Patent Grant
11236950
This application is the U.S. national stage application of International Application PCT/EP2019/059804, filed Apr. 16, 2019, which International Application was published on Oct. 24, 2019, as International Publication WO 2019/201918 in the German language. The International Application claims priority to German Application No. 10 2018 003 162.5, filed Apr. 18, 2018. The International Application and German Application are incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties.
The invention relates to a method for operating a regenerative heat storage arrangement, the heat storage arrangement comprising at least one gas heater for heating a carrier gas, in particular for heating air, a heat storage row with a plurality of heat storage modules and at least one compressor, wherein during a loading cycle at least one heat storage module, preferably a plurality of subsequent heat storage modules of the heat storage row, is traversed by carrier gas heated in the gas heater and is thermally loaded by heat transfer from the heated carrier gas to a heat storage material of the heat storage module and the carrier gas is cooled during loading, wherein the cooled carrier gas, when the carrier gas temperature after loading a heat storage module reaches or exceeds a minimum loading temperature of a subsequent heat storage module in the heat storage row, is fed to the subsequent heat storage module for loading, and wherein a circulation of the carrier gas is provided if the carrier gas temperature falls below the minimum loading temperature of the subsequent heat storage module, and the carrier gas is fed to the compressor during the circulation and after compression is returned to the gas heater for renewed heating of the carrier gas.
Furthermore, the invention also relates to a regenerative heat storage arrangement, in particular designed and/or arranged to be operated according to a method of the type described above, with at least one gas heater for heating a carrier gas, in particular air, with at least one heat storage row with a plurality of heat storage modules and with at least one compressor, wherein at least one heat storage module, preferably a plurality of subsequent heat storage modules of the heat storage row, during a loading cycle, carrier gas heated in the gas heater can flow through it and be thermally loaded by heat transfer from the heated carrier gas to a heat storage material of the heat storage module, wherein during the loading cycle a recirculation of the carrier gas is provided and carrier gas cooled during loading can be fed to the compressor after flowing through the at least one heat storage module, preferably after flowing through a plurality of subsequent heat storage modules of the heat storage series, and can be returned to the gas heater via the compressor.
Finally, the present invention relates to a method for balancing load peaks in the generation of electrical energy and/or in particular for the decentralized generation of electrical energy by utilizing the heat of heated carrier gas for the generation of electricity in a thermoelectric storage power plant and/or for utilizing the heat of heated carrier gas for the generation of process steam and/or for the generation of district heating and/or for coupling heat into a preheating process, wherein the storage power plant has a regenerative heat storage arrangement and the heat storage arrangement is operated as described above. The method for balancing load peaks and/or for decentralized generation of electrical energy and/or for utilizing the heat of heated carrier gas provides the following steps in this context:
The expansion of renewable energies leads to a change in the generation structure in the electricity market. Supply-dependent electrical energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind power, biomass and photovoltaics, will account for a large part of the electricity supply in the future. However, the available technologies for power generation from renewable energy sources only allow a limited prediction of the exact amount of electricity generated, which is why fluctuations occur on different time scales, namely from seasonal fluctuations over the course of the day to short-term fluctuations. These fluctuations amplify the fluctuations that occur in the demand for electricity and increase the need to compensate for load peaks. The balancing of peak loads is currently generally carried out via different electricity markets, in which trading is carried out by operators of different generation and storage technologies. In addition, the energy system is facing a transition from centralized to decentralized generation of electrical energy from fossil and renewable energy sources. This results in new demands on the network infrastructure, as the task of network stabilization is increasingly shifting from the transmission network level to the distribution network level. In these, however, there is little or no infrastructure for active control of the networks.
From DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 a generic procedure for operating a regenerative heat storage system is known. The known process provides for the use of heat from heated carrier gas, in particular hot air, for the generation of electricity in a thermoelectric storage power plant, whereby a carrier gas, such as air, is first heated to a specific loading target temperature in at least one gas heater of the storage power plant. The carrier gas is used for thermal loading of a plurality of heat storage modules of the thermal storage power plant, whereby heat is transferred from the hot carrier gas to a heat storage material of the heat storage module (loading cycle). In order to generate hot gas in sufficient quantity and/or with a sufficiently high loading target temperature for loading the heat storage modules, several gas heaters can be used. A maximum target loading temperature when heating the carrier gas in the gas heater can be 1000° C. to 1300° C., preferably 1100° C. to 1200° C.
In the case of the time-delayed thermal final discharge of at least one heat storage module of the heat storage series, the stored usable heat or the usable heat content of the heat storage module is used in the generic method for heating the cold carrier gas, in particular cold air. For this purpose, cold carrier gas flows through at least one heat storage module and heat is transferred from the heat storage material to the carrier gas (discharge cycle). The carrier gas is heated to a certain discharge temperature when flowing through the heat storage module. The target discharge temperature required for heat transfer can be 500° C. to 900° C., preferably 600° C. to 800° C. The heat of the hot carrier gas generated during a discharge cycle can then be transferred to a working fluid, for example, which can be used in a steam power process to generate electricity.
If the carrier gas is heated in the gas heater by converting electrical energy into thermal energy, whereby the gas heater may have at least one electrical heating resistor for this purpose, the process according to the invention and the storage power plant according to the invention can contribute to load management in the power grid, whereby electrical energy is stored in the form of heat during a loading cycle at times of high power generation and low power demand. At peak load times, at least one heat storage module is then discharged in a discharge cycle and the hot carrier gas thus produced is used to generate electricity, for example to evaporate water for a steam power process. The generated electrical energy can be fed back into the power grid. An operator of the storage power plant in accordance with the invention can offer system services and participate in the control energy market. The heat storage modules used enable simple and inexpensive storage of electrical energy in the form of heat, whereby electrical power can be made available flexibly and in a very short time as well as inexpensively during short-term high consumption peaks.
Furthermore, the disclosure content of DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 is fully included in the disclosure content of the present description of the invention. This concerns in particular the constructive and plant-related design of the heat storage arrangement described in DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 and the described heat storage power plant.
If the heat storage modules are designed in a row and form a heat storage row, whereby the carrier gas heated to a loading target temperature in the gas heater flows through the heat storage modules of the heat storage row during a loading cycle and the heat storage modules are heated, the carrier gas leaves the first heat storage module of the heat storage row initially cold at the beginning of the loading cycle. As the heat absorption of the storage mass of this heat storage module increases, the temperature of the carrier gas flowing out of the heat storage module rises.
If the temperature of the carrier gas at the outlet of a heat storage module reaches or exceeds a specified minimum loading temperature, the carrier gas is fed to a subsequent heat storage module in the heat storage row and used to load this heat storage module. This process is repeated for all heat storage modules in the heat storage row which are subsequently loaded. The carrier gas is then discharged from the last loaded heat storage module of the heat storage row, cooled down to the temperature level of the minimum loading temperature, for example.
If the carrier gas cools below the minimum loading temperature during loading of a heat storage module, the operating procedure known from DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 provides for a recirculation of the carrier gas during the loading cycle. The cooled carrier gas is fed to a compressor or blower where it is compressed and, after compression, returned to the gas heater. There the carrier gas is heated again and then used for further loading of the heat storage series.
The maximum temperature at which the carrier gas can be fed to the compressor during recirculation is coupled to the material- and volume-related limitation of the inlet temperature into the compressor and is usually below 250° C., in particular at approx. 200° C. In addition, higher carrier gas temperatures lead to an increase in the power consumption of the compressor.
The maximum temperature at which the carrier gas is fed to the compressor during recirculation is only slightly below the minimum loading temperature at which the carrier gas is still used to load a heat storage module. As a result, the permissible level of the minimum loading temperature is also coupled to the permissible level of the compressor inlet temperature.
Simulation calculations by the notifying party have confirmed that maximum utilization of the heat storage modules (depending on the number of heat storage modules) of between 40% and 60% can be achieved with the known method of operating a regenerative heat storage system. This refers to a cyclic operation of the storage arrangement (loading/unloading). According to the invention, “utilization of the storage tank arrangement” is understood to mean the energy content of the storage tank actively available for the generation of hot air during storage tank discharge, based on a theoretically maximum possible energy content at, for example, 1,200° C. The low utilization with the known method of operating a regenerative heat storage system increases the costs of energy storage, since a large part of the storage material is not used for the active storage of thermal energy.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method for operating a regenerative heat storage arrangement, a heat storage arrangement and a method for balancing load peaks and/or for the in particular decentralized generation of electrical energy and/or for utilizing the heat of heated carrier gas, in each case of the type mentioned above, which are characterized by an improved mode of operation of the heat storage arrangement, wherein in particular a higher utilization of the heat storage arrangement in cyclic operation at low mechanical-thermal load of the system components of the heat storage arrangement should be possible.
The above-mentioned object is solved by a method for operating a regenerative heat storage arrangement with the features of claim 1, by a heat storage arrangement with the features of claim 8 and by a method for balancing load peaks in the generation of electrical energy and/or for the in particular decentralized generation of electrical energy and/or for utilizing heat from heated carrier gas with the features of claim 9. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are subject matter of the sub claims.
The method of operation of a regenerative heat storage system according to the invention provides for the determination or specification of a minimum carrier gas loading temperature for the loading of the heat storage modules, which is above a permissible target temperature at the compressor inlet. If the carrier gas has at least the minimum loading temperature after loading a heat storage module and leaving the heat storage module, the carrier gas is used as in the process known from DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 for loading a subsequent heat storage module of the heat storage series. If the carrier gas temperature falls below the minimum loading temperature, the carrier gas is, however, circulated via the compressor to the gas heater and, after being heated again, is used to charge (another) at least one heat storage module of the heat storage series. A measuring, control and/or regulating device is provided for carrying out the operating procedure in accordance with the invention. In this case, the temperature of the carrier gas is measured during a loading cycle after its exit from a heat storage module and compared with the specified minimum loading temperature (set point). Depending on the carrier gas temperature, the volume flow of the carrier gas and the flow control is then controlled and/or regulated by means of suitable control and/or regulating valves.
Since the inlet temperature into the compressor is limited to a permissible setpoint temperature due to the material and volume, the invention provides for cooling of the carrier gas to be recycled during circulation during a loading cycle if the carrier gas temperature of the recycled carrier gas is above the permissible setpoint temperature at the compressor inlet.
The inventive operating method is associated with a number of advantages. On the one hand, the higher minimum loading temperature leads to a higher maximum utilization of the described storage arrangement. Simulation calculations carried out in connection with the invention have proven that the maximum utilization of the heat storage arrangement can reach up to 85% with, for example, five heat storage modules and a discharge temperature of 760° C. Further heat storage modules can increase the utilization to over 90%. Increasing the utilization of the storage arrangement leads to a reduction of the heat storage costs, because according to the invention a larger part of the storage material can be used for the active storage of thermal energy. Cooling the carrier gas to be recycled before it enters the compressor allows the use of less expensive machines and ensures low compressor power consumption.
The carrier gas temperature at the outlet of the last heat storage module of the heat storage row can preferably correspond to the minimum loading temperature. This can be set by appropriate control and/or regulation of the carrier gas volume flows which are fed to the last heat storage module for loading.
In the discharge cycle, at least one thermally loaded heat storage module of the heat storage row, preferably a plurality of subsequent heat storage modules of the heat storage row, is traversed by colder carrier gas, in particular cold air, and is thermally discharged by heat transfer to the colder carrier gas, the colder carrier gas being heated during the thermal discharge of the heat storage module and then being available for further use, in particular for the generation of electrical energy and/or for heat utilization.
According to the invention, the minimum loading temperature can be more than 250° C., preferably more than 350° C., further preferably between 350° C. and 600° C., especially preferably approx. 400° C. to 500° C. The temperature difference between the minimum charge temperature and the setpoint temperature at the compressor inlet can preferably be more than 100° C., further preferably more than 150° C. This also allows higher temperatures to be reached when the storage tank arrangement is discharged, thus achieving high utilization rates.
In the heat storage arrangement according to the invention, at least one heat transfer device arranged between the heat storage row and the compressor is provided in the flow path of the carrier gas for cooling the carrier gas during the circulation. Preferably, the carrier gas is cooled during the recirculation process by heat transfer to compressed carrier gas returned to the gas heater, so that the compressed carrier gas is preheated before entering the gas heater. Indirect heat transfer by means of a recuperator may be provided, whereby heat transfer between the carrier gas to be recycled may also be provided via a cooling loop before the compressor inlet and after the compressor outlet. A thermal oil can be used as coolant. In addition, heat transfer can also be carried out with a regenerator, preferably a rotary heat exchanger, such as a Ljungström regenerator, which allows short changeover times. The direct heat exchange and the heat exchange via a regenerator allow higher minimum loading temperatures, which in turn leads to higher utilization rates as well as higher temperatures when discharging the storage system.
When using recuperators and/or regenerators, minimum loading temperatures of more than 400° C. can be specified. Heat exchange via a cooling circuit using thermal oil as coolant, on the other hand, can enable minimum loading temperatures of less than 400° C.
Multi-stage cooling of the carrier gas to be recycled can also be provided before it enters the compressor. In this context, the carrier gas can only be cooled to a temperature above the setpoint temperature at the compressor inlet by heat transfer to compressed carrier gas returned to the gas heater, for example to a temperature above 60° C., preferably from 80° C. to 100° C. At least one further heat transfer device can then be provided in the flow path of the cooled carrier gas after a first heat transfer device of the type described above upstream of the compressor, the carrier gas being cooled in the further heat transfer device to the set temperature at the compressor inlet after heat transfer to compressed carrier gas returned to the gas heater. Thus, a predetermined set temperature at the compressor inlet can be safely maintained. The further heat transfer device can, for example, be a recuperator, whereby heat from the carrier gas is transferred to a coolant, especially water, in the case of indirect heat transfer.
The target temperature at the compressor inlet can be less than 70° C., preferably less than 60° C., more preferably 50° C. or less.
In addition, a further preferred embodiment of the invention provides that carrier gas to be recycled is combined with hot carrier gas from the gas heater during the loading cycle in the recirculation system before entering the compressor in order to control the temperature of the carrier gas. In particular, the temperature of the carrier gas fed to the compressor during the recirculation cycle can be kept essentially constant, which simplifies the control of the compressor. In addition, carrier gas is fed to the gas heater at a substantially constant temperature level, which is also an advantage.
Further features, advantages and possible applications of the present invention result from the following description of design examples based on the drawing and the drawing itself. All described and/or pictorially represented features alone or in any combination form the subject-matter of the present invention, irrespective of their summary in the claims or their retro-relation.
In the drawings:
A blower or compressor 6 is also provided.
The heat storage arrangement 1 can correspond to the heat storage arrangement described in the disclosure document DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 and be operated according to the procedure described in the aforementioned disclosure document. The disclosure content of DE 10 2014 017 346 A1 is fully included in the disclosure content of this description both with regard to the type and design of the heat storage arrangement 1 and with regard to the known operating procedure.
During a loading cycle or during the loading process of the heat storage modules 5 to 8, highly heated air of more than 1,000° C., in particular of 1,200° C., first enters the first heat storage module 5 of the heat storage series 4 as carrier gas 3 from an electrically heated gas heater 2, for example, into the first heat storage module 5 of the heat storage series 4. As it flows through the heat storage module 5, heat from the carrier gas 3 is transferred to the storage material. The carrier gas 3 can initially leave the first heat storage module 5 cold.
With increasing filling of the first heat storage module 5, the temperature of the carrier gas 3 at the outlet of the heat storage module 5 rises, i.e. the air leaving the heat storage module 5 changes temperature as the first heat storage module 5 is increasingly loaded. If the carrier gas temperature T exceeds a specified minimum loading temperature TM of the subsequent heat storage module 6 in the heat storage row 4 after loading the first heat storage module 5, or at least reaches the minimum loading temperature TM, the carrier gas 3 is fed to the subsequent heat storage module 6 for loading. If, on the other hand, the carrier gas temperature T is below the minimum loading temperature TM, a recirculation of the carrier gas 3 is provided, whereby the carrier gas 3 is fed to the compressor 6 and, after compression, is returned to the gas heater 2 for renewed heating of the carrier gas 3 and subsequent use for (further) loading of the heat storage modules 5 to 8.
In the known process, the minimum loading temperature is determined by the material- and volume-related limitation of the target temperature at the inlet of compressor 6 and can be between 200° C. and 250° C., for example.
The previously described loading of the subsequent heat storage modules 6 to 8 corresponds to the described loading procedure of the heat storage module 5. The temperature T of the carrier gas 3 at the outlet of the last heat storage module 8 can correspond to the minimum loading temperature TM.
Deviating from the known heat storage arrangement 1 shown in
Also in the heat storage arrangement 9 shown in
As can also be seen from
In order to cool down the carrier gas 3 even more and to ensure that the carrier gas 3 before entering the compressor 6 does not exceed the set temperature at the compressor inlet, at least one cooler 13 may be provided in the flow path of the carrier gas 3 before the compressor 6.
As further shown in
By keeping the carrier gas temperature constant, the process engineering requirements on compressor 6 and the control effort are reduced. In addition, a constant carrier gas temperature 3 upstream of the gas heater 2 has a positive effect on the operating mode and costs of the gas heater 2.
The use of the carrier gas 3 heated during the discharge can be provided in a steam power process, in particular in combination with a gas expansion process, to generate electricity and/or the hot carrier gas 3 obtained during a discharge process can be used for process steam and/or district heat generation and/or for coupling heat into a preheating process.
As shown in
The same applies to the mixing of the carrier gas 3 from one of the upstream heat storage modules 5, 6, 7 if the carrier gas temperature is below the minimum loading temperature of the respective downstream heat storage module 6, 7, 8 of heat storage row 4 and a circulation of the carrier gas 3 is required for reheating. By mixing with hot carrier gas 3 from the gas heater 2, the carrier gas 3 emerging from a heat exchanger module 5 to 8 can be heated and a predetermined, especially constant carrier gas temperature can be set before entering the heat transfer device 10.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102018003162.5 | Apr 2018 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/059804 | 4/16/2019 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019/201918 | 10/24/2019 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9518786 | Howes | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 10288357 | Laughlin | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10907510 | Larochelle | Feb 2021 | B2 |
| 10907513 | Laughlin | Feb 2021 | B2 |
| 20120312496 | Howes et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130033044 | Wright | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20160333747 | KanFman | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 102014017346 | Apr 2016 | DE |
| 2574865 | Apr 2013 | EP |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report in corresponding International Application No. PCT/EP2019/059804, dated Sep. 3, 2019. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210123689 A1 | Apr 2021 | US |
