Patent Application
20240360526
The present disclosure generally relates to the field of iron metallurgy and in particular to a metallurgical plant and method for producing iron products.
Industrial processes contribute significantly to global CO2 emissions and the current iron and steel manufacturing process is very energy and carbon intensive. With the Paris Accord and near-global consensus on the need for action on emissions, it is imperative that each industrial sector looks into the development of solutions towards improving energy efficiency and decreasing CO2 output.
The blast furnace (BF) is historically known for its CO2 emissions, but still remains today the most widely used process for steel production, this in spite of alternative methods (like scrap melting or direct reduction within an electric arc furnace). Indeed, the gas exiting the blast furnace, known as “top gas”, typically comprises a concentration of CO2 as high as 20 vol % to 30 vol %. Apart from this, the blast furnace gas usually comprises considerable amounts of N2, CO, H2O and H2. The N2 content, however, largely depends on whether hot air or (pure) oxygen is used for the blast furnace. While, in the early days, this blast furnace top gas may have been allowed to simply escape into the atmosphere, this has long been considered a waste of resources and an undue burden on the environment.
Mainly in order to reduce the amount of coke used, a suggestion was made to recover the blast furnace gas from the blast furnace, treat it to improve its reduction potential and to inject it back into the blast furnace to aid the reduction process. One method for doing this is reducing the CO2 content in the blast furnace gas by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) or Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA). PSA/VPSA installations produce a first stream of gas which is rich in CO and H2 and a second stream of gas rich in CO2 and H2O. The first stream of gas can be used as reduction gas and fed back into the blast furnace. One example for this approach is the ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking) process, where apart from the recycled first stream of gas, pulverized coal and cold oxygen are fed into the blast furnace. This type of furnace is also referred to as “top gas recycling OBF” (oxygen blast furnace). The second stream of gas can be removed from the installation and, after extraction of the remaining calorific value, disposed of. This disposal controversially consists in pumping the CO2 rich gas into pockets underground for storage. Furthermore, although PSA/VPSA installations allow a considerable reduction of CO2 content in the blast furnace gas from about 35 vol % to about 5 vol %, they are very expensive to acquire, to maintain and to operate and they need a lot of space.
Another technology developed to reduce the carbon footprint during iron/steel production is the iron ore direct reduction process. Although annual direct reduced iron production remains small compared to the production of blast furnace pig iron, it is indeed very attractive for its considerably lower CO2 emissions, which are 40 to 60% lower for the direct reduction electric-arc furnace (EAF) route, compared to the blast furnace—basic oxygen route.
In a direct reduction shaft furnace, a charge of pelletized or lump iron ore is loaded into the top of the furnace and is allowed to descend, by gravity, through a reducing gas. The reducing gas, mainly comprised of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas), flows upwards, through the ore bed. Reduction of the iron oxides occurs in the upper section of the furnace, conventionally at temperatures up to 950° C. and even higher. The solid product, called direct reduced iron (DRI) is typically charged hot into Electric Arc Furnaces, or is hot briquetted (to form HBI).
As is known in the art, the DRI and like products are charged in a blast furnace or an ironmaking plant, or a smelting furnace such as an EAF to produce pig iron or steel.
In still another approach intended to reduce blast furnace CO2 emissions, it has been proposed to introduce hot reducing gas, typically syngas (CO and H2) produced in a reformer from hydrocarbon gas, directly into the shaft of the blast furnace. There, two possibilities have been proposed: injecting the hot reducing gas via the tuyeres or higher above directly into the shaft of the furnace. This latter option is known as “shaft feeding” and implies the introduction of hot reducing gas (syngas) through the furnace outer wall, above the tuyeres band, i.e. above the bosh, and preferably within the gas solid reduction zone of ferrous oxide above the cohesive zone, generally in the stack area.
It may be noted that in the context of CO2 emissions reduction, many EU steelmakers are considering the installation of direct reduction plants within the existing metallurgical plants, i.e. comprising blast furnaces and pig iron post treatment installations.
The strategy for such installations is the operation of both direct reduction plants and blast furnaces in parallel, for a number of years, in order to have a transition from oxygen steelmaking, to electric steelmaking. The direct reduction plant may operate with reducing gas obtained through natural gas reforming and H2 electrolysis operated by means of green electricity. The DRI is charged with scrap in the EAF. The blast furnace is operated in parallel with an iron and coke containing material, and the conventionally produced pig iron is treated in the basic oxygen furnace. Both the blast furnace and EAF produce liquid steel that can be combined for post treatment in the steelworks.
US 2004/0226406 describes an integrated steel works comprising a coke oven, a blast furnace, a blast oxygen furnace BOF and a Direct Reduction Reactor for producing direct reduced iron. The top gas of the direct reduction reactor is passed through a heat exchanger and is divided into partial streams. One portion of the top gas is cooled, washed and dried. The resulting washed-off gas can then be used to control the temperature of the direct reduction reactor. The resulting washed top gas is sent to a compressor and CO2 absorber, to regenerate the reducing potential of the gas and to form regenerated gas, that is further combined with a gas stream containing coke oven gas and BOF gas. The resulting reducing gas is heated in a heater and sent to the direct reduction reactor. A portion of top gas from the direct reduction plant is used as fuel gas in the coking plant. Another portion of the top gas is used as fuel gas for the blast furnace stoves. That is, a portion of the top gas from the direct reduction plant is burned in the stoves to generate the heat required for heating up the cold blast, turning into hot blast. The blast furnace operates in a conventional manner, being charged with a conventional burden (iron ore, coke etc.). Hot blast is injected through the tuyeres, together with PCI. A portion of blast furnace top gas is sent to the heater upstream of the direct reduction reactor, to be burned as fuel gas.
The present disclosure provideS an improved approach for the production of iron products, which is in particular more environment friendly.
According to the disclosure, a method for producing iron containing products comprises:
The present disclosure relies on a synergistic mutual exchange of gases, where “valuable” gases are used for metallurgical purposes, and lean gases are used as fuel.
For example, the valuable top gas of the direct reduction plant may generally be mainly composed of reductant species, typically at least 55 or 60 vol. % of CO and H2. But it typically also includes 10 v % of CO2, or more.
The typical blast furnace gas composition may generally comprise 20 to 30 vol % CO2, about 35 to 50 vol % N2 and about 20 to 30 vol % CO, H2 around 5%.
These percentages may however change significantly according to process conditions.
Other gases typically used and available in a steelmaking plant are:
These numbers may change significantly according to process conditions.
As it will appear from the present disclosure, the disclosure proposes an approach that goes against conventional wisdom in the art. Conventionally, a direct reduction plant needs to burn fuels in order to achieve its process scopes: MIDREX® plants operate the MIDREX® reformer in NG plants, a gas heater in MX-Col plants, whereas Energiron/HyL technology requires heating reducing gas. In particular, heating is required to heat up the reducing gas, before introduction into the direct reduction furnace, to a temperature appropriate for the reduction process, typically above 800° C.
The blast furnace, instead, produces blast furnace top gas, which is a lean gas. When operated on the same site, the direct reduction plant uses a rich gas for combustion purposes, while the blast furnace—or an integrated BF-BOF-, plant produces a significant quantity of lean gas that—according to the present inventor's findings—would suit the combustion purposes of the direct reduction plant.
As used herein, the term blast furnace plant covers a blast furnace but also an integrated blast furnace plant further comprising secondary metallurgy equipment such as a blast oxygen furnace. In embodiments, these other CO-containing export gases, e.g. converter gas, coke oven gas, and/or other CO-containing industrial gas, can be valorized in the present process.
Accordingly, the metallurgical gas stream originating from the blast furnace may be blast furnace top gas (only) or may comprise a mixture of blast furnace top gas together with a certain amount of gas from other equipment, e.g. gas from the BOF (typically less than 50%).
It shall be noted that a direct reduction plant, under standard operation, has a very good balance of gases: there is typically no export gas available. Each Nm3 of gas exported for other uses must be replaced with suitable fuel.
The parallel operation of a blast furnace plant and direct reduction plant on the same location in accordance with the inventive method permits benefiting from a mutual exchange of gases, achieving a coke consumption reduction in the blast furnace. According to first estimations, a reduction in coke consumption of at least 15 to 20% can be expected (depending on the size of both blast furnace and DRI shaft furnace).
Depending on the embodiments, the blast furnace top gas and direct reduction top gas can be split in several streams, for use in different locations in the blast furnace or direct reduction plant.
Conventionally, the blast furnace top gas exiting the blast furnace at the blast furnace plant is preferably cleaned in a top gas cleaning unit before export to the direct reduction plant.
The enriching stage is generally designed to condition/convert the inlet gas stream, in order to obtain an outlet gas stream with a comparatively increased content in gaseous reducing species. This may typically involve mixing the gas stream to be enriched with an additional gas (to react with the gas stream to be enriched; the mixing may occur upstream of the enriching equipment or within the latter). The enriching stage is preferably configured to operate reforming reactions, in particular dry or wet reforming.
The enriching stage preferably includes reformer means (reforming equipment) in order to produce an outlet syngas stream with an enriched content of gaseous reducing species, in particular H2 and CO. Such reforming stage also typically allows, through reforming reactions, to convert the CO2 present in the inlet gas mixture. In other words, the enriching stage is configured to allow conversion of CO2 into CO and H2, whereby the CO2 content of the top gas from the direct reduction plant is substantially reduced (e.g. to less than 5 v. %) when passing through the enriching stage.
In embodiments, a second stream of blast furnace top gas (and/or converter gas, and or coke oven gas, and/or another portion of another gas typically used in industry) is used as fuel gas in the enriching stage.
In the context of the present disclosure, the expression “used as fuel gas” means that the respective gas stream is combusted (burned) to generate heat. This is the gas at a heater to generate a flame that will be used for heating a piping containing a gas stream to be heated-up. Likewise, the expression ‘for heating purposes’ means that the respective gas stream is used for its heating power, either by thermal exchange, or by burning (i.e. as fuel gas).
Furthermore, the expression ‘used as reducing gas’ means that the respective gas stream is introduced into the furnace (blast furnace or DR plant furnace) to react with the charge and operate the reduction of the iron ore, respectively iron oxides.
In embodiments, the first stream of metallurgical gas (i.e. blast furnace top gas possibly mixed with converter gas, and or coke oven gas, and or another portion of another gas typically used in industry) is heated up in a pre-heater upstream of the reformer or heater device in the direct reduction plant. There, a third stream of metallurgical gas may be combusted in the pre-heater.
As indicated before, the first, second or third stream of metallurgical gas may contain only BF top gas or include a mixture of blast furnaces top gas (i.e. throat gas) together with one or more other CO-containing gases, e.g. converter gas, coke oven gas, and/or other CO-containing industrial gas. Preferably, the metallurgical gas comprises at least 30% of blast furnace top gas.
Conventionally, the direct reduction plant recycles the top gas exiting the direct reduction furnace. A second top gas stream of the direct reduction furnace is injected in the reformer/heater device, with hydrocarbon gas to form/condition the reducing gas stream that is re-introduced into the direct reduction furnace. Further, a third top gas stream of the direct reduction furnace is used as fuel gas in the reformer-heater device. The hydrocarbon gas used in the reformer-heater device may be natural gas or other suitable hydrocarbon gas adapted for converting CO2, H2O and CH4 into CO and H2.
Advantageously, a portion of the first stream of direct reduction furnace top gas can be combined with hydrocarbon gas (e.g. natural gas, coke oven gas, other suitable hydrocarbons) to form a syngas, which is introduced into the blast furnace upon treatment in the enriching stage (typically by reforming reactions). A noticeable benefit of this approach is to be able to deal with the CO2 contained in the syngas by making use of it (i.e. via enriching stage based on reforming), instead of having to remove the CO2 from the gas stream.
In embodiments, the hydrocarbon quoted above is coke oven gas, in order to exploit a gas available in the steelmaking background.
The coke oven gas has typically a high content of H2 and CH4. When mixed with direct reduction top gas, the obtained syngas stream contains a large majority of reducing species, e.g. mainly H2, together with CH4 and CO. The total of H2, CH4 and CO may represent more than 65, 70 or 75 vol %.
Upon reforming in the reforming stage, this gas stream will typically include above 80% of reducing species. For example, the H2 content may be above 55 vol % and the CO content above 25 vol %.
The present disclosure also concerns a metallurgical plant as claimed in claim 17.
The above and other embodiments are recited in the appended dependent claims.
As it will be appreciated, the present disclosure proposes an advantageous approach with:
Further details and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from the following detailed description of not limiting embodiments with reference to the following figures, where
Conventionally, the metallurgical plant 10 may further include:
The blast furnace plant 12 conventionally includes, next to the blast furnace 16 itself, a number of conventional components (i.e. hot stoves, stockhouse, etc.), but only the furnace 16 is shown in the figure. As it is known, the furnace 16 is fed from the top with charge material (iron bearings, coke and fluxes). For this purpose, a top charging installation (not shown), e.g. of the BELL LESS TOP® type, is arranged above the furnace top and serves the function of distributing blast furnace raw materials into the furnace. A hot blast of air (or hot wind) is introduced into the furnace 16 via tuyeres circumferentially distributed around the furnace 16 and connected to a peripheral/annular bustle pipe 18.
The end products are molten pig iron and slag tapped from the bottom, and waste gases exiting from the top of the furnace 16, referred to as top gas.
The blast furnace is a counter-current reactor: the downward flow of the ore along with the fluxes is in contact with the upflow of hot, carbon monoxide-rich gas. The blast furnace top gas (discharged via the blast furnace throat), generated by the blast furnace operation, is noted B1. In a conventionally operated blast furnace, the top gas is a lean gas, generally containing 20 to 30 vol % CO2, about 35 to 50 vol % N2 and about 20 to 30 vol % CO and H2 around 5%.
Top gas stream B1 exiting the blast furnace 16 is typically cleaned in a gas cleaning unit (not shown).
The blast furnace plant 12 generates in its operating process blast furnace top gas in the blast furnace 16, but also other CO-containing gas originating from other equipment, e.g. from the coke oven batteries or basic oxygen furnace.
The direct reduction plant 14 is of conventional design. It comprises a vertical shaft furnace 20 with a top inlet and a bottom outlet. A charge of iron ore, in lump and/or pelletized form, is loaded into the top of the furnace 20 and is allowed to descend, by gravity, through a reducing gas. The charge remains in the solid state during travel from inlet to outlet. The reducing gas, noted D5, is introduced laterally in the furnace 20, at the basis of the reduction section, flowing upwards, through the ore bed. Reduction of the iron oxides occurs in the upper section of the furnace, at temperatures up to 950° C. and higher.
The solid product—direct reduced iron (DRI)—is typically discharged hot from the furnace 20 and can then be: charged hot into a downstream steelmaking facility (e.g. electric arc furnace); hot briquetted to form HBI; cooled in a separate vessel as Cold DRI; or a combination of these options.
As regards direct reduction processes, it may be noted that mainly two processes are widespread globally to produce DRI in the various shapes described above: MIDREX® NG and HyL.
In the MIDREX process, the reducing gas stream D5 originates from a reformer device 22 of the direct reduction plant 14, where part of the top gas exiting the furnace 20 is combined with hydrocarbon gas (e.g. natural gas) to produce CO and H2, as is known in the art. The reformer device 22 preferably implements a reforming process mainly according to the reactions (not limited to these):
In the MIDREX® NG process, the reformer device 22 is typically provided with an integrated heat recovery system, as is known to those skilled in the art.
The reformer device comprises a reactor wherein the reforming reactions occur. As these reactions are endothermic, the reactor is heated in heat-exchange relationship with combustion gases (generated by an integrated burner) and/or hot gases (external gas). The integrated heat recovery system typically comprises heat exchange means configured to heat up one or more gas streams on their way to the reformer, with hot gas from the DR plant, in particular with flue gas from the reformer device.
In the HyL process instead, two possibilities are there:
Hence, as will be understood by a person skilled in the art, reference sign 22 in
Reference sign 38 represents the steelmaking facility, that can include a Basic Oxygen Furnaces (BOF), an Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) and/or other similar furnaces, well known in the steelmaking industry. As indicated in the drawings, gas generated at one of these furnaces or pieces of equipment may be combined with blast furnace top gas for use in the direct reduction plant. As used herein, ‘metallurgical gas’ hence designates a gas flow that originates from the blast furnace plant and contains either BF top gas alone, or a mixture of BF top gas and another CO-containing gas from the BF plant, in particular from facility 38 and/or from the coke oven 24.
Reference sign 26 finally designates a plant for injection in blast furnace. One of the most common system is the pulverized coal injection (PCI) system comprising conveying hoppers and/or distribution hoppers for temporary storing the pulverized or granular coal or carbonaceous material that is connected via dedicated piping to the tuyeres band of the blast furnace. The stream of pulverized coal is indicated T1. Injection of pulverized coal is beneficial in that it decreases the overall cost of produced hot metal, not only through the replacement of coke, but also through an increased productivity and the possibility of a prompt control of the blast furnace operation.
Coke oven plant 24 and system 26 can be of conventional design.
When operated in parallel, the two plants produce iron products, namely liquid pig iron and solid iron products. The DRI can be molten in an EAF and mixed with the pig iron, and the mixture subjected to second metallurgy in the steelworks.
As indicated above, in the current frame of CO2 emission reduction, many EU steelmakers are considering the installation of direct reduction plants within the existing integrated steelworks. The strategy for such installations is the operation of both direct reduction plants and blast furnaces, for a number of years, in order to have a transition from oxygen steelmaking, to electric steelmaking.
The present disclosure proposes an approach combining a direct reduction plant with a blast furnace plant, in order to achieve coke consumption reduction in the blast furnace. The disclosure proposes a synergistic mutual exchange of gases, where “valuable” gases are used for metallurgical purposes, and lean gas is used as fuel.
When operated alone, a direct reduction plant needs to burn fuels (generate heat) in order to achieve its process scopes (MIDREX plants must operate the reformer, Energiron/HyL processes require heating the reducing gas).
When operated on the same site, the direct reduction plant uses a rich gas for combustion purposes, while the blast furnace plant produces a significant quantity of lean gas that—according to the present inventor's findings—would suit the combustion purposes of the direct reduction plant.
It shall be noted that a direct reduction plant, under standard operation, has a very good balance of gases: there is typically no export gas available. Each Nm3 of gas exported for other uses must be replaced with suitable fuel.
The joint operation of a blast furnace plant and direct reduction plant on the same location in accordance with the inventive method permits benefiting from a mutual exchange of gases, achieving a coke consumption reduction in the blast furnace. This will now be explained here below.
In the embodiment of
The top gas of the direct reduction furnace is a rich, mainly reductant gas, with typically at least 55 or 60 vol. % of reducing species, namely CO and H2. This is case for streams D1, D2, D3 and D4. The H2 content may lie between about 40 to 50 vol %.
The two first streams D2 and D3 are conventional. It is indeed usual in a direct reduction plant to recycle the direct reduction furnace top gas partly as process gas combined with hydrocarbon gas (e.g. methane) in device 22 to produce syngas, while the other part of the top gas is used in the heating part to produce heat by combustion for heating the device 22. Indeed, in the MIDREX configuration, direct reduction top gas is recycled in the reformer to form syngas, but also directed to the heater side of the reformer where it is burnt.
In the present process however, part of the direct reduction furnace top gas, i.e. the stream D4, is branched off and mixed with coke oven gas C1 (or other hydrocarbon gas source), to create a syngas S1. Stream S1 is rich in reducing species but contains a non-negligible proportion of CO2 (above 10 vol %) originating from the direct reduction furnace 20. The stream S1 is fed into to an enriching equipment 30 including reforming equipment, where it undergoes reforming reactions with the hydrocarbon gas contained in S1 (e.g. natural gas, coke oven gas), to convert CO2 H2O and CH4 into CO and H2 (similar to Eq.1, Eq.2, Eq.3). At the exit of the reforming equipment 30, the output stream S2 is enriched with reducing species, namely H2 and CO, and has suitable chemical composition (strongly reducing) be injected into the blast furnace 12. Preferably, a heat-exchanger 32 is used to heat up stream S1 before entering the dry reforming equipment 30, by exchanging heat with stream S2. Stream S2, after the heat exchanger, still has suitable temperature for injection in the blast furnace. In the heat exchanger S2 simply gives up heat, its chemical composition is not modified.
In this case, due to the nature of the dry reforming process, flue gases are leaving the equipment 30 at high temperatures (i.e. approx. 700° C.) such heat can be exploited to heat up stream B4 (by heat exchange—thus saving B5 consumption).
Stream S1 contains a large majority of reducing species, e.g. mainly H2, together with CH4 and CO. The total of H2, CH4 and CO may represent more than 65, 70 or 75 vol %.
Stream S2 has a further reducing strength, with a total of reducing species above 80%. For example, the H2 content may be above 55 vol % and the CO content above 25 vol %.
As indicated above, a conventionally operated direct reduction plant is well-balanced and there is no export gas.
It will be noted that branching off part of the direct reduction furnace top gas, via stream D4 used to generate the syngas S1/S2 for the blast furnace plant 12, requires replacing the heat content of D4 in the direct reduction plant 14. This is achieved through replacement with blast furnace gas, namely by way of stream B6. That is B6 is a stream of metallurgical gas that is used as fuel gas in the DR plant, i.e. combusted to generate heat for the DR process.
Since stream B6 may have an inherent lower heating value than stream D4, it may be required to burn B6 by using an air/oxygen mixture (stream O1 from oxygen source 34), or by using additional fuels.
Additionally, it may be required to preheat stream B6 before being used in device 22.
The flow of blast furnace top gas exiting the top of blast furnace 16 is split into several streams:
It should be noticed that in standard blast furnace operation, streams B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6 do not exist.
Turning to
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, device 40 is a heater similar in type to device 36 of Embodiment 1.
Reformer device 42 is similar to a MIDREX® reformer in that it comprises a reformer and integrated heat recovery system.
The syngas S2 in this embodiment is created only by mixing stream D4 with suitable quantity of Hydrocarbons (i.e. Natural Gas).
Fuel for device 42 burners (i.e. stream B3.1) is created in the same fashion as stream B3 for Embodiment 1: by using blast furnace top gas.
It may be required to preheat stream B3.1 (into B6.1) by burning a portion (B5.1) in device 40. This is in practice the same concept explained for device 36 in Embodiment 1.
Since stream B6.1 may have an inherent low heating value, it may be required to burn B6.1 by using an air/oxygen mixture (stream O1.1 from oxygen source 34), or by using additional fuels.
As indicated above, streams B3, B3.1 B4, B4.1, B5, B5.1, B6 and B6.1 may be referred to as metallurgical gas and, depending on the embodiment may be based on the initial 100% BF top gas stream B3, or on a mixture of BF top gas stream and additional gas such as CO-containing gas from steelmaking facility 38 and/or from the coke oven 24.
It may be noted that the reforming stage (using a reformer 42 and heater 40) at the blast furnace plant and the reformer 22 with heater 36 at the direct reduction plant are, functionally, equivalent. Hence in some embodiments (not shown) one could, so to speak, merge the two equipment. In other words, one could design a large reformer and heater system that could process the DR top gas to be sent to the DR furnace and to the blast furnace.
Following data are referring to a specific case study, analyzed, using EMBODIMENT 1 configuration.
For the sake of exemplification, exemplary compositions of the various streams are given in table 1.
Simulations have been carried out and approximate numbers are given below for an example where the blast furnace produces approx. 8MTPY, and the direct reduction plant approx. 3.7 MTPY.
Compared to a case where a blast furnace and direct reduction furnace are operated independently, without any gas exchange, and for the same throughput (8 MTPY BF and 3.7 DR plants) the following variations can be observed.
As can be seen, the present inventive process allows a reduction of about 16% of coke consumption.
In the present method, the blast furnace gas stream B3 can be mixed with other gases such as e.g. converter gas, coke oven gas, and/or other CO-containing industrial gas.
That is, blast furnace top gas (i.e. throat gas) can be mixed with other gases from the ironmaking installation. The use of a mixed blast furnace gas may require adapting other process parameters, e.g. injecting oxygen. However, as illustrated by table 2, the mixing of blast furnace top gas with other gases in various proportions does permit valorizing these alternate gas sources while still maintain the proper heat balance of the reformer.
In table 2, BFG stands for blast furnace top gas (throat gas), COG is coke oven gas, BOF stands for basic oxygen furnace gas and TGF stands for Direct reduction top gas fuel. For all compositions of table 2, the same flame temperature, i.e. heat balance in the reformed, is achieved.
As can be seen, in such cases where blast furnace top gas is mixed with other gases, the BFG portion may be reduced as low as 20% and it is still possible to achieve the desired heat balance.
Example 2 relates to embodiment 2 described with reference to
In table 3 below, the inventive approach of embodiment 2, noted disclosure, is compared to a counter example. Counter example represents the conventional practice where the blast furnace plant and direct reduction plant are operated in parallel, independently.
As can be seen, the inventive process with synergistic exchange of gases between the blast furnace plant and direct reduction plant requires less coal per ton of hot metal (compensated by electrical import) and results in about 11% reduction in CO2 emissions.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| LU500591 | Aug 2021 | LU | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/073739 | 8/26/2022 | WO |
