Patent Grant
8130146
The present invention relates generally to wireless networks and more particularly to the measurement of the time of arrival of radio signals in wireless networks.
The Time Of Arrival (TOA) of radio signals is used by many applications running on wireless networks for synchronizing the network clocks, for measuring the distance between two terminals or for computing terminal position. For providing Location Services without involving Global Positioning System (GPS), a device must be able to accurately measure the Time Of Arrival (TOA) of messages from neighbors.
The accuracy of Location Services (i.e. Geographic, Geocentric or Relative positioning) depends on the accuracy of the measurement of Time Of Arrival. From TOA can be deducted the Time Of Flight (TOF), the Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA), the clock shift and other time related entities that can be used in specific algorithms for computing the position of an object in relation with others or for synchronizing clocks with very high precision.
Radio signals travel from the transmitter to receiver on one direct path and on several indirect paths. Indirect paths are caused by reflections, refractions and scattering (diffusion) of radio signals. Reflections are caused by radio waves bouncing on flat surfaces like vertical walls, horizontal concrete or asphalt covered surfaces, horizontal body of water, etc. Refractions are changes of the direction of propagation path when the signal travels through anisotropic media. Variations in air temperature, humidity and density cause the phenomenon known as the atmospheric refraction that makes the electromagnetic radiation to follow a curve path. For some terrestrial applications when the relative distances between the transmitter and receiver are small, the effect of refraction of the direct path is smaller that it can be measured therefore it can be ignored. Scattering of radio signals happens when signals travel through objects smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic signal, like edges of metallic furniture, edges of buildings, top of mountains, etc.
Indirect signals arrive at receiver later than the direct signal, because their paths are longer than the direct path.
TOA of radio signals can be measured by transmitting an analog impulse or by transmitting a numerical sequence of pseudo-random bits that are used for computing the impulse response.
The analog method of transmitting one radio impulse has the advantage of providing a very clear “view” of the direct and reflected signals, allowing the identification of the time of arrival of each of them with a precision as good as the length of the impulse. The disadvantage of the method consists on the fact that the duration of the impulse is too short to have enough energy for propagating very far. In order to propagate the impulse at practical distances, it is necessary to use very high transmit power. Because the impulse duration is very short, the energy spectrum of the impulse signal is very large, interfering with communications over a large frequency spectrum. This fact restricts the use of analog impulses for measuring practical distances.
The digital method of impulse-response consists in transmitting a sequence of pseudo-random bits (pn). Gold codes are the most used pn sequences because they offer a good autocorrelation. As they arrive at receiver, the bits of the pn sequence are stored in a shifting register that is cross-correlated with the same pn sequence as the one used at transmitter. When all, or almost all received bits match the witness pn sequence, the cross-correlation function has a significant peak and the TOA is computed as the difference between the content of the clock register at that moment and the time needed for transmitting the pn sequence. The method requires very small energy for transmitting the signal at very large distances and offers precision as good as the clock tick. Mathematical methods for computing the TOA with higher precision than one clock tick are presented, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,054,126 to Strutt et al. entitled “System and method for improving the accuracy of time of arrival measurements in a wireless ad-hoc communications network,” granted on May 30, 2006, which contents are incorporated by reference herein.
The disadvantage of the method using the pn sequence consists in the difficulty of separating between the TOA of the direct path and the TOA of reflected paths, when the length of the reflected paths is very close to the length of the direct path. Because the clocks of transmitter and receiver do not tick in the same time, each bit of the pn sequence has to be transmitted for at least two clock ticks, or the receiver should sample the signal twice as fast as it is transmitted. It makes sure that a complete received bit matches one bit of the pn witness sequence, not only a fraction of it. At a 32 MHz (Megahertz) clock frequency, each bit is transmitted during two clock ticks, or 62.5 ns (nanoseconds). Therefore, if the direct and one reflected path have a difference of length smaller than 20 m (meters), they cannot be easily identified with the impulse-response method because the time passed between receiving the direct signal and receiving the indirect signal is less than 62.5 ns. The problem becomes even more difficult, if a large number of reflected signals arrive over a long period (hundreds of ns) of time, but at close interval one to another. Such response is characteristic to reflections on very rough surfaces.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method for measuring the time of arrival of radio signals with high accuracy.
The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
A method of operating a node for measuring the time of arrival of a received signal includes receiving the received signal including at least a first pseudorandom code and a second pseudorandom code from an other node; identifying a frequency difference between the node and the other node using a phase difference between each of a maximum value of a cross-correlation provided by the first pseudorandom code and the second pseudorandom code; applying the frequency difference to the reception of the received signal; and calculating the time of arrival of the received signal comprising a time, measured with a local clock, when the cross-correlation has achieved the maximum value.
As illustrated, the network 100 includes a plurality of mobile wireless user terminals 102-1 through 102-n (referred to generally as nodes 102 or mobile nodes 102), and can, but is not required to, include a fixed network 104 having a plurality of access points 106-1, 106-2, . . . 106-n (referred to generally as nodes 106 or access points 106), for providing nodes 102 with access to the fixed network 104. The fixed network 104 can include, for example, a core local access network (LAN), and a plurality of servers and gateway routers to provide network nodes with access to other networks, such as other ad-hoc networks, the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Internet. The network 100 further can include a plurality of fixed routers 107-1 through 107-n (referred to generally as nodes 107 or fixed routers 107) for routing data packets between other nodes 102, 106 or 107. It is noted that for purposes of this discussion, the nodes discussed above can be collectively referred to as “nodes 102, 106 and 107”, or simply “nodes”.
As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the nodes 102, 106 and 107 are capable of communicating with each other directly, or via one or more other nodes 102, 106 or 107 operating as a router or routers for packets being sent between nodes.
The node 200, for example, can be an integrated unit containing at least all the elements depicted in
As illustrated, a radio module 205 of the node 200 includes a receiver 210, a transmitter 215 and a clock 220. An antenna (not shown) intercepts transmitted signals from one or more nodes 102, 106, 107 within the network 100 and transmits signals to the one or more nodes 102, 106, 107 within the network 100. The antenna is coupled to the transmitter 215 and receiver 210, which each employ conventional modulation and demodulation techniques for transmitting and receiving communication signals, such as packetized signals, to and from the node 200 under the control of the processors 225. The packetized data signals can include, for example, voice, data or multimedia information, and packetized control signals, including node update information. When the transmitter 215 receives a command from the processors 225, the transmitter 215 sends a signal via the antenna to one or more devices within the network 100. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the node 200 includes a transceiver comprising both a receiver and a transmitter. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that other similar electronic block diagrams of the same or alternate type can be utilized for the node 200. The radio module 205 coupled to the antenna can operate, for example, over an ad hoc networking air interface (e.g., Bluetooth, 802.11 networking, 802.16 or 802.16e WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), and the like).
The implementation of the radio module 205 depends on the implementation of the node 200. For example, the radio module 205 can be implemented as an appropriate wireless modem, or as conventional transmitting and receiving components of two-way wireless communication devices. In the event that the radio module 205 is implemented as a wireless modem, the modem can be internal to the node 200 or insertable into the node 200 (e.g., embodied in a wireless radio frequency (RF) modem implemented on a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card). For a wireless communication device, the radio module 205 can be implemented as part of the wireless device hardware and software architecture in accordance with known techniques. Most, if not all, of the functions of the radio module 205 can be implemented in a processor, such as the processors 225. However, the processors 225 and the radio module 205 have been partitioned based on their functionality, not on physical structure herein to facilitate a better understanding of performed operations.
Coupled to the radio module 205, is the processors 225 utilizing conventional signal-processing techniques for processing received signals. At the interface between the receiver 210, the transmitter 215 and the processors 225, information is presented as quadrature (complex I, Q signal). The Time Of Arrival (TOA) of a received message is measured with the clock 220 that runs continuously. The clock 220 counts ticks and restarts from zero when overflows. The duration of the clock tick is the same as the duration of an analog to digital converter (A/D) converter (not shown) sampling time providing the (I, Q) samples. The number of bits of the clock register is large enough for counting, without causing overflow, the duration of the maximum signal propagation time. If the node 200 can communicate at a maximum distance of two kilometers (2 Km), for example, the duration of the signal propagation time is six microseconds (6 μs). Supposing that the duration of the clock tick is twenty nanoseconds (20 ns), the clock register must have at least eleven (11) bits that will cause the register to overflow every 40.96 μs. The clock 220 interacts with the receiver 210 and the transmitter 215. When the receiver 210 has identified the arrival of a message, it transfers the content of the clock register to the processors 225 as approximate time of arrival (TOA). When the processors 225 submit a message to be transmitted, the transmission is held until the clock value has reached the preset transmit time.
The processors 225 are responsible for performing computations using, for example, several Digital signal processing (DSP) processors. The DSP processors can operate in parallel, sharing the same memory. They perform the computation associated with transferring regular data and for supporting Location Services.
The radio module 205 and the processors 225 are the components of the basic wireless device. As described in
The optional application interface 230 provides the connectivity between the array of DSP processors and an external computer such a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a desktop computer. The application interface 230 can be either serial, parallel or a memory bus, running proprietary or standard protocols. Applications running on an external computer use the application interface 230 for accessing data transferred in the wireless network as well as communicating with Location Services. The application interface 230 is used for setting the parameters of Location Services as well as for querying Location Services about location of the node 200, the positions of neighbor nodes to the node 200, and the relative moving speed of the node 200 in relation with neighbor nodes.
The optional command/control interface 235 can be used for connecting sensors that measure temperature, pressure, speed, flow, position of switches, chemical composition, and the like, as well as for connecting electromagnetic valves and switches for remotely controlling a process or an operational facility.
The peak in the cross-correlation of the received pseudorandom codes and stored reference allows the identification of the best time for sampling the data at Step 310. The phase difference between the maximum value of the cross-correlation provided by the first and the second code is used for identifying the apparent difference of frequencies between the transmitter node and the receiver node at Step 315. Once it is identified, the receiver 210 applies the correction to the reception on the received signal at Step 320. The apparent difference of frequency is caused by the real difference of frequencies of the transmitter and receiver oscillators and the relative movement of the two devices, also known as Doppler Effect.
Next, at Step 325, the receiver 210 reports to Processors 225 the time, measured with the local clock 220, when the autocorrelation has achieved the maximum value, that is also known as the approximate Time Of Arrival (TOA) of the message, and the size of the approximate difference between the local and signal frequencies.
For supporting very high precision of Location Services, two additional messages, RANGE and LOCATION, are added to the traditional protocol implemented in wireless networks. Both messages are used for broadcasting information to neighbors.
When a node receives the “Request for coordinates” from any other neighbor, it transmits in the next LOCATION message 500 of
It will be appreciated that when the list of neighbors is too large to fit in one LOCATION message 400, the node will broadcast only the TOA 420 and frequency differences 425 of the closest neighbors.
Location Services operate on wireless devices such as the node 200 described previously herein. These devices are able to identify the approximate TOA and frequency difference of any received message. The precision of TOA so measured is appropriate for identifying the sample timing providing the best reception, while the frequency difference is satisfactory for locking the receiver to the received signal.
The best timing is associated with the arrival of the signal carrying the highest energy. Due to reflections, the signal traveling from transmitter to receiver follows more than one path and, in most of the cases, the path carrying the highest energy is not the path following the straight line.
The strengths of the received direct and indirect signals are affected by several causes, where multiple reflections and media absorption are the most important. In some cases, the direct signal, that follows the straight line connecting the transmitter node with the receiver node, could be affected by much higher attenuation than some of the indirect signals.
As an example, indoor high frequency radio waves (at Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band) lose less energy when they are reflected by walls compared to going through. Multiple reflections make those signals to travel long distances inside a building while propagating along the hallways and reflecting between floor and ceiling. In the same time, the direct signal needs to penetrate through all the walls that are between transmitter and receiver. After passing through one dry wall, the radio signal at 2.4 Giga Hertz (GHz) ISM band looses about 13 decibels (dB) of energy. Considering that the average distance between two walls is 20 feet, a direct radio signal received at 200 feet distance from transmitter looses, due to absorption caused by wall penetration, about 130 dB of energy.
According with the present method, for measuring the TOA, each terminal broadcasts a RANGE message 600 as illustrated in
Next, in Step 720, the processor structures the result as a matrix with m-1 rows and 2n columns. The first 2n elements are placed on the first row of the matrix. Next, in Step 725 the processor averages m-1 matrix elements on each of the 2n columns into a vector with 2n elements. Next, in Step 730, the shifted average vector of 2n elements is processed with the algorithm presented hereinbefore that provides the correction of TOA of the direct path in relation with the TOA measured by hardware. The shift consists in considering the second half of the vector first, then the first half of the vector. Next, in Step 735, the processor computes the frequency difference from the phase shift correction computed in Step 710 and the approximate frequency difference measured by hardware from training sequence in step 315.
A wireless device involved in Location Services transmits and receives the RANGE and LOCATION messages. From received data and from its own measurements, the node can compute the range between any two nodes within the network as described herein. The method uses the frequency difference for computing the TOA at each node in the network at the same moment, thus eliminating all ranging errors caused by network mobility.
The apparent frequency difference measured by a terminal is the summation between the difference of oscillator frequencies and the Doppler Effect.
If the difference of oscillator frequencies between device A and B is δAB, the difference between B and A oscillators is δBA=−δAB. On the other hand, if the Doppler effect of device A in relation with device B is DAB, the Doppler Effect measured by device B is DBA=DAB. The Doppler Effect has positive value when the two devices approach each other and a negative value when they move away.
Supposing that A measures an apparent frequency shift in relation with B of dAB and B measures an apparent frequency shift dBA in relation with A, the real difference of frequencies and the Doppler Effect can be computed as follows:
From the value of the Doppler Effect can be computed the relative speed of the two devices, fact that is very important when Location Services are used in conjunction with Inertial Navigation Systems and for preventing collisions. A negative value of the Doppler Effect indicates that the distance between the two devices is increasing, while a positive value, that the distance is decreasing.
It will be appreciated that a device receiving RANGE and LOCATION messages can compute its own coordinates and the coordinates of neighbors. Depending on the nature of available information, the position of the terminal is computed using one of the methods presented in hereinbefore.
The accuracy of the Time Of Arrival of a message in a wireless ad-hoc multihopping network has an important effect on the accuracy of computed Location of a mobile network node. For indoor propagation, the multipath effect and the absorption of signal energy makes almost impossible the reception of the direct signal and precise computation of the distance between network nodes. With the method provided herein, the direct signal is received at larger distances than it is received with traditional methods, by lowering the noise floor.
In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings.
The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a”, “has . . . a”, “includes . . . a”, “contains . . . a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the term is defined to be within 10%, in another embodiment within 5%, in another embodiment within 1% and in another embodiment within 0.5%. The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically. A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.
It will be appreciated that some embodiments may be comprised of one or more generic or specialized processors (or “processing devices”) such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the method and/or apparatus described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the two approaches could be used.
Moreover, an embodiment can be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium having computer readable code stored thereon for programming a computer (e.g., comprising a processor) to perform a method as described and claimed herein. Examples of such computer-readable storage mediums include, but are not limited to, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a ROM (Read Only Memory), a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) and a Flash memory. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions and programs and ICs with minimal experimentation.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.
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