Patent Application
20050227449
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to integrated circuits in general, and, in particular, to resistors within integrated circuits. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a self-compensating resistor within an integrated circuit.
2. Description of Related Art
It is often desirable for all resistors within an integrated circuit device to have an identical target resistance. However, most process controls for manufacturing resistors on a wafer fall short of the above-mentioned goal. As a result, the resistances of various resistors tend to vary from chip to chip on the same wafer, and from wafer to wafer on the same lot.
The industry standard specifications for demanding resistance uniformity of all resistors on a wafer are getting progressively tighter over the years. In order to meet the industry standard specifications, there are three options that exist today for insuring identical resistances on all resistors on a wafer, and they are:
However, each of the above-mentioned three options has its own problem. The first option is relatively expensive and is not consistent with manufacturing techniques. The second option is not consistent with the standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process flow. The third option takes up space, increases complexity, and may lead to overall performance degradation.
Consequently, it would be desirable to provide an improved method for manufacturing resistors having an uniform resistance.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a self-compensating resistor includes a first resistor and a second resistor. The first resistor having a first resistance value is initially formed, and then the second resistor having a second resistance value is subsequently formed. The second resistor is connected in series with the first resistor. The second resistance value is less than the first resistance value, but the total resistance value of the first and second resistors lies beyond a desired target resistance range. Finally, an electric current is sent to the second resistor to change the dimension of the second resistor such that the total resistance value of the first and second resistors falls within the desired target resistance range.
All objects, features, and advantages of the presinvention will become apparent in the following detailed written description.
The invention itself, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objects, and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each precision resistor within an integrated circuit that is required to have a common target resistance value is made up of two resistors connected in series. The first of the two resistors contributes to most of the total resistance and is subject to the process variability described previously. The second of the two resistors provides additional resistance that can be tuned during the manufacturing process to compensate for process variability in the first of two resistors.
Initially, standard polysilicon resistors are formed with a resistance that is lower than the desired target resistance. Subsequently, an area of wiring connected in series with each polysilicon resistor that will become a second resistor is exposed with a reactive ion etching (RIE) process. Next, current is passed through all resistors via the substrate when the resistors are in an electropolishing (i.e., reverse plating) bath. The time for the resistors to be in the electropolishing path is set according to the overall impedance through all the resistors to the electropolishing bath in order to insure the desired target resistance for the precision resistors. The exposed wiring areas are etched at a rate that is inversely proportional to the resistance of each corresponding standard polysilicon resistor (rate proportional to the current through the standard polysilicon resistor). As such, the resistor formed in the wiring layer has a higher resistance if it is in series with a polysilicon resistor having lower than target resistance and lower resistance if it is in series with a polysilicon resistor with higher than the desired target resistance. As a result, the final precision resistors have less variations from resistor pairs to resistor pairs.
Referring now to the drawings and in particular to
Standard damascene method is used for the preparation of the above-mentioned resistor such that copper is deposited in the damascene features. Excess copper is removed by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). A thin capping layer, such as silicon nitrate, is placed over the entire substrate. Photoresist is applied to expose an opening in photoresist over resistor R2 regions such that only RIE through nitride cap. For an electropolished wafer, wafer substrate is biased positive with respect to a counter-electrode immersed in the electroplating bath. During the electropolishing process, the copper thickness of resistor R2 is reduced in proportion to current through switch 12 and resistor R1. All other metal lines at the resistor R2 level are protected from electropolishing by the photoresist. After the electropolishing process has been completed, the photoresist is then stripped. Next, precision resistor 10 continues with standard backend-of-the-line (BEOL) steps to connect completing connections to nodes A and B.
For process control, the electropolishing current can be monitored by measuring the current passing through resistor R1 to switch 12. An electropolishing endpoint is set according to the overall electropolishing current as it compares to an experimentally determined target value to ensure that wafer-wafer variations in resistor R1 are eliminated. The wafer variations of resistor R1 are self-compensated by the difference in polishing rates that will occur in R2 formation.
Alternatively, process control for improving variability from manufacturing unit to manufacturing unit can also be accomplished by monitoring other characteristics of a circuit formed in the electropolishing bath. Such characteristics include:
Taking into account manufacturing variability, a starting resistance can be chosen that allows resistances of resistors on a single manufacturing unit to converge to within a target tolerance value during an electropolishing step. Furthermore, the overall current, resistance, or other bath parameters of all resistors in the electroplating bath can be referenced to the control of the timing in the electroplating bath to ensure resistance repeatability from one precision resistor to another.
Resistor R2 can be connected in parallel with an additional resistor that is not being electropolished in the electropolishing bath. Such connection would provide for a maximum resistance even if resistor R2 was allowed to be removed.
A single shunted resistor embodiment is also available. Resistors are formed out of a platable material on top of a non-platable liner. A portion of like resistors to be adjusted are exposed and biased. The platable material is removed from the biased resistors at a rate that is inversely proportional to the resistance of the biased remaining portion of the resistor. Connections between the two nodes of the resistor is maintained through the liner and may be additionally bound by a parallel resistor that can be utilized as in the preferred embodiment to insure that a maximum resistance is not exceeded.
With reference now to
In general, the present invention works best for improving resistors of a common target resistance. In order to address design requirements for multiple types of resistors, the electropolishing process can be repeated for different groups of identical resistor types in order to expose each group of resistor types to the electropolishing bath. After electropolishing one group of resistor types, photoresist and block level are reapplied in order to expose the next group of resistor types. In addition, circuitry can be designed to maximize grouping of resistor types and utilize series and parallel connections as needed to make the desired target resistances. For example, if a device calls for mostly 1 kS precision resistors and several 4 kS precision resistors, then the device should be built with all 1 kS resistors and a self-compensating process to utilize to put four 1 kS resistors in series wherever a 4 kS resistor is required during the final wiring stage.
As has been described, the present invention proan improved method for manufacturing a self-compensating resistor within an integrated circuit. The present invention provides a self-tuning step where all resistors of a common type on a given manufacturing unit (such as a wafer) can be simultaneously tuned to reduce within unit variability and to drive towards a desired target resistance by biasing a resistor and exposing part of the resistor (or a connected supplemental resistor) in an electropolishing bath. In addition, the present invention provides a self-tuning step where all like resistors on a manufacturing unit can be biased and some part of each resistor or connecting resistor is exposed in an electropolishing bath. Each individual resistor has controls over the amount of electropolishing that takes place in the exposed area.
The present invention allows the resistance of a low-resistance resistor to be increased faster than the resistance of a higher resistance resistor in a common electropolishing bath, reducing variations between resistors and, if desired, adjusting resistances towards a target resistance.
The present invention is better than laser ablation because all resistors are adjusted simultaneously in the electropolishing bath and the overall current to the electropolishing bath provides the necessary feedback control. With laser ablation, contact for feedback measurement and trimming would need to be done on individual resistors. The present invention is also an improvement over active impedance control in circuitry because only minimal excess circuitry is required to yield significantly more consistent resistance.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changin form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
