Patent Grant
7085380
1. Field of the Invention
Enhancements to a video anticopy process, the enhancements causing additional degradation to the picture quality when a copy of a protected recording is played back, and additionally which reduce the viewability of unauthorized recordings of the protected recording.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Video anticopy processes are well known. An example is Ryan, U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,603 issued Dec. 23, 1986, incorporated by reference which discloses (see Abstract):
“A video signal is modified so that a television receiver will still provide a normal color picture from the modified video signal while the video tape recording of the modified video signal produces generally unacceptable pictures. This invention relies on the fact that typical videocassette recorder automatic gain control systems cannot distinguish between the normal sync pulses (including equalizing or broad pulses) of a conventional video signal and added pseudo-sync pulses. Pseudo-sync pulses are defined here as any other pulses which extend down to normal sync tip level and which have a duration of at least 0.5 microseconds. A plurality of such pseudo-sync pulses is added to the conventional video signal during the vertical blanking interval, and each of said pseudo-sync pulses is followed by a positive pulse of suitable amplitude and duration. As a result, the automatic gain control system in a videotape recorder will make a false measurement of video level which causes an improper recording of the video signal. The result is unacceptable picture quality during playback.”
Column 2, beginning at line 5 states that the added pulse pairs (each pair being a negative-going pseudo-sync pulse followed by a positive-going “AGC” pulse) cause an automatic level (gain) control circuit in a videotape recorder to erroneously sense video signal level and produce a gain correction that results in an unacceptable videotape recording.
Therefore this prior art “basic anticopy process” causes an abnormally low amplitude video signal to be recorded when a copy is attempted. Some of the effects observed when the illegal copy is replayed are horizontal tearing (positional displacement) and vertical displacement of the picture. Whether this occurs or not is often largely dependent on the picture content, i.e. presence of white (light) and black (dark) areas in the picture. Therefore this prior art process, while generally providing excellent copy protection, with some combinations of videotape recorders (such as VCRs) and television sets provides a picture viewable by persons willing to tolerate a poor quality picture.
Also, with certain VCRs and TV sets the various well known prior art copy protection processes provide little picture degradation. Certain markets for prerecorded video material have a high rate of piracy, i.e. illegal copying of videotapes, in spite of copy protection and these viewers apparently are relatively insensitive to the poor quality picture in illegal copies caused by the prior art copy protection processes. Thus there is a need for copy protection process enhancements which degrade the quality of the picture even more than that of the prior art processes.
In accordance with the present invention, the above-described prior art “basic” copy protection process is enhanced by further modifying the video signal in several ways to ensure that the necessary picture content requirement is met to maximize effectiveness of the basic copy protection process.
The further modifications include blanking a portion of the active video in the overscan area of the picture just prior to the occurrence of the (1) horizontal or (2) vertical synchronization (sync) signals, and inserting into the blanked portion a waveform that (for a video signal having reduced amplitude) is perceived by the TV receiver or videotape recorder as a sync signal, and so causes incorrect synchronization of the VCR or TV receiver. Using this modification especially only on certain video lines or fields causes substantial picture degradation of an unauthorized copy. Another modification narrows the horizontal sync pulses to cause sensing of a spurious vertical sync signal in a TV set and will also affect certain videotape recorders.
In the horizontal modification, the right edge of the picture is replaced by a “checker” pattern appearing (like a checker board) of black and gray rectangles. The width of this checker pattern is chosen to be within the overscan (not viewed) part of the picture when displayed on a standard television receiver. It will be understood that with an abnormally low signal amplitude, when the picture content is light (such as mid gray), the left edge of the black rectangle in certain video lines will trigger an early horizontal retrace as being a negative-going (towards blanking level) transition. When the picture content is dark, the right edge of the gray rectangle (adjacent to a dark picture area), in certain video lines will trigger an early retrace on each line as also being a negative-going transition. (The description of video waveforms herein follows the convention of positive amplitude being white and negative amplitude being black).
The horizontal modification checker pattern in one embodiment is generated at a rate slightly asynchronous to the video field repetition rate, so that the checker pattern appears to slowly move up or down the picture, at a rate of about 1 second for any given point to migrate from the bottom to the top of the picture or vice versa. The checker pattern has no effect on the picture when an original (authorized) cassette is replayed since no signal conditions are present in the TV set which are in any way abnormal.
However, when an illegal (unauthorized or pirated) copy of the cassette is replayed using a videotape recorder, the signal attenuation resulting from the above-described prior art copy protection process, in combination with the checker pattern, causes the television set horizontal retrace to occur early in each video line where either when the black or gray rectangle is present, depending on picture content and the characteristics of the videotape recorder and TV set. The black checkers and gray checkers each may cause a transition of sufficient amplitude depending on the previous active video picture content. If the picture content is light (white), the left edge of the black checker causes a negative-going transition to black; if the picture content is dark, the right edge of the gray checker causes a negative-going transition from gray to the following dark area (typically blanking level). The difference between lines ending in black or gray in turn causes a horizontal displacement to the picture information, i.e. a wiggle, which moves slowly up or down the picture.
The tendency of a television set to retrace (perform the horizontal flyback early) is exploited by providing the light to dark transition (the left edge of the black checker or the right edge of the gray checker) prior to the location in the video line of the genuine horizontal line synchronization (sync) signal. The early retrace so triggered causes the picture information on the succeeding line to be advanced, i.e. displaced horizontally to the right by an amount equal to the distance between the negative transition and the location of the leading edge of the genuine horizontal sync signal. This displacement causes a “tearing” (horizontal repositioning) of picture information.
A somewhat similar modification in the vertical picture sense inserts alternating dark and white bands in place of active video in the last few lines of selected video fields in the lower overscan portion of the picture just prior to the vertical blanking interval, and/or extending into the first few lines of the vertical blanking interval.
This vertical rate modification is implemented in several ways. In one embodiment several of the active video lines (five or so) immediately prior to the vertical sync signal are made to alternate between blanking level and a gray level (typically about 30% of peak white) at a rate of about 1 to 5 cycles per second. This can cause drum servo unlock in the copying videotape recorder, or erroneous vertical retrace in the TV set, causing the picture from the unauthorized copy to exhibit vertical instability (jump up and down) at that particular rate, substantially degrading the quality of the image. In another version, two to five lines of alternating (modulated) white-black-white are inserted at the end of each or alternate video fields, with the same result of loss of vertical lock in a copying videotape recorder or viewing TV set due to interpretation of the inserted pattern as a vertical sync signal when the video signal amplitude has been reduced through AGC response to a copy protection signal.
These vertical modifications in another version are both extended into the first few lines of the subsequent vertical blanking interval.
Addition of pulses to portions of the video signal after normal horizontal or video synchronization pulses cause an abnormal video retrace at this point, thereby being an effective enhancement to the prior art basic anticopy process. Typically these added post-vertical synchronization pulses are at e.g. lines 22–24 of an NTSC television signal.
Thus, the processes in accordance with the invention ensure optimum conditions in terms of picture content for causing the maximum level of subjective degradation (1) to the replayed picture quality of the unauthorized copy and (2) to the recording and playback functions of videotape recorders.
The television set in response to the horizontal and vertical modifications erroneously performs the horizontal or vertical retrace at an abnormal point. In the same way that a TV set will misinterpret the signal, both the recording videotape recorder when the copy is made or the playback videotape recorder when the copy is replayed can also be affected. In this case it is the color circuitry of the videotape recorder which is affected, with resultant picture degradation additional to that caused by the basic anticopy process. This is an additional effect to what has been described so far. This is because of the special way a videotape recorder processes the color information. The picture distortions include inaccurate color rendition and intermittent or permanent loss of color. The objective of the modifications thus is to further destroy the entertainment value of the illegal copy, over and above the degradation of the picture quality caused by the above-described basic prior art copy protection process.
The third modification to the video signal involves narrowing horizontal sync pulses. In combination with a copy protected video signal having reduced signal amplitude when re-recorded (copied), this narrowing causes the sensing of spurious vertical sync signals by a videotape recorder or TV set, causing vertical retrace to take place at other than the beginning of a field and so further degrading picture quality. This modification narrows the width (duration) of the horizontal sync pulses on certain lines (such as lines 250–262) of the video field. These narrowed horizontal sync pulses, when combined with a video signal that is of diminished amplitude, trigger a spurious vertical retrace in many TV sets and videotape recorders, further degrading the displayed picture. Narrowing the horizontal sync pulses where the checker patterns exist (lines 10–250) also enhances the checker pattern distortion when an illegal copy is made.
It has been observed that the degradation of the picture quality in accordance with the present invention is particularly useful where the prior art basic copy protection process provides relatively small degradation of picture quality or relatively small degradation of videotape recorder recording or playback. Thus the combination of the prior art process and the present processes severely reduces entertainment value of the illegal copy on a much larger combination of videotape recorders aid TV receivers than does the basic prior art process by itself.
Provision of the horizontal checker pattern or vertical modification only in the overscan portions of the television picture ensures that when the original recording or signal is viewed there is no visibility of the checker pattern or vertical modification, and indeed the presence thereof is not known to the viewer of the original recording.
In other embodiments, the process user might trade off picture area for effectiveness. (The user may elect to trade off visibility of the process when the “legal” recording is played, in order to enhance the process anticopy effectiveness.) Thus, the modifications may in violation of broadcast TV standards extend into the viewable portion of the video field, but still be acceptable in many applications. Furthermore, in another embodiment, the process trades off deviations from accepted signal standards to further enhance the anticopy effectiveness.
The modified signal in any case is displayed normally on any TV receiver or monitor, providing the signal is of the correct amplitude. When the modified signal amplitude is reduced, as on an illegal copy, the conditions are optimized for the TV receiver to display or for a videotape recorder to playback a distorted picture. This will occur in a back-to-back video tape recorder copying situation using two videotape recorders when the recording being (illegally) copied is provided with the basic anticopy process of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,603.
The video signal modifications in accordance with the invention, in addition to causing lack of horizontal or vertical stability in a TV receiver, also additionally have similar effects as described above on a typical videocassette (videotape) recorder, both during recording and playback. VCRs use the leading edge of the horizontal sync pulse to correctly position the burst gate. If the burst gate is incorrectly positioned, the color burst is not be sampled properly and loss of color or distorted color results. The horizontal modification causes misinterpretation of the position of the leading edge of horizontal sync. This will occur in the VCRs involved in both the recording and playback of a (copy protected) copy, resulting in color loss/distortion. This effect can also be caused independently in the TV set. In the same way that a TV set will tend to lose vertical lock as a result of this process, so will a VCR. The result is a loss of drum servo lock in the VCR.
The modifications disclosed herein ensure that the required conditions for maximum picture disruption are always present, rather than relying on chance (the particular picture being displayed) that these conditions occur. Therefore the above processes which may include the horizontal and/or vertical modifications and/or horizontal sync pulse narrowing have substantial value in enhancing the above-described basic prior art copy protection process, and more generally enhance any copy protection process which reduces the amplitude of the video signal which is recorded when an unauthorized copy is attempted. Another embodiment to enhance horizontal jitter with illegal copying of video tapes is to use post horizontal pseudo sync pulses of approximately −20 IRE amplitude (−40 IRE equals normal sync amplitude) and a width of about 1–2 μs varying in position in about a range of 1–2 μs after color burst.
While the embodiments disclosed herein are in the context of the NTSC television standard, with modifications apparent to one of ordinary skill in the aft they are applicable to SECAM or PAL television standard.
Also disclosed herein in accordance with the invention are several methods and apparatuses for removal or “defeat” of the above-described video signal modifications, to permit unhampered copying and viewing thereof. The defeat method and apparatus in one version replace or level shift the vertical and horizontal modification pulses with a fixed level gray signal, and defeat the sync pulse narrowing modification by sync widening or replacement.
In other versions, the defeat method uses added pre-horizontal sync pulses, post-horizontal sync pulses, or attenuation averaging. Also disclosed is a new method of defeating the prior art basic video anticopying process.
a and 1b show respectively a normal picture and a modified picture with the horizontal modification checker pattern and the location of the vertical modification;
a and 2b show a picture resulting from a video signal of normal amplitude, respectively without and with the checker pattern;
a, 3b and 3c show the same pictures as displayed respectively on a television set with a video signal of reduced amplitude, without and with the checker pattern and vertical modification;
a and 5b show respectively a portion of a video signal with the vertical modification not extending into the horizontal and vertical blanking interval and with the vertical modification extending into the vertical blanking interval;
c shows an additional vertical modification extending into the horizontal blanking interval;
a, 6b, 6c show a circuit for providing video signal modifications in accordance with the invention;
a, 7b show waveforms illustrating operation of the circuit of
a to 11o show video waveforms illustrating horizontal sync pulse narrowing;
a shows a block diagram of a circuit for horizontal sync pulse narrowing;
b shows waveforms illustrating operation of the circuit of
a, 13b show in detail a circuit for horizontal sync pulse narrowing;
a, 14b, show block diagrams of apparatuses for combining sync pulse narrowing with the horizontal and vertical modifications;
a, 24b, 24c show a circuit for nullifying the enhancement signals using sync widening;
a to 25h shows waveforms of the circuit of
a, 29b show waveforms illustrating defeat of the enhancement signals via increasing sync amplitude;
a, 32b show waveforms illustrating defeat of the enhancement signals via adding an AC signal;
a, 34b and 34c and 36c show waveforms illustrating sync slicing;
a, 35b show waveforms illustrating the effect of widened sync;
a, 36b show further sync slicing points;
a to 38e show waveforms illustrating operation of the circuit of
a shows a circuit for defeat of the post-sync pulses enhancement;
b to 39d show waveforms illustrating operation of the circuit of
a, 40d, 40g show circuits for defeat of post-pseudo sync pulses;
b, 40c, 40e, 40f, and 40h show waveforms illustrating operation of the circuits of
a shows a circuit for defeat of post-pseudo sync pulses by pulse narrowing;
b shows a corresponding waveform illustrating operation of the circuit of
a, 42b show a circuit for defeat of the prior art basic anti-copy process;
a to 43g show waveforms illustrating operation of the circuit of
Horizontal Rate (Checker) Signal Modification
a shows a normal television picture 10, (without showing any actual video information), i.e. including the left and right overscan portions 14, 16 and top and bottom overscan positions 7, 9. The part of the picture inside the dotted line 13 is the visible video 11.
The overscan portion of a television picture, as is well known, is that portion of the television picture not viewable on a standard television set. Because of design limitations and aesthetic considerations, standard TV sets are adjusted by the manufacturer to display somewhat less than 100% of the transmitted picture area. The portions of the television image which are not normally viewable are called the overscan area. These portions are viewable on a professional-type video monitor with underscan capability. However, all standard television receivers operate in an overscan mode, and hence the added checker pattern and the modified lines at the end of each field would not be viewable on such standard television receivers as sold in the United States and elsewhere.
b shows the modified television picture 12 in accordance with the certain modifications of the present invention, also including the overscan portions 14, 16. In the right-side overscan portion 16, a checker pattern of alternating gray rectangles 24 and black rectangles 26 is provided. This checker pattern information 24, 26 provides the copy protection enhancement as described below. In the display of the picture 12 on a standard TV set the checker pattern 20 would not be seen since it is in overscan area 16. The vertical signal modification is inserted in the bottom overscan area 9 and therefore is also not visible.
a shows a video field 30, including the left and right overscan portions 32, 34, including in the active video 36 a vertical and horizontal picture element 38 (such as for instance a cross). This field 30 is in accordance with the prior art and the checker pattern and vertical modification signal are clearly not included. This is also without any reduction of signal amplitude, i.e. without provision of the prior art copy protection process.
b shows the field 30 with the addition of the checker pattern 42 in overscan area 34 outside border 13 and the addition of vertical modification pattern 87 to lower overscan portion 9. Since there is normal signal amplitude present, the checker pattern 42 and/or vertical pattern 87 have no effect on the appearance of the cross 38 which is shown normally. It is to be understood that
It is not possible to show a graphic representation of the effect of these signals on the VCR. A TV set will display artifacts due to the abnormally low signal amplitude; the VCRs used to record and replay the copy can also be affected. In this instance, the servo systems of the VCRs will be disturbed, resulting in positionally unstable pictures.
a shows a picture 50 resulting from reduced signal amplitude, i.e. in accordance with the prior art copy protection process, acting on a relatively insensitive VCR, but without the addition of the checker pattern. This figure shows only the actual viewable portion (inside border 13 of
b shows the effect of the presence of the checker pattern 42 of
In accordance with the invention the checker pattern 42 of
The signal level of the black rectangles 44 is set to be between blanking level and black level for NTSC (black level and blanking level are the same for PAL or SECAM signals), and at black level for PAL and SECAM, and the amplitude of the mid-gray rectangles 46 is approximately 30% of peak white level. The checker pattern 42 induces the zig-zag type pattern as shown in
The process causes early horizontal retrace in a low video signal amplitude environment by providing a negative-going transition, i.e. from the instantaneous picture level at the start point of the black rectangles 44 to black level prior to the horizontal sync signals on at least certain lines of the picture. The checker pattern 42 shown in
The typical duration, (width) of the checker pattern 42 is approximately 1.0 to 2.5 microseconds, as determined by the requirement that the checker pattern normally is not introduced into the displayed portion of a standard television picture, i.e. is limited to the overscan portion, and also does not infringe upon the normal horizontal blanking period.
In other embodiments, the horizontal sync pulse is narrowed and allowing the checker pattern to be wider. This would provide a greater horizontal displacement when the reduced amplitude video signal is displayed, but result in a nonstandard original video signal, which however is acceptable for certain non-broadcast applications. Also, the particular amplitudes of the mid-gray 46 and/or black rectangles 44 need not be exactly as described above. Any effects resulting from the changed relative position of leading edge of horizontal sync pulse and the color burst can be corrected by a corresponding relocation and/or expansion of the color burst.
The transition 80 from the active video level 66 down to the black level 76 appears to the television receiver to be a horizontal sync signal. This effect (as explained above) only occurs when the video signal being displayed has reduced amplitude due to the copy protection process.
The presence of the gray level 74 (the gray portions of the checker) additionally ensures that the entire picture is not shifted to the right. This would be the case if for instance there was a solid black stripe down the right hand side of the picture. The alternating gray and black levels provide the zig zag effect shown in
It will be appreciated from
The above described wiggle enhancement causes the checker pattern to move slowly from the bottom to the top of the picture or vice versa. It is found that if this takes approximately one second for a given transition to migrate from the bottom of the picture to the top of the picture or vice versa, this causes optimum reduction of entertainment value of the picture. This moving wiggle effect is provided by using a frequency of the square wave that generates the checker pattern being slightly offset from the fifth harmonic of field rate, i.e. between 295 Hz and 305 Hz, for NTSC television. The corresponding frequency for PAL or SECAM systems is 245 to 255 Hz. This nonsynchronicity provides the desired slow movement of in the checker pattern. As noted above, even if such asynchronicity is not present and the checker pattern is static, there is still substantial benefit from the present process. The frequency of the signal generating the checker pattern can be adjusted to maximize the degradation of the picture quality when the low amplitude signal is replayed and displayed. Frequencies between 180 and 360 Hz for NTSC and 150 to 300 Hz for PAL (3 to 5 times the field rate) typically result in an optimum effect. The frequency may be varied with time to ensure optimum effect on a variety of playback and viewing equipment.
In another embodiment, the checker pattern is located on the front porch of the horizontal blanking interval, i.e. not replacing any portion of active video. This somewhat reduces the amount of horizontal displacement; however, still there is at least some of the desired effect but resulting in a signal which retains all of the picture information but does not conform to all NTSC standards.
The checker pattern need not be present on every field.
Vertical Rate Signal Modification
The above detailed description is directed to horizontal picture information; the video signal modification and the consequent effect of this modification are in the horizontal picture direction. The related vertical rate modification described in the Summary is further described hereinafter.
The vertical modification takes several forms. In one embodiment, groups of 1 to 4 lines in the lower overscan portion of a video field have their active video replaced alternatively with white or black. In another embodiment, the last few video lines immediately prior to the vertical sync pulse are blanked, as are the first few lines of the following vertical blanking interval, and the original picture video and vertical sync pulse therein are replaced with either a high level (such as mid gray which is about 30% peak white, or actual peak white) or a low level (in the range of black down to blanking level) signal as shown at 87 in
These vertical modifications are normally not visible to the viewer since the modified active video lines are restricted to those lines falling in the overscan area 9 at the bottom of the picture of
In a standard NTSC video signal (or in other standards) as is well known, the first three lines of the vertical blanking interval each include two equalization pulses, and the following three lines each include two “broad” vertical sync pulses. Normally vertical retrace begins shortly after the first of these vertical sync pulses.
The first vertical modification embodiment is shown in
The second vertical modification embodiment (
As shown in
This oscillation causes the picture to “jump” up and down by 5 lines once per second (the oscillation rate) which has been found to be extremely irritating to the viewer as suggested at “x” in
In another version of the vertical modification (not shown) instead of the last two lines of one field and the first three lines of the next field being modified as in
It is to be understood that the vertical modification need not extend over the entire active video portion of a horizontal line. It has been found that providing the modification over about ½ of the duration of active video in a line is sufficient to generate the premature vertical retrace.
In yet another embodiment of the vertical modification (similar in most respects to that of
The vertical modifications to the video signal have no effect when applied to a TV monitor as a part of an original (authorized) signal. However, if the video signal amplitude is reduced sufficiently, for example by an anticopy process, the TV monitor will tend to incorrectly detect the vertical sync information, with vertical instability resulting as described above.
Furthermore, if the vertically modified signal is applied to a VCR in conjunction with an anticopy process which results in a reduced amplitude video signal within the recording VCR, when a recording is made the VCR's drum servo will tend to be disturbed. This is because VCR's typically require a “clean” vertical sync signal to maintain correct phase, and the presence of a jittering vertical sync signal causes the VCR to lose lock. When the recording is replayed the visible effect is vertical instability of the picture plus intermittent noise bands which appear as the drum servo loses lock. (This is similar to a variable tracking error.)
In other words, the vertical rate waveform modifications function similarly to the horizontal rate waveform modification described above, except that vertical disturbances are induced rather than horizontal. The two techniques combined are more effective in terms of picture quality degradation than either one on its own. Sweeping the pulse rate of the vertical waveforms increases effectiveness to more TV sets, i.e., the frequency is varied between for instance 2 Hz and 10 Hz over a period of about 20 seconds. Sweeping the checker frequencies also will cause the horizontal tearing to go up and down resulting in a more irritating picture when an illegal copy is made.
Apparatus for Vertical and Horizontal Modifications
Circuitry for inserting the above-described horizontal and vertical modifications is shown in block form in
The main video signal path includes an input clamp amplifier A1; a sync pulse narrowing circuit 96; a mixing point 98 at which the waveform components of the horizontal checker and the vertical modification (jitter inducing) waveforms are added; and an output line driver amplifier A2. In this case also the video input signal into the circuit of
The process control and signal generation path includes a sync separator 100; control circuit 102; circuits (see
The input video is DC restored by the input video clamp amplifier A1. (Amplifier A1 is a commercially available part, for example the Elantec EL2090.) Amplifier A1 ensures that the video signal (at blanking) is at a known pre-determined DC level before adding any additional waveform components to that video signal.
The resulting clamped video signal is applied to the mixing point 98 with a source impedance Ro, typically greater than 1000 ohms. The added pulse signals to be injected are applied to the mixing point 98 with a source impedance less than 50 ohms. When it is required to modify the input video signal, for example with a checker component, the appropriate signal is selected and applied to the mixing point at a low source impedance, which overrides the input video signal from amplifier A1 and effectively replaces the input video signal with the required signal. When the input signal is to remain unchanged, the switch elements 104 are all in the open state, with the result that the video signal passes unchanged to the output line driver amplifier A2. The resulting video signal at the mixing point 98 is applied to line driver amplifier A2 to provide standard output signal level and output impedance. An output of the video clamp amplifier A1 is applied to the sync separator 100 (this is a commonly available part, for example the National Semiconductor LM 1881.) Sync separator 100 provides the composite sync pulses and frame identification signal required by the process control circuit 102.
The process control circuit 102 generate the control signals to turn on the signal selection switches 104 at the precise time (and for the required duration) that the various signals are to replace the input video signal.
All of the various signals which are to replace the original (input) video consist of a high or low steady state DC signal level. For example the checker signal “high” is a mid-gray level, typically of about 30% of peak white; the checker signal “low” is black level or blanking level. These various signal levels are generated (see
The control circuit 102 generates the appropriate switch selection control pulses for the checker pattern and vertical modification signals (see
The video input signal “video in” (see
The frame identification square wave output (“frame pulse”) of sync separator 100 is applied to a one-shot circuit OS1 to provide a frame identification pulse of approximately 1 μs duration. This one-shot output signal fV is used to derive the vertical rate component of both the checker and vertical modification signals. The horizontal-rate phase-locked loop component fH from PLL 110 is applied to the clock input terminal of a memory-address counter 114. The frame (vertical)-rate one-shot output signal fV is applied to the reset input terminal RS of counter 114. The memory address counter 114 output signals are applied to the memory 116, typically an EPROM which is programmed such that one of its data line output terminals provides a checker pulse enable (CPE) signal which is high during that portion of the picture period that the checker signal is to be present. A second EPROM data line output terminal provides an end-of-field identification (EFI) signal which is high during the lines at the end of each field which will have to include vertical modification signals.
The horizontal-rate phase-locked loop component fH is also applied to a one-shot circuit OS-2 which generates an end-of-line pulse (ELP) of the required duration of the checker pulses, typically 2 μs (see
The horizontal-rate phase-locked loop output signal fH is also applied to another one-shot circuit OS3, providing an output pulse of approximately 13 μs duration. The output of one-shot OS3 triggers another one-shot OS4 with an output pulse VJP of approximately 52 μs duration. The timing and duration of pulse VJP define the position of the vertical modification inducing signal within the line time; i.e. pulse VJP is essentially on during the desired portion of the active horizontal line period.
The four signals ELP, VJP, CPE and EFI generate the required control signals for the signal selection switches 104-1, . . . , 104-4 (see
A similar arrangement generates the required signals for the vertical modification control signals. An oscillator 126 (such as the commercially available part number NE555 or NE566) is configured to operate at low frequencies, typically between DC and 10 Hz. The oscillator 126 can be set to a high logic level output. Similarly the DC to 10 Hz signal output can be swept over a range of frequencies to upset as many TV sets as possible during playback of an illegal copy. This can be done as described above with a pair of NE566 IC's. The output signal of oscillator 126 is applied to one input of a 3-input AND gate U2. An inverted output signal of oscillator 126 is applied to the corresponding input terminal of a second 3-input AND gate U3. Also, each TV set may “resonate,” or jitter more at unique frequencies sweeping the frequencies of oscillator 126 ensures wide coverage of different TV sets. The vertical jitter position (VJP) and end of field identification (EFI) signals (with signal EFI modified by flicker generator 130 and so designated EFI′) are applied to the other two input terminals of 3-input AND gates U2, U3. The result is a high vertical jitter control (EFC H) signal at the output terminal of 3-input AND gate U2, and a low vertical jitter control (EFCL) signal at the output of 3-input AND gate U3.
It will be understood that with suitable modifications, the above apparatus will produce the added horizontal or vertical modifications after the normal horizontal or vertical sync signals, e.g. for the added vertical modifications at lines 22–24 of an NTSC television signal, so as to cause a video retrace.
The circuit of
b shows the field or frame “flicker feature” generator 130 used in certain embodiments of the invention for modifying the horizontal and vertical modifications.
The following are achieved by this flicker feature:
1) Change the “polarity”, i.e., invert the gray vs. black rectangles of the checker pattern at some particular multiple of field rate; this will for instance cause the attenuated video from an unauthorized copy to interleave the checker displacement, further degrading the viewability of the copy.
2) A field-by-field change of the position of the end of field (vertical modification) pulses causes the authorized copy to-playback on a TV set an up/down flicked blur, because each field has a differently timed pseudo-critical sync pulse position. This is achieved for example if:
EFI pulse is high on lines 255–257, and
EFI1 pulse is high on lines 258–260, and
EFI2 pulse is high on lines 261–262 and 1, and
EFI3 pulse is high on lines 21–23.
Another Circuit for Generating the Vertical and Horizontal Modifications
In
To overcome these possible shortcomings, in another embodiment the added pulses are added then switched in via multi-pole switches that at the same time switch out the video source.
As shown in
Variable resistors RC and RD provide adjustment for high and low end of line pulses respectively. Amplifier A101 buffers switch SW102 into summing amplifier A102 via resistor R2. Amplifier A102 feeds summing amplifier A103. The post pseudo-sync pulse (PPS) is also summed into summing amplifier A103. The output of summing amplifier A103 is then: end of line pulses, end of field pulses and post pseudo-sync pulse (PPS). Switch SW101 switches in all of these pulses via OR gate U10 and inverter U11 during their coincident times, and switches in video at all other times. Amplifier A104 buffers output of switch SW101 and provide a video output “Video Out” containing video with the added pulses. Switch SW104A preblanks to video from the sync narrowing circuit to a voltage level VBLNK (i.e. 0 IRE) for the last active 9 lines of each TV field via “AND” gate U104B. Gate U104B has EPROM data output EFO (which turns high during the last 9 lines of he TV field) and VJP (active horizontal line pulse) at its two inputs.
A position modulation source for the PPS is controlled by voltage source Vgen. Source Vgen feeds resistor R20 with an inverted burst gate pulse into resistor R10 and capacitor C2 to form a variable delay into one shot U20. One shot U20 is approximately 1.5 μsec of variable position after burst of input video, and is gated out during the vertical blanking interval by signal CPE and NAND gate U21B. Resistor R6 determines the amplitude of the PPS. Resistor R6 is typically set to −10 IRE to −20 IRE. The other input (U22A) of “NAND” gate U21 is normally high as to all PPS to be a constant amplitude pulse position sync. If U22A is pulsing (i.e., 300 Hz), the PPS signal is then turning on and off as well (at 300 Hz). Thus, the PPS can be a position modulated pulse, and pulse amplitude modulated sync pulse following burst.
Horizontal Sync Pulse Narrowing Modification
A sync pulse narrowing circuit and method for enhanced of an anticopy protection of video signals is used by itself or in cascade (as shown in
Insufficient charging of capacitor C allows transistor Q1 to be turned on even when blanking level arrives. The base emitter impedance of transistor Q1 is low when transistor Q1 is on. (This causes attenuation of the positive going sync pulses). Since charging capacitor C is a function of the sync pulses' width, narrowing the sync pulses makes the sync separator clip a portion of the narrowed sync more than a normal sync width. This is equivalent to sync slicing at a point closer to the video signal (i.e. video blanking level). Under normal video levels a narrowed sync pulse presents no playability problems on a VCR or TV. But when a narrowed sync pulse is recorded on an illegal copy of a copy protected cassette, the video signal is attenuated. This attenuation with the narrowed sync causes the TV (during playback viewing) to not reliably extract the sync pulses and instead synchronize off parts of the video signal, i.e. blanking level.
Selectively narrowing certain horizontal sync pulses to close to zero pulsewidth (to less than 600 ns duration) so that the filter in a TV or VCR sync separator does not respond or that the sync separator coupling capacitor charges up negligibly is equivalent to there being no sync pulse in that area. These selected horizontal sync narrowed pulses near the end of the field can create a situation such that the sync separator will slice a blanked video line as a new (spurious) vertical pulse during playback. With a video signal from an illegal copy with attenuated video supplied to the TV, this situation then causes the VCR or TV to see two vertical pulses in one field, which can cause vertical jitter.
In one embodiment, the pulsation (modulation) frequencies of the end of the video field lines (those end of field lines having an amplitude 0 IRE to at least 10 IRE having narrowed horizontal sync pulses) are swept from about 1 Hz to 15 Hz. This advantageously causes the desired effect in a wide variety of TV sets.
a shows a video signal waveform (Vin); this is inverted the video into the TV sync separator circuit in
c shows narrowed horizontal sync-pulses. The action of resistor Ro (where Ro now is medium resistance i.e. 200 to 1500 ohms), capacitor C, resistor Rb and transistor Q1 cause clipping action of the narrowed sync tip. Because the sync widths are narrower, capacitor C is not charged up sufficiently and causes more sync clipping. Recall that the charging of capacitor C is related to both the amplitude of the sync pulse and its pulse width, i.e. Vc is proportional to (sync pulse width) multiplied by (sync amplitude). The lower the voltage Vc the more the sync clipping action.
e shows an attenuated video source signal from an illegal copy with narrowed sync pulses where “A” indicates the presence of the checker pulses. The sync separator responds by clipping the sync pulses completely and as a result, parts of the video toward the end of line are interpreted as new sync pulses.
g shows that by slicing parts of the video, the leading edge of sync is rendered unstable. This leading edge instability of the sync separator causes the TV to display an unstable image (i.e., shaking side to side). As shown by the arrows, the resulting unstable horizontal sync pulses are caused by sync narrowing or checker pulses.
h shows what the output of the TV sync separator would have been for
i shows with a full unattenuated TV signal that if selected lines near the end of a video field or after the vertical sync pulses (i.e. NTSC lines 256–259, lines 10–12) are narrowed with varying amplitude (i.e. switching from about blanking level to about 10–100 IRE), the sync separator transistor Q1 will start ramping up to slice into the picture area, i.e. “ZZ” of
k shows the sync separator output of the waveform of
m shows the ramping action at point Vb via resistor Rb and capacitor C. The corresponding output of the sync separator shows at “y” a new (spurious) broad (vertical sync) pulse. This new pseudo-vertical sync pulse has been created when the narrowed horizontal sync pulses are with the end of field lines at blanking level. When the narrowed horizontal sync pulses are accompanied with 10 to 100 IRE, the TV sync separator only outputs narrow horizontal rate sync pulses, and no new broad pulses. This is because the 10 to 100 IRE levels are ignored entirely by the sync separator. By the switching in and out of blanking and greater than 10 IRE unit signals, the sync separator sees normal vertical sync sometimes followed by a spurious early or late vertical sync pulse (see
In some cases to get the same effect as above one can:
Narrow selected sync pulses to about zero, i.e. eliminate horizontal sync pulse so as to make TV sync separator to make spurious vertical sync pulse.
Reposition a few sync pulses with greater than 63.5 μs periods to cause the sync separator to malfunction and make a new spurious vertical sync pulse. This causes the ramping action of some sync separators to cause spurious vertical pulses.
o shows a video signal which is free of spurious vertical sync pulses due to a video signal being above blanking, i.e. greater than about 10 IRE units in the area of the narrowed pulses. Thus if the level of the video signal is high enough relative to blanking level, the presence of narrowed horizontal sync pulses fails to generate a spurious vertical sync pulse.
As shown in the sync pulse narrowing circuit of
b shows a representation of the waveform at point Q of
Another circuit to perform sync narrowing with extended color burst envelope (extended burst is necessary to ensure color lock for TV sets if narrowed H syncs cause a color lock problem) is described hereinafter.
Input video carrying any combinations of: the basic anticopy process, end of field pulses, and checker process or normal RS170 type video is DC sync restored by video amplifier A1 to 0V (equal to blanking level). Amplifier A1 outputs into sync separator circuit U2 which in turn outputs composite sync and a vertical pulse between 1 μs and 20 μs. To generate a burst gate to lock input video's burst to circuit 2015, care must be taken not to generate a burst gate pulse when pseudo sync pulses are present (i.e., if input video has the basic anticopy process). Thus, one shot U3 takes composite (and pseudo) sync and one shots a non-retriggerable pulse of about 45 μs, long enough to ignore equalizing and vertical 2H pulses in the vertical blanking interval and also the pseudo sync pulses that may be present (usually in the first 32 μs of the TV lines 10–20). One shot U10 delays the leading edge of input video sync by 5 μs and triggers one shot U11, a 2 μs one shot to be coincident with the input video's color burst.
Amplifier A1 drive a chroma bandpass filter amplifier A91 to input into burst phaselock loop circuit 2105. The output of PLL circuit 2105 is now a continuous wave subcarrier locked in phase with the input video's color burst. PLL Circuit 2011 adjusts the regenerated subcarrier phase to be, correct at amplifier A5 output. Frame sync pulse from sync separator U2 resets address counter U8 for EPROM U9. Counter U8 is incremented by a horizontal rate pulse from amplifier A3. EPROM U9 outputs each data line that contain particular TV lines high or low in the active field.
One of the advantages of the circuit of
To generate an advance narrowed H sync, the output of one shot U2 is a 45 μs pulse coincident with the leading edge of input sync is “squared” up via 32 μs one shot U4. The filter including components R1, L1 and C1 bandpass filters the output of one shot U4 into a 15.734 KHz sine wave.
By adjusting inductor L1, a sinewave in advance (or behind) of input video's H sync is produced. Comparator A3 converts this sinewave into pulses whose edges are leading or lagging the video input's leading sync edge. The “tracking” ability of filter R1, L1, C1 (with a Q of 4) to generate waveforms synchronous to the input video is, in general, better than most horizontal PLL's when the video input is from a VCR. The output of amplifier A3 then goes to 14 μs one shot U5, to generate an HBI gate signal to replace old (input) sync and burst with new narrowed sync and extended burst.
One shot U6 sets a nominal narrowed sync delay of 0.5 μs from the beginning of the input video HBI (of one shot U5's leading edge) and one shot U7 triggers off a new narrowed sync pulse. Components R2, R3 and Q1 form a switch to narrow the pulse further by shorting out transistor Q1 (emitter to collector) and via command of EPD1 (i.e., for lines 251–262 each field EPD1 is low, and high elsewhere). The output of one shot U7 is then pulses of 3.7 μs from lines 20 to 250 and pulses of 2 μs from 251 to 262. Triggering off the trailing edge of one shot U7 is one shot U12, the output of which is the extended burst gate which (about 5.5 μs pulse width).
The output of one shot U12 gates a color burst from circuit 2011 via switch SW22, and the band pass filter (3.58 Mhz) amplifier A4 shapes the extended burst envelope from switch SW22 output and couples to summing amplifier A5, via extended burst amplitude adjustment resistor R10. Narrowed H sync from one shot U7 is “anded” via gate U13 with signal EPD2 which is generally high, except for the few lines on which narrowed sync is to be suppressed, which enhances the end of field pulses. The output of gate U13 sums into amplifier A5 via narrowed sync amplitude control resistor R8. The output amplifier of A5 is then narrowed sync plus extended color burst. Switch SW25 switches the output of amplifier A5 via AND gate U14 through OR gate U20, which switches amplifier A5 output during the HBI via one shot U5 output and EPD3, (active field location pulses i.e., lines 20–262).
Buffer amplifier A22 then outputs video from input with new narrowed H sync and extended color burst. To gate in a repositioned sync pulse (EOFRSP) in the end of field location, one shot U16 is 10 μs to 40 μs in length from the leading sync edge of input video. Gate U16 couples to gate U17 a 2 μs to 4 μs wide pulse that is delayed about 10 μs to 40 μs from the input video's leading sync edge. The output of gate U16 is enabled via AND gate U18 and EPD4 from EPROM U9. Signal EPD4 is then high at certain lines at the end of the field after sync suppression is activated via EPD2. Gate U16 drives summing amplifier A5 via EOFRSP amplitude adjustment resistor R85. Gate U16 also turns switch SW25 on during activation of EOFRSP through OR gate U20 to insert the repositioned sync pulse (EOFRSP). Thus the output of amplifier A2 has input video, narrowed sync and possibly 1 or 2 lines of suppressed sync (no sync) or/and a few lines of repositioned narrowed H-sync.
The sync pulse narrowing is effective even if not all horizontal sync pulses in a video signal are so narrowed. It has been determined that even a relatively small number of narrowed horizontal sync pulses provide a spurious vertical retrace. For instance, three to six consecutive video lines with a narrowed horizontal sync pulse are adequate for this purpose. It is preferred to group together the narrowed horizontal sync pulses in consecutive (or at least relatively close together) lines to generate the spurious vertical retrace. Other circuitry for sync pulse narrowing, in the context of removal of copy-protection signals, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,510, Ron Quan et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,965, Ron Quan et al., both incorporated by reference.
a and 14b show block diagrams of two apparatuses for combining the above described sync pulse narrowing with the earlier described prior art copy protection process and horizontal and vertical signal modifications.
a shows the first such apparatus, with program video supplied to circuitry block 204, for adding the prior art copy protection signals including the added AGC and pseudo-sync pulses. The next block 206 (shown in detail in
A1ternatively, in
It is to be understood that other apparatuses may also provide the disclosed video signal modifications, i.e. the checker pattern, end of field vertical pattern, sync narrowing, and equivalents thereof.
Method and Circuit for Removal of Video Copy Protection Signal Modifications
Given an anticopy process signal including at least AGC and pseudo-sync pulses as described above and/or sync narrowing, and/or end of line “checker” pulses, and/or end of field pseudo-vertical sync pulses, a method and circuit for defeating these is described hereinafter.
For the AGC and pseudo-sync pulses, Ryan, U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,901 and Quan U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,510 both incorporated by reference, disclose methods and apparatus for defeating (removal or attenuation of) these added pulses. Ryan, U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,901 discloses only the removal or attenuation of pseudo-sync and AGC pulses, and does not disclose the defeat of sync pulse narrowing, end of field pseudo vertical sync pulses, or end of line (checker) pulses. Processing amplifiers as are well known in the art can remove sync pulse narrowing with regenerated sync, but processing amplifiers do not defeat the end of line checker pulses or end of field pseudo-vertical sync pulses.
It is not taught in the prior art how to defeat these copy protection vertical and checker signals. Merely blanking them out can still cause residual anticopy signal enhancements to survive when an illegal copy is made. The reason is that blanking these signals to blanking level alone in the presence of pseudo-sync and AGC pulses will cause an attenuated video signal to be input into a TV set when an illegal copy is made. This attenuated signal then has, for instance, end of field lines at blanking level and can cause pseudo-vertical sync pulses in this situation. This is true especially if narrowed horizontal sync pulses are still present.
On the other hand, if only the narrowed sync pulses are restored to normal sync width, the other two copy protection enhancement signals (checker and vertical) are still effective.
Thus the following methods defeat the above disclosed anticopy process enhancements:
1) The end of line (checker modification) copy protection signals are replaced with a signal at least about 20% of peak white, or a level shifting signal of at least 20% of peak white is added to the end of line signal. The signal replacement or adding may be to a portion of the checker signal so as to defeat the process. By “portion” is meant the part of the end of line pulse to be “neutralized” or part of all the lines of video that has the end of line pulses.
2) The end of field (vertical) copy protection pulses are replaced with a signal that is at least about 20% of peak white for a period of at least around 32 μsec 10 per line; alternatively a level shifting signal of at least about 20% of peak white is added to the vertical pulses for at least around 32 μsec on enough lines (i.e. 7 of 9, 5 of 7, 2 of 3) to defeat the anticopy process.
It is to be understood that the 20% of peak white level referred to here with respect to the vertical and checker pulses has been experimentally determined to be a typical minimum value needed to produce the intended effect of defeating the video signal enhancements, and that a higher level signal (such as 30% or more) would accomplish the purpose even more thoroughly.
3) Most (50% or more) of the narrowed horizontal sync pulses are widened so as to defeat the sync narrowing process, i.e. if sync is narrowed to 3.0 μsec, a widened sync pulse to 4.0 μsec may be adequate to defeat the sync narrowing process, and without the need to replace the narrowed sync with RS170 standard horizontal sync pulses. (Note that 4.7 μsec is specified as the horizontal sync pulse width for the RS170 standard.)
4) A widened sync pulse width encroaching into the end of line (checker) pulses can be used to defeat both the checker and sync narrowing processes. Care must take to assure that the flyback pulse of the TV set still triggers color burst, because widening the sync pulse to include part of the checker pulses can cause the TV set's flyback pulse to trigger prematurely.
5) A horizontal sync and colorburst with adequate sync and burst width repositioned into the checker pulses can defeat both the sync narrowing and the checker processes, without causing the TV set's flyback signal to trigger incorrectly the TV set's color burst signal.
The vertical pulses will have the effect of vertical sync signals on a TV set if reduced video amplitude is present. Most TV sets or VCRs need about 30 μs to trigger the vertical sync filter to output a vertical pulse. Thus, by modifying the vertical pulses such that even if residual pseudo-vertical pulses are of less duration than for instance 20 μs, then no pseudo-vertical sync pulses are output from the vertical sync filter.
Sufficient defeat of the checker pulses results if the “low” state of the checker pulse is shortened so as to cause a narrowed horizontal sync pulse not to be detected by the TV set's or VCR's sync separator. This avoids the effect of the checker pattern when playing back in an illegal copy.
In this embodiment, the checker and vertical pulses are defeated (ideally) by replacing these pulses with pulses having an amplitude of about 20% of peak white pulses, or by adding a level shifting signal having an amplitude of about 20% of peak white. The checker pulses can also be defeated by substituting in a wide horizontal sync signal, thereby replacing the checker pulses. This defeats the checker pulses and widens the horizontal sync pulse to defeat the sync narrowing process. Finally, if the HBI (horizontal blanking interval) is replaced by new horizontal sync and color burst, then the sync narrowing and any AGC pulse and/or pseudo-sync pulse in the active field are defeated.
Also in this embodiment, narrowing the black level duration of the checker and vertical pulses results in a viewable copy. Also, any AGC pulses following a normal horizontal sync pulse can be defeated by adding a negative Level shifting pulse to counter the elevated color burst (AGC pulse) or by sync and burst replacement. A circuit for accomplishing this is described hereinafter. In
Because this video signal can be from a VCR, certain sync separators, i.e. the LM 1881, produce incorrect frame pulses with VCR outputs. So to generate a frame pulse, one shot U1 outputs a pulse that ends slightly short of six lines from the beginning of the first vertical sync pulse. One shot U2 outputs pulse having a width of about 25 μs.
Then AND gate U7 logically “ands” the output of inverter U6 with that of one-shot U2 to generate a pulse occurring every two fields or each frame. Only in one field is output from U2 and U6 high. Gate U7's output is the signal (FID) gate which triggers (see
1) Active field location (AF) (high states from line 22 to line 262).
2) End of field location (EOFL) (high states from line 254 to 262).
In
Furthermore, one shot U3 develops a burst gate pulse (BG) of incoming video by timing off the trailing edge of sync from comparator A11.
Similar results are achieved for the vertical pulses where one shot U16 generates an active horizontal line pulse of about 49 μs duration (a minimum of 35 μsec) via the AHP into one shot U15 for a pulse that ends at the HBI. One shot U16 then triggers off one shot U15 (14 μsec pulse duration) to form an active line pulse. This active horizontal line pulse is and'd by gate U150 with the end of field location (EOFL) pulse via EPROM U12. The EPROM U12 EOFL pulses send a high logic signal at the end of the field during the horizontal active line via gate U150. This high logic level from gate U150 output is then added to the video signal by resistor R102 to ensure that the vertical pulses are at a minimum level of 20% of peak white. With the vertical pulses having a level of at least 20% of peak white, under attenuated video circumstances, these new end of field lines will not cause a pseudo-vertical sync. The output of amplifier A21 then contains defeat mechanisms for both checker and end of field pulses. To defeat the sync narrowing process, the output of amplifier A21 is coupled to capacitor C12, capacitor C13, diode D10, diode D11, and resistor R12, which form a DC sync tip amplifier. Voltage VD2 is set to have 0 volts DC at blanking level into amplifier A22.
By using AHP again, one shot U17 and one shot U18 generate a new widened sync pulse. Components R17, C18, C3, C19, R18 and R19 are a low pass filter for finite rise time sync. Voltage Vb3 is set to establish blanking level for the “high” state of new widened sync. One shots U19 and U20 with AND gate U21 are the control logic to reinsert the new wider horizontal sync pulse during the active field. The outputs of one shots U19 and U20 are slightly delayed from U17 and U18 to accommodate the delay in the lowpass filter including components R17, C18, L3, etc. Electronic switch SW1 thus switches in the widened sync and outputs video out to amplifier A23. The right hand portion of
Apparatus to Defeat Horizontal and Vertical Enhancements by Sync Widening
a shows a circuit with copy protected video with vertical (EOF) and checker (EOL) enhancements provided to input buffer amplifier A60 for defeat of the checker and vertical enhancements by sync pulse widening. The output of amplifier A60 is coupled to sync separator U61. The composite sync output of sync separator U60 is fed to one shot U61 to eliminate 2H pulses in composite sync. The output of one shot U64 is fed to PLL oscillator U65. The PLL's U65 frequency for N=910 is 14.31818 MHz, equal to N times the horizontal line frequency (NfH). By using NfH to clock counter U68 and fH to reset it, EPROM U69 receives a 11 bit address bus from counter U68. EPROM U69 now can output horizontal pixel locations (as programmed into EPROM U69). The outputs of EPROM U69 contain the horizontal timing for:
Pre-pseudo sync location
Sync widening location
New Burst gate location
Pseudo sync locations for EOF pulse
The output of sync separator U61 also has a field ID (Frame) pulse which resets a 525 state counter U63. State counter U63 is clocked by a horizontal frequency pulse by the PLL U65 and divided by N counter U607. EPROM U66 then has the horizontal line locations within the active TV field. For example: in EPROM U66, D0=lines 22–253 and D1=lines 254–262, the location of the vertical modification pulses.
Referring to
1) Pre-pseudo sync and sync widening locations are gated through signal DO for pre-pseudo sync and widening sync (H) to be on lines 22–253. The output of gate U613 does this.
2) A sync widening only on lines 254 to 262 plus added pseudo sync pulses only on lines 254 to 262; U612 output accomplishes this. OR gate U614 combines the outputs of gates V612 and U613 and ORs these with D3H, the new burst gate signal. The output of gate U614 controls switch Sw600 to insert:
Pre-pseudo sync (Lines 22 to 253)
H Sync widening (Lines 22 to 262 new burst gate)
3) The new burst gate signal from signal D3H also, and D3 the active field pulse, gates the signal fsc cw via amplifier A65 and AND gate U615. The output of gate U615 is color subcarrier which is on only when signals D3H and D3 are high. Variable resistor R607 sets the new burst level, and capacitor C607, inductor L607 and resistor R604 filter the new burst envelope. U616 combines only the pre-pseudo sync, pseudo sync, widened sync pulses and sums into inverting summing amplifier via amplitude control R602 and R603. Summing amplifier A67 then has: pre-pseudo sync, widened H sync, new burst, and pseudo sync, and switch SW205 switches the output of amplifier A67 during the coincident times.
a to 25h show waveforms as labelled at various points in the circuit of
Another Method of Defeating Checker and Vertical Enhancements
Another circuit for defeating the checker and vertical pulses is shown in
30IRE−0IRE/2=15IRE.
Because switch SW100 is on during the checker period at the end of the line and on during the end of field pulses due to gate U304, during these times the capacitor C1 voltage overrides the input video signal with approximately a 15 IRE level, enough to defeat the enhanced anti-copy signals.
In
Another defeat method is to switch in either or both peak negative or peak positive clipper circuits during the presence of the checker (EOL) and vertical modification (EOF) pulses, as shown in
A third defeat method is to sense the checker pulses and vertical modification pulses and add inverse pulses. Since the check pattern runs up or/and down, and the vertical modification pulses run up and down, the circuit of
Although nulling may be less effective because reduces the checker or end of field pulses to about blanking level (OIRE), nulling can in some cases cause a more viewable picture. (Recall ideally the checker and end of field pulses should be above about 20 IRE for total defeat). Nulling thus causes the Hi and Lo states of the checkers and end of field pulses to go to a low state (0 IRE).
Yet another defeat method (for use against the EOL and EOF pulses) is to attenuate peak active video from 100% to 80% (by about 20%), and also increase the sync amplitude (by about 50%) as shown in the waveforms of
b shows a resultant waveform with modified sync amplitudes to be about 50% over the standard video with checker and end of field pulses. Since the composite sync signals are larger, the attenuation by the illegal copy will generally not be enough to cause the checker and end of field pulses to be of any effect when viewing an illegal copy. Because the horizontal and vertical sync are modified to be much larger the TV or VCR sync separator will not mistrigger.
Another defeat method as shown in the circuit of
By using from the circuit of
Amplifier A90 receives input from amplifier A1 of
Another defeat method as shown in the waveforms of
Since these above described enhancements are dependent on the TV set circuitry as well, as shown in
Pre-sync Pulses Defeating Horizontal and Vertical Modifications
The following describes how wider than normal sync pulse replacement (i.e. normal sync of 4.7 μs vs. wider sync of 6 μs to 10 μs) negates vertical modification (end of field) and checker (end of line) pulses respectively.
In the sync separators used in TV sets as shown in prior art
a shows the TV sync separator's response to a TV signal (inverted video representation) including the basic anticopy process of U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,603 plus just the checker anti-copy enhancement. The TV sync separator slice point 328 clearly falls into the “A” regions, (the checker regions) and thus causes on/off pre-sync pulses that result in a checker pattern on the TV set picture.
The waveform of
a, 35b show respectively a normal video horizontal sync pulse and a widened horizontal sync pulse with regenerated color burst (CB) added to the second half of the widened sync pulse, and the color burst added after the trailing edge of this widened horizontal sync pulse. The added regenerated color burst is to ensure that TV sets still have a color burst to lock onto, whether the TV triggers color burst off the leading or trailing edge of sync.
The regenerated color burst is not necessary for the location of the vertical modification pulses sync; these happen at the bottom of the TV field which is generally not viewed.
The following explains how adding sync pulses and pre-sync pulses negates the effects of (defeats) the end of field and end of line pulses:
By adding sync and pre-sync pulses, the TV's sync separator coupling capacitor C charges up more. Thus the slice point of the sync separator circuit moves away from blanking level, avoiding the end of line pulses and end of field pulses.
The waveform of
Post-sync Pulses Additional Horizontal Modifications
Video with the basic anti-copy process plus other above-described enhancements is input to resistor R9. Amplifier A1 buffers input video and couples it via capacitor C1 into the sync separator U6. The vertical sync output of sync separator U6 resets a 12 bit counter U1. Counter U1 is clocked by horizontal sync to a PLL U2 that is locked to composite sync. EPROM U3 selects on which lines the post-pseudo sync (PPS) may appear. A pseudo-random distribution of post-pseudo sync may be used, as selected by EPROM U3. Signal D0 (an output of EPROM U3) inhibits one shot OS3 accordingly. The burst gate signal from sync separator U6 is inverted and low pass filtered by capacitor C2 and resistor R2. Voltage Vgen sums in a signal (i.e., 300 Hz triangle wave form) into capacitor C2. This causes a time varying threshold difference into one shot OS3 and thus causes a position change. The output of one shot OS3 is a fixed pulse (i.e., 1.5 μs duration) with pulse position modulation for example of ±1 μs. The output of one shot OS3 blanks out any video to blanking level via switch SW1 and adds a pulse by variable R7 to generate a post pseudo-sync pulse. Summing amplifier A3 inverts the output pulse of one shot OS3 to maintain the correct shape of the added post pseudo-sync pulse.
Defeat Method and Apparatus for Post Sync Enhancement
a shows another defeat circuit for use with “video in” containing the above-described post pseudo-sync pulses (PPS) coupled to sync separator U1 by capacitor C1. That is, the circuit of
Thus the output of gate U10 indicates locations of the post pseudo-sync pulses during the active field.
a shows the output signal of gate U10 of
By using signal VID2 into an analog switch SW220 of the circuit of
By summing the output of gate U10 into amplifier A6 in the circuit of
Finally, narrowing the post pseudo-sync pulse to defeat its effect is done by slicing sync. As shown in
Method and Apparatus for Reducing Effects of Basic Anticopy Process Signals
The following describes a method and apparatus in which the basic anti-copy process signals consisting of pseudo sync and AGC (i.e. basic anticopy process) added pulses (as described above) are reduced in effectiveness, without altering these added pulses. Unlike the above described previous methods for altering the added pulses via amplitude attenuation, level shifting or pulse narrowing to offset the added pulses' effect, the present method reduces the effects of added pulses by further adding other pulses that counteract the gain reduction caused by the AGC and pseudo-sync pulses.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,603 describes how the AGC circuit in a VCR measures the incoming video signal amplitude using a sync and back porch sample. By adding extra sync pulses with a very high level back porch, gain reduction occurs. Because the AGC circuit in a VCR continuously samples the sync amplitude (via a sync sample and a back porch sample) the present method negates some of the anticopy signals by moving all the back porch levels from blanking, to below blanking level (i.e. about −20 IRE units for NTSC video). It is also possible with the present method to add extra pseudo-sync pulses in the area at the bottom of the TV field (end of field) where anticopy signals containing AGC and pseudo-sync pulses are not present. These “extra” pseudo-sync pulses are followed by pulses below blanking level.
Referring to
Vertical sync from sync separator U2 triggers one shots U4 and U5 to form an active field pulse provided as an input to AND gate U1 which “ands” the active field pulse and the output of one-shot U3. The output of gate U1 is then a 3 μs backporch pulse during the active TV field. (Alternatively, one-shots U4 and U5 are not necessary and one-shot U3 output goes directly to resistor R6, eliminating U1, U4 and U5). Resistor R6 is a negative summing resistor that subtracts a level from the back porch of the video input. Input amplifier A0 buffers the video input and couples to capacitor C3, diode D1, resistor R3 and voltage Vb that forms a sync tip DC restoration circuit. The output of feedback amplifier A3 is supplied to resistor R7; this output has a lowered back porch. (See
The circuit of
Summing amplifier A4 outputs a square wave signal of approximately 2 μs on and 2 μs off of amplitude −20 IRE to −40 IRE. Voltage Vbb and resistor R9 set the proper DC offset voltage, whereas resistors R10 and R11 set the proper amplitude. In
The modified video signal provided by the circuit of
The above description of the invention is illustrative and not limiting; other modifications in accordance with the invention will be-apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/733,659, filed Dec. 7, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,501,842, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/070,958 filed May 1, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,285,765, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/753,970 filed Dec. 4, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,733, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/062,866 filed May 17, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,936, and relates to U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,927.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 09733659 | Dec 2000 | US |
| Child | 09965345 | US | |
| Parent | 09070958 | May 1998 | US |
| Child | 09733659 | US | |
| Parent | 08753970 | Dec 1996 | US |
| Child | 09070958 | US | |
| Parent | 08062866 | May 1993 | US |
| Child | 08753970 | US |
