The present invention relates to a method for measuring a temperature of an object in an atmosphere where dust presents, e.g., an object to be heated or the like having a high temperature in a furnace where dust presents such as a rotary kiln provided in a cement production equipment. This International Application which claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-053172 filed on Mar. 17, 2014, and all contents of Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-053172 are applied to this International Application.
Generally, in a furnace which has high dust concentration and where a continuous treatment is performed like a rotary kiln provided in a cement production equipment, a radiation thermometer or the like which can measure a temperature in a contactless manner is used for temperature measurement of an object to be heated. This radiation thermometer is widely used in a baking furnace other than the rotary kiln or high-temperature processes.
However, the radiation thermometer has a problem that presence of dust between the object to be heated which is a measurement target and an observer leads to an influence of attenuation of radiation light caused by the dust and the radiation light from the dust itself, and a temperature of the object to be heated cannot be accurately measured. A two-color thermometer known as a non-contact thermometer obtains a temperature from a radiance ratio at two wavelengths, and this two-color thermometer can ignore an influence of attenuation of the radiation light caused by the dust which does not change the radiance ratio, but it cannot ignore an influence of the radiation light from the dust which changes the radiance ratio.
The above-described problem according to the temperature measurement in the furnace having high dust concentration can likewise occur in other baking furnaces than the cement firing furnace as a matter of course. To eliminate such a problem, for example, a temperature measuring method which enables assuredly measuring a liquid level temperature of molten slag in a furnace having high soot concentration is disclosed (see, e.g., Patent Literature 1). According to this temperature measuring method, of radiant light radiated from a liquid level of molten slag accommodated in a furnace, radiant light in an intermediate-infrared region or a far-infrared region is concentrated on a photoelectric element, an output voltage having an amplitude corresponding to intensity of the incoming radiant light is generated from the photoelectric element, and the liquid level temperature of the molten slag is determined on the basis of this output voltage value and Planck's law of radiation. Further, according to this temperature measuring method, radiant lights having two or more different wavelengths are used.
Furthermore, there is disclosed a flame light emission measuring apparatus using a condensing optical system in local measurement which is generally adopted to measure a fine structure of a flame (see, e.g., Patent Literature 2). This measuring apparatus is characterized by having a condensing optical system constituted of a single optical system which condenses light emission from a plurality of measuring points of a flame onto corresponding condensing points on a condensing surface and a light emission measuring system in which the light emission from the plurality of measuring points condensed on the condensing points respectively is measured.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-249049 (claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, paragraph [0001])
Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-111398 (claim 1, paragraph [0003])
However, according to the method disclosed in Patent Literature 1 of the prior art, dust as a target has a particle diameter of 1 to 2 μm, and it is much finer than dust in the cement firing furnace and the like. Thus, this method cannot be directly applied to the dust in the cement firing furnace and the like and used for temperature measurement of clinkers. Likewise, it cannot be applied when a particle diameter of dust is not fine as described above even in case of measuring a temperature of a solid matter, a liquid, or the like flowing through a duct such as an object to be heated present in high-temperature furnaces (heating, smelting, refinement, firing, reactions, and others) other than a rotary kiln or a heat exchange tube in a boiler as well as a heat transfer pipe or a partition wall in a heat exchanger. Further, like the local measurement using the condensing optical system disclosed in Patent Literature 2, since a technique of simply reducing a volume to be measured cannot eliminated the effect of dust on an optical path and others, it cannot be directly applied to the method for measuring a temperature and others of clinkers in the cement firing furnace or the like having high dust concentration.
Thus, there has been demanded development of a measuring method which can be applied to measurement of a clinker temperature and others of the cement firing furnace and is more accurate than a conventional method using two-color thermometer.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a measuring method which enables more accurately measuring an object in an atmosphere where dust is present, e.g., an object to be heated having a high temperature in a furnace where dust is present, e.g., a rotary kiln provided in a cement production equipment.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a temperature of an object, the method using a first radiance meter which is provided to face the object in an atmosphere where dust is present and measures a radiance of the object and a second radiance meter which is provided without facing the object and measures a radiance of the dust present between the object and the first radiance meter so that a temperature of the object is measured from the radiance of the object measured by the first radiance meter and the radiance of the dust present between the object and the first radiance meter measured by the second radiance meter.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided the invention based on the first aspect which is characterized in that the radiance of the dust is measured at two wavelengths.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided the invention based on the first or second aspect which is characterized in that, at the time of measuring the radiance of the dust, the measurement is performed in a state where a temperature of a wall surface facing the second radiance meter is lowered by cooling means.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided the invention based on the first to third aspects which is characterized in that, at the time of measuring the radiance of the dust, an emissivity of the wall surface facing the second radiance meter is set to 0.9 or more.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided the invention based on the fourth aspect which is characterized in that, at the time of measuring a radiance of the dust, a blackbody cavity is provided in the wall surface facing the second radiance meter.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided the invention based on the first to fifth aspects characterized in that the radiance of the object is measured at two wavelengths.
According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided the invention based on the first to sixth aspects characterize in that a plurality of radiance meters are used as the second radiance meter to measure two or more radiances of the dust, and the measurement is made from the radiance of the object measured by the first radiance meter and the two or more radiances of the dust present between the object and the first radiance meter and measured by the plurality of second radiance meters.
The method according to the first aspect of the present invention uses the first radiance meter which is provided to face an object in an atmosphere where dust is present and measures a radiance of the object and the second radiance meter which is provided without facing the object and measures a radiance of dust present between the object and the first radiance meter. This measuring method adopts a method which uses radiance meters different from a radiance meter which measures the radiance of the object and measures the radiance of the dust from other angles. Consequently, the effect of the dust at the time of measuring a temperature of the object can be reflected as a more accurate numerical value, and the accuracy can be further improved.
According to the method based on the second aspect of the present invention, the radiance of the dust is measured at two wavelengths. As the radiance of the dust is measured at the two wavelengths, a later-described load (ApN) of the dust as well as a temperature and concentration of the dust can be more accurately measured.
According to the method based on the third aspect of the present invention, the radiance of the dust is measured in a state where a temperature of the wall surface facing the second radiance meter is lowered by the cooling means. Consequently, the effect of radiation from the wall surface can be lowered, a measurement accuracy for the radiance of the dust can be improved, and a measurement accuracy for an object temperature can be enhanced.
According to the method based on the fourth aspect of the present invention, at the time of measuring the radiance of the dust, setting an emissivity of the wall surface facing the second radiance meter to 0.9 or more enables to reduce the effect that radiation light emitted from a high-temperature object other than the dust, e.g., a burner or a furnace wall is reflected on the wall surface and enters the radiance meters, improve the measurement accuracy for the radiance of the dust, and further enhance the measurement accuracy for an object temperature.
According to the method based on the fifth aspect of the present invention, at the time of measuring the radiance of the dust, providing the blackbody cavity in the wall surface facing the second radiance meter enables to reduce the effect that the radiation light emitted from a high-temperature object other than the dust, e.g., a burner or a furnace wall is reflected on the wall surface and enters the radiance meters, improve the measurement accuracy for the radiance of the dust, and further enhance the measurement accuracy for an object temperature.
According to the method based on the sixth aspect of the present invention, measuring the radiance of the object is measured at two wavelengths, a temperature can be measured by giving an emissivity ratio of the object at the two wavelengths rather than directly giving an emissivity of the object, and the effect that the radiation light emitted from a high-temperature object other than the object which is a temperature measurement target is reflected on the object and enters the radiance meters can be suppressed, and the accuracy for temperature measurement can be improved. Likewise, as regards the radiance of the dust measured by the second radiance meter, when the radiance of the object is measured at two wavelengths, it is possible to suppress the effect that the radiation light emitted from a high-temperature object other than the dust, e.g., a burner or a furnace wall is reflected on the wall surface in the furnace facing the second radiance meter or scattered by the dust itself and enters the second radiance meter.
According to the method based on the seventh aspect of the present invention, as the second radiance meter for use in measurement of the radiance of the dust, a plurality of radiance meters are used, two or more radiances of the dust measured by them are reflected in the radiance of the object measured by the first radiance meter, and an object temperature is measured. Consequently, as compared with a case where one radiance of the dust measured by the single second radiance meter is used, a temperature of the object can be more accurately measured.
Modes for carrying out the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. It is to be noted that like reference numerals denote like components and others in
A measuring method according to a first embodiment of the present invention will now be described on the basis of an example where a temperature of an object to be heated (a clinker) in a high-temperature state is measured in the presence of high-concentration dust in a rotary kiln provided in a cement production equipment.
<Apparatus>
An apparatus shown in
The kiln hood 12 has an upstream end connected to a burner side end portion of the rotary kiln 11 and a downstream end connected to a clinker cooler 13. The clinker of approximately 1200 to 1500° C. which is discharged from the burner side end portion of the rotary kiln 11 and supplied to the upstream side of the kiln hood 12 is cooled by air of 20 to 30° C. supplied from a cooling fan 18 connected to the clinker cooler 13. A plurality of plates 13b are laid on a floor surface of this clinker cooler 13 from the upstream side toward the downstream side, and the lump-like clinker discharged from the burner side end portion of the rotary kiln 11 falls onto the plates 13b on the upstream side. Each of the plurality of plates 13b reciprocates in a front-and-back direction to sequentially guide the clinker placed on an upper surface thereof to the plate 13b on the downstream side. Thus, a clinker layer which is carried on the plurality of plates 13b from the upstream side toward the downstream side is formed in the clinker cooler 13, and the air supplied from the cooling fan 18 passes between the plurality of plates 13b from the lower side of the plurality of plates 13b to cool the clinker. It is to be noted that the cooled clinker is discharged from the downstream side end portion of the clinker cooler 13, and the clinker discharged from the downstream side end portion is stored in a clinker silo 19. Moreover, the air which is supplied from the cooling fan 18, passes between the plurality of plates 13b, and further passes through the clinker layer to cool the clinker flows toward the upstream side above the clinker layer and is supplied to the rotary kiln 11 as combustion air in the burner 16 as indicated by arrows of a broken line in
Additionally, as shown in
On the other hand, as shown in
Moreover, it is desirable to hold the wall surface facing the second radiance meter 40 (the wall surface present on the optical axis of the second radiance meter 40) at a temperature lower than a temperature of a surrounding wall surface by the cooling means 41. Consequently, the effect of the radiation light entering the second radiance meter 40 from the wall surface can be eliminated, and the radiance of the dust can be more accurately measured. In general, in the cement equipment, although a temperature of the inner wall surface in the kiln hood 12 increases to approximately 1500° C., it is desirable to perform the measurement in a state where the temperature of the wall surface is lowered to a temperature of 300 to 500° C. Although the cooling means 41 is not restricted in particular, for example, as shown in
Further, when radiation light emitted from a flame of the burner 16 or the inner wall of the kiln hood 12 is reflected on the wall surface and enters the second radiance meter 40, the measurement accuracy is lowered. Thus, it is desirable to control an emissivity of the wall surface to 0.9 or more so that the effect of the reflection of the radiation light can be reduced. Consequently, the measurement accuracy for the radiance of the dust can be improved, and hence the measurement accuracy for a temperature of the object to be heated can be further enhanced. It is to be noted that, as a method for controlling the emissivity to 0.9 or more, when substances having emissivity of 0.9 or more, for example, a metal having an oxidized surface, a metal having fine irregularities on a surface thereof, a metal having a blackbody coating material applied thereto, a refractory, and the like are used and placed on the wall surface, the wall surface can be made of a material having desired emissivity.
Furthermore, in place of using the specific material, a blackbody cavity using the wall surface as an opening end may be installed. The blackbody cavity is, e.g., a spherical or conical cavity as shown in
<Measurement of Radiance of Dust Present Between Object to be Heated and Radiance Meter>
In the measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, a radiance L′d,λ of the dust at a wavelength λ is first measured from the second radiance meter 40 provided in the cement production equipment 10a. The radiance L′d,λ of the dust measured by the second radiance meter 40 is represented by the following Expression (1) when self-absorption and self-scattering caused due to the dust are taken into consideration.
In Expression (1), Ld,λ is a radiance of the dust, and ap,λ is an absorption coefficient of the dust, σp,λ is a scattering coefficient of the dust, and sd is a length of the second radiance meter 40 in the optical axis direction in the area of dust presence.
It is to be noted that the radiance Ld,λ of the dust is obtained from a dust temperature Td based on Planck's formula which is the following Expression (2), and the absorption coefficient ap,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficient σp,λ of the dust are represented by the following Expression (3) and Expression (4), respectively.
In Expression (2), C1 is a first radiation constant (5.95×10−17 W·m2), and C2 is a constant of a second radiation constant (1.44×102 m·K).
[Expression 3]
a
p,λ
=Q
abs,λ
A
p
N (3)
[Expression 4]
σp,λ=Qsca,λApN (4)
In Expression (3) and Expression (4), Qabs,λ and Qsca,λ are absorption efficiency of the dust and the scattering efficiency of the dust respectively, and each of them is given as a constant or a function of an emissivity of a dust particle. Additionally, Ap is a geometrical cross section of the dust particle (πrp2 and rp are radii of the dust particle), and N is particle density (quantity/m3) of the dust.
Here, Expression (1′) provided by substituting Expression (3) and Expression (4) in Expression (1) is shown below.
Based on Expression (1′), a ratio (L′d,λ1/L′d,λ2) of radiances L′d,λ1 and of the dust measured at two wavelengths, i.e., wavelengths λd and λ2 by the second radiance meter 40 is represented by the following Expression (5).
Based on Expression (5), a ratio (Ld,λ1/Ld,λ2) of the radiances Ld,λ1 and Ld,λ2 of the dust is calculated from a ratio (ξλ1/ξλ2) of an emissivity ξλ1 of the dust particle at the wavelength λ1 and an emissivity ξλ2 of the dust particle at the wavelength λ2.
On the other hand, an approximate expression of the following Expression (6) which can obtain a temperature T from the ratio (L6,λ2/Ld,λ2) of the radiances at two wavelengths, i.e., the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 is derived from Planck's formula of Expression (2). Further, a value of Ld,λ1/Ld,λ2 is substituted in this Expression (6) to obtain a dust temperature Td.
Then, based on Expression (2), the radiances Ld,λ1 and Ld,λ2 of the dust at the wavelength λ1 and the wavelength λ2 can be obtained by using this dust temperature Td.
Furthermore, when either radiance Ld,λ1 or Ld,λ2 is substituted in the following Expression (7) provided by modifying Expression (1′), Ap·N can be obtained. Moreover, an average value of Ap·N obtained by substituting the radiances Ld,λ1 and Ld,λ2 in Expression (7) respectively may be used.
Moreover, since Ap can be obtained by giving a radius rp of the particle diameter, N can be obtained, and dust concentration Cd is also obtained based on the following Expression (8). It is to be noted that when the radius rp of the dust particle is not clear or when it varies depending on situations, the accurate radius rp of the dust particle cannot be given, and the accurate dust concentration Cd cannot be obtained, but measurement values of a temperature of the object to be heated or a temperature of the dust which are the goal in this method are not affected, and AN can be considered to correspond to a load of the dust and can be exploited in, e.g., control of the furnace.
In Expression (8), T9 is a gas temperature (K) in an area of dust presence, and ρ is density of the dust particles. It is to be noted that this Expression (8) is provided by converting N representing the number of particles per gas unit volume in the area of gas presence at an actual gas temperature into a particle mass with the use of the density of the particle after correction to 0° C. and determining a resultant as dust concentration.
<Measurement of Radiance and Temperature of Object to be Heated in Presence of Dust>
Aside from the measurement of the radiance Ld,λ of the dust using the second radiance meter 40, a radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 at the wavelength or the wavelength λ2 is measured by using the first radiance meter 20. Considering attenuation due to absorption and scattering of the dust and the radiance from the dust, this radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 is represented by the following Expression (9). A first term on the right side in the following Expression (9) represents a radiance from the object to be heated 30 when the attenuation due to absorption and scattering of the dust is taken into consideration, and a second term on the right side represents a radiance from the dust when self-absorption and self-scattering due to the dust are taken into consideration.
In Expression (9), εc,λ is an emissivity of the object to be heated 30, Lc,λ and Ld,λ are radiances of the object to be heated 30 and the dust respectively, ap,λ is an absorption coefficient of the dust, σp,λ is a scattering coefficient of the dust, and sc is a length of the first radiance meter 20 in the optical axis direction in the area of dust presence.
Moreover, the radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated 30 and the radiance Ld,λ of the dust are obtained from a temperature Tc of the object to be heated 30 and a dust temperature Td based on Planck's formula of Expression (2), and the absorption coefficient ap,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficient σp,λ of the dust are represented by Expression (3) and Expression (4) respectively.
Here, Expression (9′) provided by substituting Expression (3) and Expression (4) in Expression (9) is shown below.
Additionally, when Expression (9′) is modified, the following Expression (10) is derived.
Further, when Td obtained from the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 measured at the wavelength λ1 or the wavelength λ2 by first radiance meter 20 and the radiances L′d,λ1 and L′d,λ2 of the dust measured at the two wavelengths, i.e., the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 by the second radiance meter 40 based on Expression (5) and Expression (6), the radiance Ld,λ of the dust at the wavelength λ1 or the wavelength λ2 used in the measurement of the first radiance meter 20 obtained from Expression (2), and Ap·N obtained from Expression (7) are substituted in Expression (10), the radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated 30 can be obtained.
It is to be noted that, as the wavelength at which the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 is measured by the first radiance meter 20, using one of the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 when the radiance L′d,λ of the dust is measured by the second radiance meter 40 is simple and hence desirable, but any other wavelength λ3 may be used as long as the absorption coefficient ap,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficient σp,λ of the dust can be additionally obtained. In such a case, the radiance Ld,λ of the dust which is substituted in Expression (10) could be obtained by using Td and the wavelength λ3 in Expression (2).
Furthermore, when this radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated 30 is substituted in the following Expression (11) which is an inverse function of Planck's formula of Expression (2), the temperature Tc of the object to be heated 30 can be obtained.
It is to be noted that, at the time of measuring the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 by the first radiance meter 20, measuring the radiances L′c,λ1 and L′c,λ2 of the object to be heated 30 at the two wavelengths, i.e., the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 in advance enables deriving the following Expression (12) based on Expression (10).
Consequently, a radiance ratio (Lc,λ1/Lc,λ2) of the object to be heated 30 can be obtained from an emissivity ratio (εc,λ1/εc,λ2) of the object to be heated without directly providing emissivities εc,λ1 and εc,λ2 of the object to be heated 30, and a temperature Tc of the object to be heated 30 can be obtained from Expression (6). In general, when the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 are close to each other, the emissivity ratio (εc,λ1/εc,λ2) can be regarded as 1. Further, when the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 is measured at the two wavelengths in advance, it is possible to suppress the effect that a flame of the burner 16 or radiation light emitted from the inner wall of the kiln hood 12 is reflected on the object to be heated 30 and enters the first radiance meter 20, and improve an accuracy of temperature measurement. Likewise, in a case where the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 is measured at the two wavelengths in advance, it is possible to suppress the effect of an error in the radiance Ld,λ of the dust or Ap·N which is caused when the radiation light emitted from the burner 16 or the inner wall of the kiln hood 12 is reflected on the wall surface in the furnace facing the second radiance meter 40 or scattered by the dust itself and enters the second radiance meter and which is calculated from a measurement value of the second radiance meter 40. That is because the effect of various factors can be reduced since the calculation is made with the use of the ratio rather than an absolute value of the radiance when the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 is measured at the two wavelengths. Here, as the wavelengths k at the time of measuring the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated 30 with the use of the first radiance meter 20, using λ1 and λ2 at the time of measuring the radiance L′d,λ of the dust by the second radiance meter 40 is simple and hence desirable, but combinations of other wavelengths, e.g., wavelengths λ4 and λ5, wavelengths λ1 ad λ2 as well as wavelengths λ4 and λ2 can suffice as long as the absorption coefficient ap,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficient σp,λ of the dust can be additionally obtained. In case of the wavelengths λ4 and λ5, the radiances Ld,λ1 and Ld,λ2 of the dust which are substituted in Expression (12) could be replaced with the radiances Ld,λ4 and Ld,λ5 obtained with the use of the wavelength λ4 and the wavelength λ5 in Expression (2) at Td, and substituted.
In the measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the temperature Tc of the clinker which is the object to be heated can be obtained in the furnace having the dust therein like a rotary kiln in the cement production equipment. It is to be noted that the temperature Tc of the clinker, the dust temperature Td, dust concentration Cd, and others may be manually calculated from the measured radiances L′c,λ and L′d,λ, but they may be automatically calculated by, e.g., calculating means such as a program of a computer 21 connected to outputs of the first radiance meter 20 and the second radiance meter 40.
A measuring method according to a second embodiment of the present invention will now be described. As regards this measuring method according to the second embodiment, like the first embodiment, a description will be given as to an example where a temperature of an object to be heated (a clinker) which is in a high-temperature state is measured in a rotary kiln having dust therein provided in a cement production equipment.
In the measuring method according to the second embodiment, as radiances of the dust used in the measurement of a temperature of the object to be heated in the first embodiment, two or more radiances measured by a plurality of second radiance meters are used. In an area of dust presence in a furnace in the cement production equipment or the like, it cannot be said that a dust temperature, dust concentration, and others are always constant depending on situations or the like. Thus, in this second embodiment, the area of dust presence is divided into two or more, and a plurality of radiances of dust in the respective divided areas are used, thereby further stabilizing a measurement accuracy.
<Apparatus>
A cement production equipment 10b used in the second embodiment is the same as the cement production equipment 10a used in the first embodiment in a side elevation (
As shown in
On the other hand, as shown in
It is desirable to set positions at which the plurality of second radiance meters 40a and 40b are installed in a height direction y to positions at which the optical axes of the second radiance meters 40a and 40b cross the optical axis of the first radiance meter 20. Furthermore, it is desirable to set positions in a lateral direction x (an optical axis direction of the first radiance meter 20) to positions at which the optical axes of the second radiance meters 40a and 40b run through intermediate points (Sc1/2 and Sc2/2) in the respective divided areas of dust presence in the lateral direction x (the optical axis direction of the first radiance meter 20). Consequently, since an average dust temperature and dust concentration in the areas of dust presence can be reflected in the measurement of a temperature of the object to be heated, a measurement accuracy can be further improved.
Moreover, it is desirable to likewise configure this cement production equipment 10b so that its wall surface facing the second radiance meters 40a and 40b (a wall surface on the optical axes of the second radiance meters 40a and 40b) is held at a temperature lower than that of a surrounding wall surface by cooling means 41a and 41b provided as shown in
<Measurement of Radiance of Dust Present Between Object to be Heated and Radiance Meter>
In the measuring method according to the second embodiment of the present invention, radiances L′d1,λ and L′d2,λ of the dust at a wavelength λ are first measured by the plurality of second radiance meters 40a and 40b provided in the cement production meter 10b, respectively. Considering self-absorption and self-scattering due to the dust, the radiances L′d1,λ and L′d1,λ of the dust measured by the plurality of second radiance meters 40a and 40b are represented by the following Expression (13) and Expression (14), respectively.
In Expression (13) and Expression (14), L′d1,λ and L′d2,λ are radiances of dust in first and second areas of dust presence respectively, ap1,λ and ap2,λ are absorption coefficients of dust in the first and second areas of dust presence respectively, σp1,λ and σp2,λ are scattering coefficients of dust in the first and second areas of dust presence respectively, and sd1 and sd2 are lengths of the second radiance meters 40a and 40b in the optical axis direction in the first and second areas of dust presence respectively.
It is to be noted that the radiances Ld1,λ and Ld2,λ of the dust are obtained from dust temperatures Td1 and Td2 based on Planck's formula of Expression (2) respectively, and the absorption coefficients ap1,λ and ap2,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficients σp1,λ and σp2,λ of the dust are represented by Expression (3) and Expression (4) respectively.
Further, substituting Expression (3) and Expression (4) in Expression (13) and Expression (14) respectively enables acquiring two expressions corresponding to Expression (1′) in the first embodiment. Furthermore, on the basis of these expressions, it is possible to acquire expressions corresponding to Expression (5) in the first embodiment, which are the following Expression (15) and Expression (16) representing respective ratios (L′d1,λ1/L′d1,λ2 and L′d2,λ1/L′d2,λ2) of the radiances L′d1,λ1 and L′d1,λ2, and L′d2,λ1 and L′d2,λ2 of the dust measured at two wavelengths, i.e., wavelengths λ1 and λ2 by the second radiance meters 40a and 40b respectively.
On the basis of Expression (15) and Expression (16), respective ratios (Ld1,λ1/Ld1,λ2 and Ld2,λ1/Ld2,λ2) of the radiances Ld1,λ1 and Ld2,λ2, and Ld2,λ1 and Ld2,λ2 of the dust are obtained from ratios (τ1λ1/ξ1λ2 and ξ2λ1/ξ2λ2) of emissivities of dust particles at the wavelength λ1 and the wavelength λ2 in the first and second dust areas respectively.
Moreover, values of Ld1,λ1/Ld1,λ2 and Ld2,λ1/Ld2,λ2 are substituted in Expression (6) to obtain dust temperatures Td1 and Td2, respectively.
Subsequently, the radiances Ld1,λ1 and Ld2,λ1, and Ld1,λ2 and Ld2,λ2 of the dust at the wavelength λ1 and the wavelength λ2 can be obtained with the use of the dust temperatures Td1 and Td2 on the basis of Expression (2), respectively.
Further, when either the radiance Ld,λ1 or Ld1,λ2 is substituted in the following Expression (17) and either the radiance Ld2,λ1 or Ld2,λ2 is substituted in the following Expression (18), Ap1·N1 and Ap2·N2 can be obtained, respectively. It is to be noted that an average value of Ap1·N1 obtained by substituting the radiances Ld1,λ1 and Lc1,λ2 in Expression (17) respectively may be used. This can be likewise applied to the calculation of Ap2·N2.
Further, since Ap1 and Ap2 are obtained by giving radii rp1 and rp2 of the dust particles, N1 and N2 are acquired, and dust concentrations Cd1 and Cd2 are obtained from the following Expression (19) and Expression (20) corresponding to Expression (8). It is to be noted that, when the radii rp1 and rp2 of the dust particles are unknown or vary depending on situations, the accurate radii rp1 and rp2 of the dust particles cannot be given, and the accurate dust concentrations Cd1 and Cd2 cannot be obtained, but a measurement value of a temperature of an object to be heated or a temperature of the dust which is a target in this method is not affected, and Ap1·N1 and Ap2·N2 can be considered to correspond to a load of the dust and can be exploited for control over the furnace or the like.
In Expression (19) and Expression (20), Tg1 and Tg2 are gas temperatures (K) in the first and second areas of dust presence, and ρ1 and ρ2 are densities of the dust particles in the first and second areas of dust presence, respectively. It is to be noted that a combination of wavelengths at the time of measuring the radiances L′d1,λ and L′d2,λ of the dust by the second radiance meters 40a and 40b may differ depending on the second radiance meters 40a and 40b and, for example, wavelengths λ1 and λ7, or wavelengths λ6 and λ2 as well as wavelengths λ6 and λ7 may be used in the measurement using the second radiance meter 40b.
<Measurement of Radiance and Temperature of Object to be Heated in Presence of Dust>
Aside from the measurement of the radiances L′d1,λ and L′d2,λ of the dust by the second radiance meters 40a and 40b, a radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 at the wavelength λ1 or λ2 is measured by the first radiance meter 20. Considering attenuation due to absorption and scattering of the dust in the first and second areas of dust presence and a radiance from the dust, the radiance L′c2,λ measured by the first radiance meter 20 is represented by the following Expression (21). A first term on the right side in the following Expression (21) represents a radiance L′c1,λ from the object to be heated after passing through the first dust area represented by the following Expression (22) while taking the attenuation due to absorption and scattering of the dust in the second area of dust presence into consideration. Furthermore, a second term on the right side in the following Expression (21) represents a radiance from the dust in the second area of dust presence while taking self-absorption and self-scattering due to the dust into consideration. Moreover, a first term on the right side in the following expression (22) represents a radiance from the object to be heated while taking the attenuation due to absorption and scattering of the dust in the first dust area into consideration, and a second term on the right side represents a radiance from the dust in the first area of dust presence while taking self-absorption and self-scattering due to the dust into consideration.
In Expression (21), Ld2,λ is a radiance of the dust in the second area of dust presence, and sc2 is a length of the first radiance meter 20 in the optical axis direction in the second area of dust presence. Furthermore, ap2,λ is an absorption coefficient of the dust in the second area of dust presence, and σp2,λ is a scattering coefficient of the dust in the second area of dust presence.
In Expression (22), εc,λ is an emissivity of the object to be heated 30, Lc,λ is a radiance of the object to be heated 30, Ld1,λ is a radiance of the dust in the first area of dust presence, and Sc1 is a length of the first radiance meter 20 in the optical axis direction in the first area of dust presence. Further, ap1,λ is an absorption coefficient of the dust in the first area of dust presence, and σp1,λ is a scattering coefficient of the dust in the first area of dust presence.
Additionally, in Expressions (21) and (22), the radiances Ld1,λ and Ld2,λ of the dust and the radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated are obtained from the dust temperatures Td1 and Td2 and the temperature Tc of the object to be heated on the bases of Planck's formula of Expression (2), and the absorption coefficients ap1,λ and ap2,λ and the scattering coefficients σp1,λ and σp2,λ of the dust are represented by Expression (3) and Expression (4), respectively.
Here, the following Expression (23) represents an expression which obtains the radiance L′c1,λ from the object to be heated after passing through the first area of dust presence from the radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 measured by the first radiance meter 20 by substituting Expression (3) and Expression (4) in Expression (21).
Further, Td2 is obtained from the radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 measured at the wavelength λ1 or the wavelength λ2 by the first radiance meter 20 and the radiances L′d2,λ1 and L′d2,λ2 of the dust measured by the second radiance meter 40b on the basis of Expression (16) and Expression (6), and L′c1,λ is obtained by substituting the radiance Ld2,λ of the dust at the wavelength λ1 or the wavelength λ2 used for the measurement of the first radiance meter 20 and Ap2·N2 obtained from Expression (18) in Expression (23).
Furthermore, the following Expression (24) represents an expression which obtains the radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated 30 by substituting Expression (3) and Expression (4) in Expression (22) and modifying it. Td1 is obtained from the acquired L′c1,λ and the radiances L′d1,λ1 and L′d1,λ2 of the dust measured by the second radiance meter 40a on the basis of Expression (15) and Expression (6), and the radiance Ld1,λ of the dust at the wavelength λ1 or the wavelength λ2 obtained from Expression (2) and used for the measurement of the first radiance meter 20 and Ap1·N1 obtained from Expression (17) are substituted, thereby acquiring the radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated 30. It is to be noted that, as the wavelength at which the radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 is measured, using either the wavelength λ1 or λ2 at the time of measuring the radiances L′d1,λ and L′d2,λ of the dust by the second radiance meters 40a and 40b is simple and desirable, but any other wavelength λ8 may be used as long as the absorption coefficient ap,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficient σp,λ of the dust can be additionally obtained. In this case, the radiance Ld2,λ of the dust which is substituted in Expression (23) can be obtained by using Td2 and the wavelength λ8 in Expression (2), and the radiance Ld1,λ of the dust which is substituted in Expression (24) can be obtained by using Td2 and the wavelength λ8 in Expression (2).
Moreover, when the radiance Lc,λ of the object to be heated 30 is substituted in Expression (11), the temperature Tc of the object to be heated 30 can be obtained.
It is to be noted that, at the time of measuring the radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 by using the first radiance meter 20, measuring the radiances L′c2,λ1 and L′c2,λ2 of the object to be heated 30 at two wavelengths, i.e., the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 in advance enables obtaining L′c1,λ1 and L′c1,λ2 from Expression (23), and further the following Expression (25) is derived from Expression (24).
Consequently, a radiance ratio (Lc,λ1/Lc,λ2) of the object to be heated 30 can be obtained from an emissivity ratio (εc,λ1/εc,λ2) of the object to be heated 30 without directly giving emissivities εc,λ1 and εc,λ2 of the object to be heated 30, and the temperature Tc of the object to be heated 30 can be acquired from Expression (6). In general, when the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 are close to each other, the emissivity ratio (εc,λ1/εc,λ2) can be considered as 1. Further, when the radiance L′c2,λ of object to be heated 30 is measured at two wavelengths in advance, the effect that a flame of the burner 16 or radiation light emitted from the inner wall of the kiln hood 12 is reflected on the object to be heated 30 and enters the first radiance meter 20 can be suppressed, and an accuracy of the temperature measurement can be improved. Likewise, when the radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 is measured at two wavelengths in advance, it is possible to suppress the effect of an error in the radiance Ld,λ or Ap·N of the dust calculated from a measurement value of the second radiance meter 40, which is caused when the radiation light emitted from the burner 16 or the inner wall of the kiln hood 12 is reflected on the wall surface in the furnace facing the second radiance meters 40a and 40b or scattered by the dust itself. Here, as the wavelengths λ at the time of measuring the radiance L′c2,λ of the object to be heated 30 by using the first radiance meter 20, using λ1 and λ2 at the time of measuring the radiances L′d1,λ and L′d2,λ of the dust is simple and desirable, but combinations of other wavelengths, e.g., wavelengths λ1 and λ10, wavelengths λ9 and λ2 as well as wavelengths λ9 and λ10 can suffice as long as the absorption coefficient ap,λ of the dust and the scattering coefficient σp,λ of the dust can be additionally obtained. In case of the wavelengths λ9 and λ10, Ld2,λ which is substituted in Expression (23) is calculated from Td2 at the wavelength λ9 and the wavelength λ10 and substituted on the basis of Expression (2), and the radiance Ld1,λ1 and Ld1,λ2 of the dust which are substituted in Expression (25) could be replaced with the radiances Ld1,λ9 and Ld1,λ10 obtained with the use of the wavelength λ9 and the wavelength λ10 from Td1 and substituted on the basis of Expression (2).
As described above, in the measuring method according to the second embodiment of the present invention, the temperature Tc of the clinker which is the object to be heated can be obtained in the furnace having the dust therein like a rotary kiln in the cement production equipment. In the measuring method according to the second embodiment of the present invention, even if a bias of a distribution of a dust temperature, dust concentration, a radius of each dust particle, or the like in the area of dust presence in the furnace is considerable in particular, a measurement accuracy can be improved. It is to be noted that the temperature Tc of the clinker, the dust temperatures Td1 and Td2, dust concentrations Cd1 and Cd2, and others may be manually calculated from the measured radiances L′c,λ, L′d1,λ, and L′d2,λ, but they may be automatically calculated by, e.g., calculating means such as a program of a computer 21 connected to outputs of the first radiance meter 20 and the second radiance meters 40a and 40b.
Further, although the description has been given as to the example where a temperature of the object to be heated in the rotary kiln is measured in the first and second embodiments according to the present invention, the measuring method according to the present invention is not restricted to this example, and the temperature measuring method according to the present invention can be preferably used if it is an object in an atmosphere where dust is present. As examples other than the object to be heated, there are an object to be heated present in high-temperature furnaces (heating, smelting, refinement, firing, reactions, and others) other than a rotary kiln, a heat exchange tube in a boiler, and a solid or a liquid flowing through a duct as well as a heat transfer pipe or a partition wall in a heat exchanger. Furthermore, the object which is a temperature measurement target is not restricted to one having a high temperature above 1000° C. like a clinker, and it may be one having approximately hundreds ° C.
Examples and comparative examples of the present invention will now be described in detail hereinafter.
Assuming that λ1=0.9 μm, λ2=1.35 μm, a temperature of an object to be heated=1450° C., an emissivity εc,λ of the object to be heated is 0.9 (λ1,λ2), a dust temperature Td=1000° C., dust concentration Cd=100 g/m (N means that a temperature of a dust-containing gas is 0° C. and a pressure is an atmospheric pressure), a radius rp of a dust particle is 20 μm, an emissivity ξλ of the dust particle is 0.9 (λ1, λ2), a length sd of an area of dust presence when a radiance of the dust is measured by the second radiance meter 40 is 5 m, a length sc of the area of dust presence when a radiance of the object to be heated 30 is measured by the first radiance meter 20 is 5 m, and density ρ of the dust particle is 3.18 g/cm3, when radiances L′c,λ1 and L′c,λ2 which are to be measured by the first radiance meter 20 are calculated at λ1 and λ2 from Expression (9), L′c,λ1=1.94×109 and L′c,λ2=9.02×109 are derived.
On the other hand, as shown in
Then, these pieces of information are substituted in Expression (10) to obtain Lc,λ, and Tc=1451° C. can be obtained from Expression (11). It is to be noted that this result is a result of measuring the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated by a method of measuring atone wavelength (λ=0.9 μm).
Furthermore, these pieces of information are substituted in Expression (12) to obtain Lc,λ1/Lc,λ2, and Tc=1450° C. can be obtained from Expression (6). It is to be noted that this result is a result of measuring the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated by a method of measuring at two wavelengths (λ=0.9 μm, and λ2=1.35 μm).
On the other hand, in case of performing the measurement based on a two-color method which is an existing technology using no second radiance meter 40, when a calculation is made on the basis of Expression (6) from a ratio of L′c,λ1=1.94×109 and L′c,λ2=9.02×109 which have been already obtained, Tc=1222° C. is provided. That is, a deviation from 1450° C. as the temperature of the object to be heated is 228° C. when the existing technology which does not adopt the second radiance meter 40 is used, whereas it is 1° C. when the method according to the present invention which measures the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated at one wavelength (λ=0.9 μm) is used, or it is 0° C. when the method according to the present invention which measures the radiance L′c,λ of the object to be heated at two wavelengths (λ1=0.9 μm, and λ2=1.35 μm) is used, and it can be understood that a very high accuracy is achieved.
Further,
Furthermore,
Moreover, Table 1 shows a measurement result of temperatures of the object to be heated when an emissivity of a wall surface facing the second radiance meter 40 was changed when other conditions remained the same to see an effect of the emissivity of the wall surface. Here, in Table 1, an emissivity 0.7 shows a case where the facing wall surface was made of a refractory and measurement was performed, and an emissivity 0.9 shows a case where a blackbody coating was further applied to the wall surface made of the refractory and measurement was performed. It is to be noted that an emissivity 0.999 corresponds to a result of providing the blackbody cavity and performing measurement. Additionally, each numerical value in parentheses represents a deviation from 1450° C. which is the temperature of the object to be heated. Further, a temperature of the wall surface facing the second radiance meter 40 was cooled to 300° C. by the cooling means 41.
When the emissivity is 0.7, deviations in this method and this method (two colors) are as large as −73° C. and 30° C. respectively, but they are smaller than −228° C. which is a deviation in the two-color method (the existing technology). Further, when the emissivity is 0.9, deviations in this method and this method (two colors) are −31° C. and 9° C. respectively, and hence the deviations can be reduced. Furthermore, as to each emissivity, it can be understood that the deviations of this method (two colors) are smaller than those of this method and the method for measuring the radiance L′c of the object to be heated at two wavelengths can greatly improve an accuracy.
Assuming that λ1=0.9 μm, λ2=1.35 μm, a temperature Tc of an object to be heated is 1450° C., an emissivity εc,λ of the object to be heated is 0.9 (λ1, λ2), dust temperatures Td1=1000° C. and Td2=900° C. in the first and second areas of dust presence respectively, dust concentration Cd1=Cd2=100 g/m3N, a radius rp1 of a dust particle=rp2=20 μm, an emissivity ξ1,λ of the dust particle is ξ2,λ=0.9 (λ1, λ2) a length sd1 of a first area of dust presence is 5 m and a length sd2 of a second area of dust presence is 5 m when a radiance of the dust is measured by the second radiance meters 40a and 40b, a length sc1 of the first area of dust presence is 3 m and a length sc2 of the area of the second area of dust presence is 2 m when a radiance of the object to be heated 30 is measured by the first radiance meter 20, and density ρ1 of the dust particles is ρ2=3.18 g/cm3, when radiances L′c2,λ1 and L′c2,λ2 which are to be measured by the first radiance meter 20 are calculated at λ1 and λ2 from Expression (21) and Expression (22), L′c2,λ1=1.67×109 and L′c2,λ2=7.23×109 are derived.
On the other hand, as shown in
On the other hand, like this example, when lengths of the first and second areas of dust presence at the time of measuring the radiance of the object to be heated 30 by the first radiance meter 20 are sc1=3 m and sc2=2 m respectively and the dust temperatures are Td1=1000° C. and Td2=900° C. respectively, in case of measuring the radiance of the dust only at one position in the area of dust presence and at an intermediate point in the area of dust presence by the second radiance meter 40 like Example 1, the length of the area of dust presence in Example 1 is sc=5 m (=sc1+sc2) and the dust temperature Td1 at the same point is 1000° C. As shown in
When the measurement was performed by the two-color method as the existing technology which does not use the second radiance meter 40, Tc=1254° C. is derived from a ratio of L′c2,λ1=1.67×109 and L′c2,λ2=7.23×109 obtained on the earlier stage on the basis of a calculation using Expression (6). That is, deviations in the measurement performed at two positions in the area of dust presence and the measurement performed at one position in the same on the basis of this method and a deviation in the measurement on the basis of the existing technology (the two-color method) are 0° C., −39° C., and −196° C. respectively, and it has been revealed that this method has a higher accuracy than that of the existing technology and that, if the dust temperature, the dust concentration, the radius of the dust particle, and others have distributions in the area of dust presence, increasing the number of positions at which the radiance of dust is measured enables enhancing a temperature measurement accuracy.
The present invention can be preferably used in measurement of a temperature of an object to be heated like a clinker having a high-temperature mainly in a furnace having dust therein like a rotary kiln in a cement production equipment.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2014-053172 | Mar 2014 | JP | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/JP2015/055325 | 2/25/2015 | WO | 00 |