Method for measuring amounts of components and calorific value of coal gas

Abstract

A method for measuring the component and calorific value of goal gas. The method includes measuring a volume concentration of H2 (TH2) using a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), measuring a volume concentration of O2 using an electrochemical detector (ECD), measuring volume concentrations of CO, CO2, CH4, and CnHm in the coal gas, revising an interference of CH4 in CnHm, revising a measured volume concentration of H2, and calculating the calorific value of the coal gas.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a method for measuring the components and calorific value of coal gas.

Description of the Related Art

As a typical manual chemical analyzer, Orsat gas analyzer is characterized by low price, convenient operation and easy maintenance. However, the manual operation has low accuracy and low speed, and cannot meet the needs of industrial development. In recent years, the chromatograph has been promoted widely, but the gas to be tested must be separated using a plurality of chromatographic columns in the presence of a carrier gas, which causes the difficulty in the real-time online test.

Infrared gas analyzers have been used for years, but the technology can only analyze one or two components. In addition, gas analyzers suffer from high price and complex maintenance, and cannot accurately measure the amount of CH₄ in the coal gas due to interference from other hydrocarbons. The volume concentration of H₂ and O₂ in the coal gas cannot be measured using a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) method. The volume concentration of H₂ is usually measured with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), and that of O₂ is measured with an electrochemical detector (ECD). CH₄ and other C_nH_m in the coal gas interfere with each other, and CH₄ and CO₂ interfere with H₂.

Due to the significant mutual interference of C_nH_m and CH₄, it is very difficult to accurately measure various components in the coal gas, especially CH₄, C_nH_m, CO and H₂ which provide the main source of calorific value. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to accurately measure a variety of components in the coal gas, calculate the calorific value of coal gas, and effectively eliminate the interference between gases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above-described problems, it is one objective of the invention to provide a method for more accurately measuring the components and calorific value of coal gas.

To achieve the above objective, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for measuring the components and calorific value of coal gas, the method comprising the following steps:

• • 1) measuring a volume concentration of H₂ (T_H2) using a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), measuring a volume concentration of O₂ using an electrochemical detector (ECD);
  • 2) measuring volume concentrations of CO, CO₂, CH₄, and C_nH_m in the coal gas, represented by T_CO, T_CO2, T_CH4, and T_CnHm, respectively, using a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology;
  • 3) revising an interference of CH₄ in C_nH_m using an equation R_CnHm=T_CnHm−A×T_CH4, in which, A represents an undetermined coefficient, and T_CnHm and T_CH4 represent the volume concentrations of C_nH_m and CH₄ measured with the NDIR, respectively;
  • 4) revising a measured volume concentration of H₂ using the equation R_H2=T_H2−a×(T_CH4+R_CnHm)−b×T_CO2, in which, T_H2 represents the measured volume concentration of H₂ using the TCD, T_CH4 and T_CO2 represent the volume concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ measured using the NDIR, respectively, R_CnHm represents a revised volume concentration of C_nH_m, and a and b represents undetermined coefficients; and
  • 5) calculating the calorific value of the coal gas using the equation Q=T_CO×12.64+R_H2×18.79+T_CH4×35.88+R_CnHm×93.18, in which, T_CO and T_CH4 represent measured volume concentrations, and R_H2 and R_CnHm represent revised volume concentrations.

In a class of this embodiment, in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CH₄ using the NDIR, a center wavelength (CWL)/half-peak bandwidth (HWBP) of a selected narrowband filter is 7.85±0.05 μm/180±5 nm.

In a class of this embodiment, in the process of measuring the volume concentration of C_nH_m using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 3.46±0.05 μm/120±5 nm.

In a class of this embodiment, in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CO using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 4.66±0.05 μm/90±5 nm.

In a class of this embodiment, in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CO₂ using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 4.26±0.05 μm/120±5 nm.

Compared with the existing test methods, the method according to embodiments of the invention has the following advantages: the invention can simultaneously measure a variety of gas components, reduce the interference between different gases by optimizing NDIR narrowband filter parameters, measure C_nH_m with the filter of 3.46 μm wavelength, convert other hydrocarbons into C₃H₈, and facilitate calculating the calorific value of coal gas according to the obtained volume concentration of gas. The manufacturing cost of the analytical instrument in this method is ⅓ as much as that of the calorimeter in the traditional combustion method, and only 1/10 as much as that of the mass spectrum analyzer. Its analysis speed is 30 times more than that of the conventional chromatograph.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a principle diagram for analysis of components and calorific value of coal gas in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is an infrared absorption spectrum of CO, CO₂ and CH₄;

FIG. 3 is a mutual interference pattern of hydrocarbons approximately at 3.3 μm; and

FIG. 4 is an infrared absorption spectrum of CH₄.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

For further illustrating the invention, experiments detailing a method for measuring the components and calorific value of coal gas are described hereinbelow combined with examples.

Example 1 Gas Analysis of Coal Gas from Biomass Gasification Using Six-Component Gas Analyzer

1. Selection of Various Gas Filter Parameters, Gas Chamber Length, and Measuring Range of Gas Detectors.

As shown in the infrared absorption spectra of CO and CO₂ in FIG. 2, the absorption peak of CO at 4.66 μm is not affected by CO₂, and the absorption peak of CO₂ at 4.26 μm is not affected by CO. Thus, a CO detector with the measuring range of 40% and a CO₂ detector with the measuring range of 30% are made, with the narrowband filter parameters respectively of 4.66 μm/90 nm and 4.26 μm/120 nm, reference channel of 3.91 μm, and chamber length respectively of 43 mm and 2 mm.

Then, based on the infrared absorption spectra of CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈ and C₄H₁₀ in FIGS. 3-4, the absorption peak at 7.85 μm is selected, instead of the absorption peak at 3.3 μm, in order to eliminate the influence of C_nH_m on CH₄ absorption peak. As a result, the CH₄ detector with the measuring range of 20% is made, with the narrowband filter parameters of 7.85 μm/180 nm, reference channel of 3.91 μm and CH₄ chamber length of 68 mm.

According to the infrared absorption spectrum of C_nH_m in FIG. 3, C_nH_m has absorption peaks at 3.3-3.5 μm. In order to reduce the influence of CH₄ on C_nH_m, it is necessary to avoid the absorption peak of CH₄, and select center wavelength at 3.35-3.5 μm. Test of different filters at 3.35-3.5 μm shows that C₃H₈ can represent C_nH_m (C_nH_m is calibrated with C₃H₈) with the narrowband filter of 3.46 μm/120 nm as the filter for C_nH_m detector. The C_nH_m detector with the measuring range of 5% is made, with the reference channel of 3.91 μm and C_nH_m chamber length of 43 mm. The test data are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Influence of C1-C5 on the detector at 3.46 μm
		Volume	Volume	Proportionality	Average proportionality
		concentration	concentration	coefficient of volume	coefficient of volume
Inlet gas	of CH4	of CnHm	concentration	concentration
(%)	(%)	(%)	(C3H8/CnHm)	(C3H8/CnHm)
CH4	0	0	0	—	—
(C1)	3.79	3.76	0.11	—	—
	7.68	7.71	0.22	—	—
	11.67	11.66	0.34	—	—
	15.78	15.80	0.45	—	—
	20.00	20.01	0.57	—	—
C2H6	1.01	0	0.69	0.68	0.687
(C2)	2.03	0	1.41	0.69
	3.98	0	2.73	0.69
C3H8	0.43	0	0.42	0.98	1.00
(C3)	1.76	0.01	1.78	1.01
	3.42	0.01	3.44	1.01
	5.00	0.02	5.01	1.00
NC4	1.01	0.01	1.32	1.31	1.315
(C4)	2.00	0.02	2.68	1.34
IC4	1.01	0	1.29	1.28
(C4)	1.99	0.01	2.64	1.33
NC5	0.998	0.01	1.67	1.67	1.68
(C5)
IC5	1.00	0.01	1.69	1.69
(C5)

TABLE 2
Coefficient of low calorific value of CnHm
	Coefficient of low	Ratio of coefficient of calorific
Gas name	calorific value (MJ/m3)	value (CnHm/C3H8)
C2H6	64.35	0.69
C3H8	93.18	1.00
C4H10	123.16	1.32
C5H12	156.63	1.68

From the comparison of Table 1 and Table 2, the proportionality coefficient of the volume concentration of C_nH_m measured with the detector made of the narrowband filter at 3.46 μm/120 nm is very close to its coefficient of calorific value, so the calorific value of C_nH_m can be calculated as that of C₃H₈.

Likewise, a TCD of H₂ with the measuring range of 20% and an ECD of O₂ with the measuring range of 25% are manufactured according to conventional methods.

2. Measurement of the Volume Concentration of Various Gases

CO, CO₂, CH₄ and C_nH_m are measured using NDIR, and the readings are respectively expressed as T_CO, T_CO2, T_CH4 and T_CnHm.

The volume concentration of H₂ is measured with a TCD, and is expressed as T_H2.

The volume concentration of O₂ is measured with an ECD, and is expressed as T_O2.

3. Revision of the Gas Volume Concentration and Calculation of the Calorific Value.

1) Revise the Volume Concentration of C_nH_m with CH₄.

CH₄ has certain influence on C_nH_m, so it is also necessary to get the revised volume concentration of C_nH_m (R_CnHm) through revising the measuring result of C_nH_m (T_CnHm) obtained from the calibration curve according to the volume concentration of CH₄ (T_CH4).

In order to revise the influence of CH₄ on the measuring result of C_nH_m, the calibrating gas CH₄ is introduced into the six-component gas analyzer present in the biomass gasification system of this example. Volume concentration and measuring result of the calibrating gas are provided in Table 3.

TABLE 3
Volume concentration and measuring result of the calibrating gas CH4
Volume concentration of the
calibrating gas (%)	Measuring result (%)
CH4	TCH4	TCnHm
0	0	0
1.88	1.90	0.05
3.79	3.80	0.11
5.72	5.75	0.16
7.68	7.70	0.22
9.66	9.69	0.28
11.67	11.65	0.34
13.71	13.70	0.40
15.78	15.80	0.45
17.87	17.90	0.51
20.00	20.02	0.57

The following correction equation can be obtained through data analysis:R_CnHm=T_CnHm−A×T_CH4

Data in Table 3 are substituted into the equation to conclude that A=0.02868.

Therefore,R_CnHm=T_CnHm−A×T_CH4=T_CnHm−0.02868×T_CH4

2) Revise the Volume Concentration of H₂.

The balance gas N₂ used to calibrate H₂ is greatly different from CH₄ and CO₂ in the relative thermal conductivity, as shown in Table 4, so CH₄ and CO₂ have certain influence on the measuring results of H₂ using an TCD. C_nH_m is different from N₂ in the thermal conductivity, but its content in the coal gas is only about ⅕ as much as CH₄, therefore it can be neglected. CO and O₂ are very slightly different from N₂ in thermal conductivity, and can also be neglected. Hence, it is only necessary to get the revised volume concentration of H₂ (R_H2) through revising the measuring results of H₂ (T_H2) according to the measuring results of CH₄ and CO₂ (T_CO2, T_CH4).

TABLE 4
Thermal conductivity of different gases
		Relative thermal		Relative thermal
	Gas name	conductivity, λ/λair	Gas name	conductivity, λ/λair
	Air	1.000	CO	0.964
	H2	7.130	CO2	0.614
	O2	1.015	SO2	0.344
	N2	0.998	NH3	0.897
	He	5.910	CH4	1.318

In order to revise the influence of CH₄ and CO₂ on the measuring result of H₂, the calibrating gases CH₄ and CO₂ are introduced into the six-component gas analyzer present in the biomass gasification system of this example. Volume concentration and measuring result of the calibrating gases are provided in Table 5:

TABLE 5
Influence of CH4 and CO2 on H2
Volume concentration of the
calibrating gas (%)	Measuring result (%)
CH4	CO2	TCH4	TCO2	TH2
0	0	0	0	0
0	2.75	0	2.73	−0.29
0	5.54	0	5.51	−0.61
0	8.40	0	8.36	−0.93
0	11.30	0	11.35	−1.23
0	14.27	0	14.21	−1.59
0	17.29	0	17.34	−1.90
0	20.37	0	20.43	−2.25
0	23.52	0	23.61	−2.58
0	26.73	0	26.69	−2.96
0	30.00	0	29.97	−3.30
1.88	0	1.84	0	0.27
3.79	0	3.82	0	0.54
5.72	0	5.76	0	0.82
7.68	0	7.71	0	1.06
9.66	0	9.63	0	1.38
11.67	0	11.62	0	1.66
13.71	0	13.83	0	1.93
15.78	0	15.81	0	2.23
17.87	0	17.91	0	2.50
20	0	19.98	0	2.80

The following correction equation can be obtained through data analysis:R_H2=T_H2−a×T_CH4−b×T_CO2

Data in Table 5 are substituted into the equation to conclude that a=0.13989; b=−0.11026.

Therefore,R_H2=T_H2−a×T_CH4−b×T_CO2=T_H2−0.13989×T_CH4+0.11026×T_CO2.

3) Calculate the Calorific Value of Coal Gas

According to the above gas concentration, the calorific value of coal gas is obtained through substituting T_CO, T_CH4, R_CnHm and R_H2 into the equation Q=T_CO×12.64+R_H2×18.79+T_CH4×35.88+R_CnHm×93.18; in which, Q is expressed as MJ/m³, 12.64, 18.79, 35.88 and 93.18 are respectively the coefficient of low calorific value of CO, H₂, CH₄ and C_nH_m expressed as MJ/m³.

This example is provided to design a six-component gas analyzer with the measuring range of CO of 40%, that of CO₂ of 30%, that of CH₄ of 20%, that of C_nH_m of 5%, that of H₂ of 20%, and that of O₂ of 25%. This gas analyzer is applicable to many industries, such as air coal gasification, biomass air gasification, blast furnace, and endothermal and exothermal gas generators for heat treatment.

Example 2 Gas Analysis of Coal Gas from Biomass Pyrolysis and Coking Using Six-Component Gas Analyzer

1. Selection of the Length and Measuring Range of Various Gas Chambers

Filters in the NDIR gas detector are selected as that in Example 1. Gas chamber design: CO detector with the measuring range of 40% and CO chamber length of 43 mm; CO₂ detector with the measuring range of 20% and CO₂ chamber length of 3 mm; CH₄ detector with the measuring range of 50% and CH₄ chamber length of 34 mm; C_nH_m detector with the measuring range of 10% and C_nH_m chamber length of 20 mm.

A H₂ detector with the measuring range of 75% and O₂ detector with the measuring range of 25% are manufactured according to conventional methods.

2. Measurement of the Volume Concentration of Various Gases

CO, CO₂, CH₄ and C_nH_m are measured using NDIR, and the readings are respectively expressed as T_CO, T_CO2, T_CH4 and T_CnHm.

The volume concentration of H₂ is measured with a TCD, and is expressed as T_H2.

The volume concentration of O₂ is measured with an ECD, and is expressed as T_O2.

3. Revision of the Gas Volume Concentration and Calculate the Calorific Value.

1) Revise the Volume Concentration of C_nH_m with CH₄.

In order to revise the influence of CH₄ on the measuring result of C_nH_m, the calibrating gas CH₄ is introduced into a six-component gas analyzer present in the biomass pyrolysis and coking system of this example. Volume concentration and measuring result of the calibrating gas are provided in Table 6:

TABLE 6
Volume concentration and measuring result of the calibrating gas CH4
Standard gas volume
concentration (%)	Measuring result (%)
CH4	TCH4	TCnHm
0	0	0
4.29	4.30	0.12
8.72	8.75	0.25
13.3	13.28	0.38
18.02	18.00	0.51
22.91	22.94	0.65
27.96	28.00	0.78
33.18	33.20	0.94
38.59	38.61	1.11
44.19	44.23	1.26
50.00	50.00	1.41

The following correction equation can be obtained through data analysis:R_CnHm=T_CnHm−A×T_CH4

Data in Table 6 are substituted into the equation to conclude that A=0.02837.

Therefore,R_CnHm=T_CnHm−A×T_CH4=T_CnHm−0.02837×T_CH4

2) Revise the Volume Concentration of H₂.

In order to revise the influence of CH₄ and CO₂ on the measuring result of H₂, the calibrating gases CH₄ and CO₂ are introduced into the six-component gas analyzer present in the biomass pyrolysis and coking system of this example. Volume concentration and measuring result of the calibrating gases are provided in Table 7:

TABLE 7
Influence of CH4 and CO2 on H2
	Standard gas volume
	concentration (%)	Measuring result (%)
	CH4	CO2	TCH4	TCO2	TH2
	50	0	0	0	7.05
	44.19	0	0	1.91	6.24
	38.59	0	0	3.81	5.44
	33.18	0	0	5.71	4.68
	27.96	0	0	7.66	3.92
	22.91	0	0	9.62	3.23
	18.02	0	0	11.61	2.55
	13.3	0	0	13.75	1.86
	8.72	0	0	15.81	1.23
	4.29	0	0	17.91	0.61
	0	20.00	0	19.99	−2.22
	0	17.88	4.32	0	−1.99
	0	15.78	8.71	0	−1.74
	0	13.72	13.28	0	−1.50
	0	11.68	18.04	0	−1.30
	0	9.67	22.93	0	−1.05
	0	7.69	27.92	0	−0.86
	0	5.73	33.15	0	−0.65
	0	3.79	38.62	0	−0.42
	0	1.88	44.23	0	−0.19
	0	0	50.03	0	0

The following correction equation can be obtained through data analysis:R_H2=T_H2−a×T_CH4−b×T_CO2

Data in Table 7 are substituted into the equation to conclude that a=0.14097; b=−0.11091.

Therefore,R_H2=T_H2−a×T_CH4−b×T_CO2=T_H2−0.14097×T_CH4+0.11091×T_CO2

3) Calculate the Calorific Value of Coal Gas

According to the above gas concentration, the calorific value of coal gas is obtained through substituting T_CO, T_CH4, R_CnHm and R_H2 into the equation Q=T_CO×12.64+R_H2×18.79+T_CH4×35.88+R_CnHm×93.18, in which, Q is expressed as MJ/m³, 12.64, 18.79, 35.88 and 93.18 are respectively the coefficient of low calorific value of CO, H₂, CH₄ and C_nH_m expressed as MJ/m³.

This example is provided to design a six-component gas analyzer with the measuring range of CO of 40%, that of CO₂ of 20%, that of CH₄ of 50%, that of C_nH_m of 10%, that of H₂ of 75%, and that of O₂ of 25%. This gas analyzer is applicable to many industries, such as coking, biomass pyrolysis, dry distillation, and mixed gas in steel.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for measuring components and calorific value of coal gas, the method comprising: 1) measuring a volume concentration of H2 (TH2) in the coal gas using a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), and measuring a volume concentration of O2 in the coal gas using an electrochemical detector (ECD);2) measuring a volume concentration of CO (TCO), a volume concentration of CO2(TCO2), a volume concentration of CH4 (TCH4), and a volume concentration of CnHm (TCnHm) in the coal gas using a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology;3) calculating a revised volume concentration of CnHm (RCnHm) using the equation RCnHm=TCnHm−A×TCH4, wherein A is 0.02868, and TCnHm and TCH4 are as defined in 2);4) calculating a revised volume concentration of H2 (RH2) using the equation RH2=TH2−a×(TCH4+RCnHm)−b×TCO2, wherein a is 0.13989, b is −0.11026, TH2 is as defined in 1), TCH4 and TCO2 are as defined in 2), and RCnHm is as defined in 3); and5) calculating the calorific value of the coal gas (Q) using the equation Q=TCO×12.64+RH2×18.79+TCH4×35.88+RCnHm×93.18, wherein TCO and TCH4 are as defined in 2), RH2 is as defined in 4), and RCnHm is as defined in 3).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CH4 using the NDIR, a center wavelength (CWL)/half-peak bandwidth (HWBP) of a selected narrowband filter is 7.85±0.05 μm/180±5 nm.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CnHm using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 3.46±0.05 μm/120±5 nm.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CO using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 4.66±0.05 μm/90±5 nm.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CO2 using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 4.26±0.05 μm/120±5 nm.

6. A method for measuring components and calorific value of coal gas, the method comprising: 1) measuring a volume concentration of H2 (TH2) in the coal gas using a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), and measuring a volume concentration of O2 in the coal gas using an electrochemical detector (ECD);2) measuring a volume concentration of CO (TCO), a volume concentration of CO2 (TCO2), a volume concentration of CH4 (TCH4), and a volume concentration of CnHm (TCnHm) in the coal gas using a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technology;3) calculating a revised volume concentration of CnHm (RCnHm) using the equation RCnHm=TCnHm−A×TCH4, wherein A is 0.02837, and TCnHm and TCH4 are as defined in 2);4) calculating a revised volume concentration of H2 (RH2) using the equation RH2=TH2−a×(TCH4+RCnHm)−b×TCO2, wherein a is 0.14097, b is −0.11091, TH2 is as defined in 1), TCH4 and TCO2 are as defined in 2), and RCnHm is as defined in 3); and5) calculating the calorific value of the coal gas (Q) using the equation Q=TCO×12.64+RH2×18.79+TCH4×35.88+RCnHm×93.18, wherein TCO and TCH4 are as defined in 2), RH2 is as defined in 4), and RCnHm is as defined in 3).

7. The method of claim 6, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CH4 using the NDIR, a center wavelength (CWL)/half-peak bandwidth (HWBP) of a selected narrowband filter is 7.85±0.05 μm/180±5 nm.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CnHm using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 3.46±0.05 μm/120±5 nm.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CO using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 4.66+0.05 μm/90±5 nm.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein in the process of measuring the volume concentration of CO2 using the NDIR, a CWL/HWBP of a selected narrowband filter is 4.26±0.05 μm/120±5 nm.