjected to back-injection molding of the composite assembly.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
The figures and descriptions provided herein may have been simplified to illustrate aspects that are relevant for a clear understanding of the herein described devices, structures, systems, and methods, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, other aspects that may be found in typical similar devices, systems, and methods. Those of ordinary skill may thus recognize that other elements and/or operations may be desirable and/or necessary to implement the devices, systems, and methods described herein. But because such elements and operations are known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, a discussion of such elements and operations may not be provided herein. However, the present disclosure is deemed to inherently include all such elements, variations, and modifications to the described aspects that would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Exemplary embodiments are provided throughout so that this disclosure is sufficiently thorough and fully conveys the scope of the disclosed embodiments to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth, such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide this thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. Nevertheless, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific disclosed details need not be employed, and that exemplary embodiments may be embodied in different forms. As such, the exemplary embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some exemplary embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies may not be described in detail.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their respective performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as a preferred order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.
When an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “engaged to”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to”, “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments.
In the drawings, some structural or method features may be shown in specific arrangements and/or orderings. However, it should be appreciated that such specific arrangements and/or orderings may not be required. Rather, in some embodiments, such features may be arranged in a different manner and/or order than shown in the illustrative figures. Additionally, the inclusion of a structural or method feature in a particular figure is not meant to imply that such feature is required in all embodiments and, in some embodiments, may not be included or may be combined with other features.
Turning to
As soon as the particle size of material is reduced to the size smaller than that of the holes of the screen, it will pass through the screen and separate out through the outlet of the mill. In some examples, the grinding chamber may be configured with a circular or a non-circular shape. For non-circular shapes, the grinding chamber may be configured in a teardrop shape, ellipse, octagon such that a material-circulation layer cannot be formed in the chamber, since the edges of the non-circular chamber eliminates the circulating motion of the material. If second-time grinding is used, it may be realized using a grinder and a sieving device in which the material is ground in the grinder, then fed into sieving device for sieving, with a feedback for larger particles from the sieve to be ground again. Alternately, a course and a fine grinder may be used for send-time grinding.
In some examples, separator 102 may be configured as a carding machine, in which the fibers from the fibrous material (e.g., pulp) are prepared using opening and carding to produce webs that are placed one on top of the other in various geometric arrangements (e.g., parallel, cross, composite, random). The fibrous material may be cleaned, separated, and oriented via drums coated with wires or teeth. Depending on the application, each arrangement may be configured to produce different fiber orientation. The fibers in the web may then be reinforced by utilizing techniques such as needlepunching, where barbed needles are used to mechanically entangle the web, or stitchbonding, where webs are reinforced by stitching, a principle similar to warp knitting. In some examples, a web may be bonded by using a calender to apply heat and pressure for area and/or point bonding. Area bonding involves two smooth calenders through which the web is passed. Point bonding involves one patterned and one smooth calender, resulting in a loftier and textured web.
In some examples, chemical bonding may be used for a carding machine to tie down the fibers used in making a web. Various properties can be imparted to the web when using latex binders to consolidate the web. For example, the material may be configured to be heat sealable, flame retardant, pill-resistant, tear-resistant, colored, etc. In some examples, thru-air bonding may be used to exposing the web surface to hot air while moving through an oven, to produce a lofty and flexible material. Persons having skill in the art will recognize that the techniques described above with respect to the carding machine and hammer mill are examples of “dry” separation. Other suitable forms of dry separation are contemplated in the present disclosure.
In some examples, the separator 102 may be configured as a pulper configured to convert a fibrous material (e.g., paper) into a slurry of separated fibers and other waste paper components. During operation, the separator 102, when configured as a pulper, detaches contaminants and mixes the fibrous material with water and chemicals in predetermined ratios. A conveyor may feed fibrous material to a pulper tub, where a rotor applies mechanical and hydraulic energy to agitate the material. A baffle may assist in mixing before the processed fibrous material is exited from the machine. The pulper may be configured as a batch pulper or a continuous pulper, depending on the specific application being used. In some examples, separator 102 may be configured as a refiner configured to apply compressive shear force between, for example, a bar roll and a smooth housing to beat fibrous pulp. The refiner may be configured as a Valley (or Hollander) beater, where pulp at low consistency is circulated through beater roll where a bed plate connected to a lever arm applies load. Fibers may undergo refining while passing through the beater roll and bed plate. The degrees of refining may be controlled by applied load and beating time. Persons having skill in the art will recognize that the techniques described above with respect to pulper and refiner are examples of “wet” separation. Other suitable forms of wet separation are contemplated in the present disclosure. Any of the disclosed configurations for separator 102, as well as any suitable equivalents known in the art, may serve as a means for separating as described in the present disclosure
The output of separator 102 may be provided to mixer/sheet formation device 104 to mix the processed fibrous material from separator 102, with an additive, such as thermoplastic cut fibers. While the example of
For sheet formation of device 104, the fibrous material and resin/plastic mix may be extruded to force the mix through a die of a particular shape to create a product of substantially continuous length and constant cross-section. The extruded product may include, but is not limited to, a sheet, film, fiber or pipe. For the purposes of the present disclosure, mixer/sheet formation device 104 produces individual sheets of the fibrous material/resin mixture, where the individual sheets may be cut to a specific overall size or shape, processed (e.g., drilling of holes, cutting specific portions from the overall shape), and stacked (also referred to as a “layup”) for consolidation in press 106. In some examples, sheet formation device 104 may be configured as a air laying machine, using forced air to mix and lay the fibers onto a conveyor belt or similar device. In other examples, sheet formation device 104 may be configured as a wet fiber molding device, collecting the mixed fibrous materials from a wet slurry in either a flat surface or a complex shape. Any of the disclosed configurations for mixer/sheet formation device 104, as well as any suitable equivalents known in the art, may serve as a means for mixing and/or means for forming as described in the present disclosure.
In some examples, press 106 may be configured as a hot press (also known as thermal press), where the curing (also referred to herein as “consolidating”, e.g., using both thermoplastic and thermoset resins) of a sheet is accelerated by the use of heat and pressure. In some examples, the press 106 may be configured for pre-form molding, which may be suitable for more complex shapes. Here, the fibrous material/resin mixture may be applied by spraying the mixture onto a perforated metal screen having the general shape of the article to be molded. The mixture may be held to the screen by suction applied behind it while a resin binder is sprayed on the mat and the resulting preform is taken out from the screen and cured in an oven (e.g., at 150° C.) for several minutes. In some examples, a resin binder and/or activated resin may be applied during compression. In some examples, the press 106 may be configured for compression molding, where the fibrous material/resin mix is applied as a sheet molding compound configured as a pliable sheet that includes the fibrous material/resin mix. The sheet may be placed between halves of a heated mold, where the application of pressure then forces the sheet to take up the contours of the mold. In some examples, the compression molding may include the application of resins (“wet”), or may be carried out “dry” by not applying or pouring resins onto the material. Any of the disclosed configurations for press 106, as well as any suitable equivalents known in the art, may serve as a means for pressing as described in the present disclosure.
Once the fibrous material/resin mix is subjected to press 106, the form may then be subjected to molding apparatus 108 for further application. In some examples, molding apparatus may be configured as a back-injection mold apparatus, operable to bond materials such as decorative film onto the mold generated from press 106. Molding apparatus 108 may be configured as a reciprocating screw type injection mold apparatus, where an extruder-type screw in a heated barrel rotates to transport, melt and pressurize the material in the barrel, while also operating to move forward like a plunger to inject melt into the mold when not rotating. In some examples, the form from press 106 may be inserted into a mold, where, after the mold closes, the screw (not rotating) pushes forward to inject melt into the cooled mold. The air inside the mold may be pushed out through small vents at the furthest extremities of the melt flow path. When the cavity is filled, the screw may continue to push forward to apply a holding pressure to squeeze extra melt into the cavity to compensate for shrinkage of the plastic as it cools. Once the gate in molding apparatus 108 freezes, no more melt can enter the mold, and the molding apparatus may begin a screw back process, in which the screw starts to rotate and draw in new material from the hopper. This may be conveyed to the front of the screw, but as the molding cavity is filled, the effect is to push the screw backwards. This prepares the next shot by accumulating the desired amount of material in front of the screw. At a preset time period, the screw stops rotating and the molding apparatus 108 waits for the solidification of the molding and runner system to be completed. When the molding has cooled to a temperature where it is sold enough to retain its shape, the mold opens and the molding is ejected. Any of the disclosed configurations for molding apparatus 108, as well as any suitable equivalents known in the art, may serve as a means for molding as described in the present disclosure.
In some examples, supplemental fibrous materials may be added to the fibrous material after separation. Fibrous material possessing longer fiber characteristics, such as hemp or flax fibers, may be added to the post-separation mix to increase mechanical performance. In some examples, layers of supplemental fibrous materials having longer fibers may be added to the stack before compression molding. Generally speaking, fiber strength has a direct influence on composite strength, with the relation described by the Rule of Mixtures, which provides a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material. From fiber volume fraction, fiber properties, and matrix properties, the mechanical properties of a composite can be predicted/calculated. Using a basic form of the Rule of Mixtures equation used for unidirectional continuous fiber composites, chopped fibers, using the following calculation:
E
c
=V
f
E
f+(1−Vf)Em,
In some aspects, the technologies and techniques disclosed herein may be advantageously applied to automotive applications, such as interior trim or exterior body panels. The drapability of the fibrous material layers, and particularly the visible surface layer, may be improved to allow the flat sheets to confine to doubly curved (“non-developable”, or “compound curvature”, “non-zero Gaussian curvature”) surfaces of the mold. As discussed herein, this may be done through a preforming step performed as the fibrous material (e.g., paper) is wetted out by the resin system (e.g., 206, 308, 506). Drying may be done after preforming to allow for wrinkle-free draping. Furthermore, a top visible layer of a stack (layup) can be modified through printing, which allows for the incorporation of logos or other visual information.
Using techniques such as machine-controlled cutting (e.g., laser cutting or similar) and stacking of the single sheets prior to curing in the press, a three-dimensional structure can be built with preexisting holes and cavities, which can house objects with predefined shapes without the need for milling or cutting. Such objects may include, but are not limited to, radar systems for autonomous vehicles, LED lights for hidden visual effects, or capacitive or ultrasonic sensors for proximity sensing (touch sensing or Park Distance Control). Since the material can be milled similarly to medium density fiberboards, these cavities can be CNC milled after molding as well, if high precision positioning is required.
In some examples, the metal or plastic insert (604) can be added to the layup prior to or after curing the layup (e.g., see 510, 410), to add further functionality, such as providing clipping points or screw-bolts/sleeve-nuts via the holes (610, 612). In some examples, if inserts 604 are added prior to curing, steps should be taken to ensure that the adhesion between the surface of the insert 604 and the resin system of the fiber-reinforced polymer composite sheet is adequate. This can be done through ensuring chemical compatibility (as the paper composite's resin system will function as the adhesive in this case), or providing interlocking geometrical features, in some examples. As explained above, surface layers (top, bottom) of the polymer-reinforced fibrous composite sheets (e.g., 602) may remain unaltered, while other layers (e.g., 606) affected by the insert are modified by pre-cut holes to fit the insert. Through this preparation of affected layers, the functionalized composite requires little to no postprocessing such as milling after the molding process. Furthermore, since the curing process does not require high pressures or temperatures, additively manufactured polymer composite tooling can be used. Such tools are advantageous in that they are fast and inexpensive to manufacture, allowing for a flexible and timely product upgrade, if necessary.
Materials used in the additive manufacturing of the tooling should be chosen according temperatures and pressures required by the curing process of the fiber-reinforced polymer composite material. Through these modifications, the present disclosure provides a cost- and energy-efficient material and manufacturing technology for components, such as unpainted exterior body panels, with minimized ecological footprint. Interior applications and other parts/components are also contemplated in the present disclosure.
In block 804, each of the plurality of sheets may be cut to one or more predetermined dimensions. In some examples, cutting each of the plurality of sheets to one or more predetermined dimensions may include removing one or more portions of at least some of the plurality of sheets, and wherein the location of the one or more portions are contiguous throughout each of the at least some of the plurality of sheets. The location of the one or more portions may be configured to form at least one of a hole (e.g., 610), notch and cavity (e.g., 708) within the at least some of the plurality of sheets when pressing and curing the stack on the mold. In some examples, a laser cutter and/or cutting machine may serve as a means for cutting.
In block 806, a stack (e.g., 608) may be formed by positioning an insert (e.g., 604, 706) between an upper plurality of sheets (e.g., 606, 704) and a lower plurality of sheets (602, 702). In block 808, the stack (e.g., 608) may be positioned on a mold, and the stack is pressed and cured on the mold to form a composite assembly. In some examples, the mold may include a doubly-curved geometric mold. The pressing and curing of the stack includes subjecting the stack to a hot press and stamping. In some examples, the press 106 may serve as a means for positioning a stack on a mold, and a means for pressing and curing to form the composite assembly.
Conventional paper composite manufacturing does not allow non-developable surfaces, and are limited to assemblies configured as substantially flat plates. Under the present disclosure, the processing of polymer-reinforced fibrous composite materials, as well as the integration of additional reinforcements in the form of inserts or other materials to paper composites, provides improved shaping of the material, while simultaneously providing additional structural integrity. By adding additional preparation of individual layers through technology such as laser cutting avoids post-processing steps such as machining and milling. Further utilizing techniques such as injection molding as described herein negates the need for coating and painting systems, which can have adverse effects on the environment.
As described above, some or all illustrated features may be omitted in a particular implementation within the scope of the present disclosure, and some illustrated features may not be required for implementation of all examples.
In the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.
