Patent Application
20240342826
The field of the invention is that of optical writing.
More specifically, the invention relates to a new concept of optical writing for semiconductor materials.
The present invention can be applied notably, but not exclusively, in the implementation of microelectronics and its many resulting applications (for example storing devices, optical integrated circuits, photonic components, all-optical systems), quantum electronics, or microelectromechanical systems (also referred to as “MEMS”).
This document seeks more particularly here below to describe problems existing in the field of Silicon integrated photonics. Of course, the invention is not limited to this particular field of application but is of interest for any optical writing technique in semiconductor material that has to cope with closely related or similar issues and problems.
Silicon integrated photonics, which consists in using the manufacturing processes of the microelectronics industry to produce photonics components, is considered as a high potential technology for security, high-speed communications and computing applications. This technology, which appeared as an alternative to Silicon integrated electronics, has been made possible in particular thanks to the interesting optical properties of Silicon. The use of Silicon integrated photonics has been very strongly stimulated in recent years by big application challenges: the increase in the volume of digital data broadcast throughout the world, the intensive use of the Internet network and the development of connected objects, to name a few.
By the way, the emergence of femtosecond laser sources has made it possible to develop three-dimensional (“3D”) laser writing technologies in dielectric materials, in particular inscription as optical waveguides in glass for example.
By “three-dimensional writing”, “3D writing” or “volume writing” it shall mean any volume writing process of a material involving not only surface structuring but also in-depth structuring of said material.
Recent works demonstrating the possibility of direct laser writing in the volume of semiconductor materials, and in particular in Silicon, have recently emerged. A direct laser writing method is for example disclosed in French patent FR3053155B1. This direct laser writing method relies on an in-depth writing of Silicon using infra-red laser pulses focused in the material. Laser writing is based on laser-induced material modifications resulting in permanent changes of the material properties, like the refractive index for example. Based on this principle, the laser radiation parameters are chosen and controlled as a function of the desired local variation of the material properties. However, due to the importance of non-linear effects linked to the absorption and propagation of intense laser light in semiconductors, this known method offers limited optical performance, especially in terms of resolution of writing. Indeed, these non-linear effects intrinsically limit laser energy deposition and degrade the laser focusing performances achievable in the material, leading to a modest controllability of laser inscriptions (with dimensions larger than theoretical optical limits) and so a writing quality which is not entirely satisfactory.
Another known method for laser writing in semiconductor has been developed based on the SOI technology (for “Silicon on Insulator”). Although SOI technology provides proper optical performance, it nevertheless has major drawbacks specific to lithography process (several sensitive steps are needed in a clean and controlled environment) and structural features (which precludes easy design of three-dimensional architectures), making this method non-optimal.
There is therefore a need to provide a high-performance optical writing technique for semiconductor materials, and in particular reaching a quality of writing appropriate for the most demanding applications. In particular micrometer 3D precision and erasable or reconfigurable induced modifications are highly desirable but has not been achieved to date. These performances are accessible with the present invention described below.
A particular embodiment of the invention proposes a method for optical writing in a semiconductor material, the method comprising laser writing in volume of the semiconductor material. According to the invention, the method comprises, prior to said laser writing, irradiating the semiconductor material with at least one laser pre-pulse configured to change transiently and at least locally at least one property of the semiconductor material, and a predetermined time elapses between the laser pre-pulse and laser writing.
The at least one property of semiconductor material belongs to the group comprising: refractive index, birefringence, nonlinear susceptibility, luminescence, mechanical strength, chemical etching rate, electrical and thermal conductivity.
The invention therefore relies on a new concept of optical writing for semiconductors. This new concept consists in carrying out a preliminary step for pre-conditioning the semiconductor material for laser writing by changing transiently at least one property of material before the writing step. The predetermined time separating the laser writing from the laser pre-pulse is dimensioned as a function of the duration of transient change occurring within the material. The inventors of the present disclosure observed that such a preliminary step for preparing laser writing enhances optical writing performances in this family of materials, in particular in terms of resolution of writing and types of accessible modifications. More particularly, the claimed method makes it possible to improve the accuracy and controllability of the process. Such an improvement can be defined as:
These features are not available without the invention.
By reconfigurable, it is meant, throughout this document, an adjustment (positive or negative) of the change of material properties accessible by the laser writing approach. For instance, for a change of the refractive index or any other material properties which depends on the number of created crystalline defects created by the laser pulses, reconfigurable modification means the ability to increase (defect accumulation) or decrease (defect relaxation) the number of defects by appropriate laser irradiations. This imposes a control on the number but also on the type of created defects that is accessible with the present invention and has not been otherwise demonstrated in silicon.
Actually, the claimed invention relates to a laser methodology for writing, as well as, as will appear below, correcting and erasing changes in three-dimensional space within semiconductors. The new principles identified (multi-pulse, multi-rate) inherently confer a very high spatial resolution to the process (micrometer level unequalled for a 3D process in semiconductors) and the ability to induce only detectable, adjustable and optically erasable structural modifications.
These new capabilities offer potential applications in microelectronics. One immediate prospect is the realisation of very high density, all-optical memories or information storage, without equivalent, in a material like silicon. Combined with chemical etching, the level of control of the method also allows the microfabrication of monolithic silicon structures with complex 3D architectures.
According to an embodiment:
The invention therefore relies on a multiple irradiation to improve writing performance. Indeed, one or more laser pre-pulses are preliminary generated for structuring at least locally the material before laser writing in order to allow a hyper-localization of the main pulse at impact point in the material.
Hence, a first intense ultra-beam pulse induces a transient “plasma” optic in the vicinity of the focal region, which allows an exalted control (notably spatial) of the writing process. Indeed, under appropriate conditions, the plasma helps to relocate the writing laser flux (second synchronised pulse) to a spot size inaccessible by conventional focusing (e.g. by lens).
The use of at least one pre-pulse whose characteristics allow to form an Airy light spot focused in the volume of the semiconductor material ensure the provision of appropriate pre-writing transitory state to enhance writing performance.
According to a first embodiment, the at least one laser pre-pulse and the main laser pulse are configured to be both focused at said given point.
According to a second embodiment:
The at least one laser pre-pulse and the main laser pulse may be composed from two different laser pulses. As an alternative, the at least one laser pre-pulse and the laser main-pulse are two components of one single, temporally shaped, laser signal.
According to an embodiment, a single laser-emitting source is used for generating both the laser pre-pulse and the main laser pulse.
According to an embodiment, the method further comprises laser erasing by thermal process at least one laser inscription formed in the semiconductor material, the thermal process being carried out by laser irradiation of said at least one laser inscription configured with respect to a melting point of the semiconductor material.
Thus the invention makes it possible to provide not only a laser writing technique but also an erasing technique in the volume of semiconductors by a simple thermal stimulation. By applying appropriate laser irradiation, it is therefore possible to restore the original state of the material at the writing point to allow a new laser inscription (re-writing).
The thermal process belongs to the group comprising:
The new principles claimed thus lead to an exalted control (resolution and type of modifications) allowing to reproducibly induce structural defects (no dislocations or damages) whose density is adjustable until erasure (post-processing) and readable by all-optical methods. This capability is currently unattainable with conventional semiconductor laser writing configurations.
The approach also leads to control over the nature of the changes which allows for erasure by thermal post-processing. The post-processing can be done by laser with “long” interactions for local control.
According to an embodiment, said single laser-emitting source is also used for the laser erasing.
Therefore, the same laser source is used for writing, modifying (or reconfiguring) and erasing, thus both simplifying the optical assembly and reducing costs.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the laser conditions are as follows:
These features depend on the nature of material and the wavelength used for laser writing.
In another embodiment, the invention pertains to a computer program product comprising program code instructions for implementing the above-mentioned method (in any of its different embodiments) when said program is executed on a computer or a processor.
In another embodiment, the invention pertains to a non-transitory computer-readable carrier medium, storing a program which, when executed by a computer or a processor causes the computer or the processor to carry out the above-mentioned method (in any of its different embodiments).
The invention also concerns a device for optical writing in a semiconductor material, the device comprising means configured for laser writing in volume of the semiconductor material. Such a device also comprises, means configured for irradiating the semiconductor material with at least one laser pre-pulse to change transiently and at least locally at least one property of the semiconductor material. A predetermined time elapses between activation of the irradiating means and laser writing means.
Advantageously, the device comprises means for implementing the steps performed in the writing method as described above, in any of its various embodiments.
Other features and advantages of embodiments of the invention shall appear from the following description, given by way of an indicative and non-exhaustive examples and from the appended drawings, of which:
In all the figures of the present document, identical elements and steps are designated by the same numerical reference sign.
The general principle of the invention consists in pre-conditioning the semiconductor material at the writing point by a laser pre-pulse before the main laser pulse. The laser pre-pulse is designed to transiently change at least one property of the material just before the main laser pulse to allow a hyper-localization of the main pulse at writing point, and therefore improving the optical writing performances in this kind of material.
Referring now to
The writing system is defined in a reference system ‘X, Y, Z’ to facilitate understanding. The 3D pattern is defined by a plurality of writing points to be unscripted within the Silicon sample 10.
Of course, other bandgap materials can be used for laser writing according to the invention and more particularly those belonging to the family of semiconductors or semiconductor alloys (like Germanium (Ge), Silicon carbide (SiC), Gallium nitride (GaN), Gallium phosphide (GaP), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium arsenide (InAs), Indium antimonide (InSb), Indium Phosphite (InP), Zinc Selinium (ZnSe), Zinc Sulfite (ZnS)).
The system 100 comprises the Silicon sample 10, a laser light source 20, an optical writing head 30, a sample holder 40, an external optical arrangement 50, means of displacement 45 and a processing unit 60.
Silicon sample 10 has a form of plate extending substantially along the X and Y axes, and a given thickness (significantly lower than the surface dimensions) extending along the Z axis. The Silicon sample 10 thus defines a possible volume of writing, namely both in surface (X and Y axes) and in depth (Z axis).
Laser light source 20 is a pulsed laser source able to generate picosecond and femtosecond pulses (typically from few hundreds of picoseconds to few tens of femtoseconds) of wavelength comprised within the spectral band of transparency of the Silicon sample 10 (typically a wavelength superior to 1100 nm, like 1.5 μm for instance). In an embodiment, laser light source 20 may be a frequency tunable pulsed laser source.
Writing head 30 comprises beam formation means (not shown) configured to focus and/or shape the laser beam LB in volume (in depth) in the Silicon sample 10. Beam formation means may comprises a microscope objective and/or a converging lens for example.
Sample holder 40 is a mechanically motorized plate cooperating with displacement means 45 for displacing the Silicon sample 10 relative to the laser beam LB. More particularly, displacement means 45 allow the positioning and the displacement of the Silicon sample 10 in the three directions of space along the X, Y, Z axes relative to the laser beam focus.
Alternatively, or in addition, the writing system 100 is equipped with mechanical motors (not shown) cooperating with the writing head 30 and forming relative displacement means for positioning and displacing the laser beam focus relative to the Silicon sample 10 in the three directions of space X, Y, Z. For example, the writing system 100 may be equipped with a galvo scanner (aka galvanometric scanner).
Alternatively, or in addition, the relative displacement means are optical, for example an additional optical device adapted to the displacement of the laser beam relative to the Silicon sample 10.
External optical arrangement 50 is composed of a set of optical elements configured to control certain laser parameters, like beam geometry and polarization.
Processing unit 60 is electrically connected both to the pulsed laser source 20, the external optical arrangement 50, the writing head 30 and the relative displacement means 45 for the purpose of driving these elements. Processing unit 60 is connected to the pulsed laser source 20 and the optical arrangement 50 for the control of laser parameters (e.g. light intensity, pulse width, beam geometry and polarization), to the writing head 30 for the control of geometric optical parameters (for example focalization position, etc.) and to the displacement means 45 for the control of relative displacements of the Silicon sample 10 and laser beam LB (for example spatial coordinates of the pattern, scanning speed, etc.). Driving of these elements is carried out based on program code instructions executed by the processing unit 60 in order to enable implementation of the method as described below.
Step S1 consists in collecting laser writing parameters. Step S2 consists in positioning Silicon sample 10 relative to laser beam LB and Step S3 consists in forming a laser inscription in volume in Silicon sample 10 according to the principle of the invention.
At step S1, the device obtains, in one hand, the spatial coordinates (xi, yi, zi) of a writing point WPi to be marked into Silicon sample 10. Thus, for a first iteration of the method, the set of spatial coordinates is “x1, y1, z1” (i=1).
The device also obtains in the other hand, information on characteristics of the material and the type of desired permanent change in Silicon sample 10 for performing laser writing. It is indeed possible to perform laser writing in semiconductors based on a change of property of the material which can be of different nature. For example, a laser inscription can be created in volume of semiconductor based on a permanent change of:
In the example described here, the information provided to the device are that:
The “Δn” index difference can be determined on the basis of a preliminary test or simulation conducted for defining an optimal value of “Δn” as a function of material characteristics. Value of “Δn” can be a value of real part and/or imaginary part of index.
Based on this information, the device sets laser parameters to make the laser inscription at writing point WPi: a first set of parameters P1 associated with the laser main pulse and a second set of parameters P2 associated with the laser pre-pulse. Typically, the first set of parameters P1 comprises data representative of: a level of light intensity I1 and a pulse width W1 leading to a permanent and local refractive index change of the material of Δn value. The second set of parameters P2 comprises data representative of: a level of light intensity I2 and a pulse width W2 leading to a transient and local refractive index change of the material.
The first and second set of parameters also comprise each data representative a value of focal distance to betaken into account by the writing head 30 for pre-pulse (referred as to F1) and main pulse (referred as to F2). To simplify things at first, the laser pre-pulse and the main laser pulse are considered to be both focused at the same writing point WPi (F1=F2).
In addition, the device sets a predetermined time T (or time slot) intended to elapse between the laser pre-pulse and the main laser pulse. This predetermined time T is set as a function of the duration of the transient refractive index change induced by the pre-pulse in Silicon.
Once the sets of parameters are defined, the device is ready for driving the different elements of the system 100 with driving commands adapted for implementing the mechanism of laser double-irradiation according to the invention.
At step S2, the device triggers a displacement of the handle 40 relative to the optical axis of the laser system as a function of coordinates of writing point WPi until the Silicon sample 10 is in the requested position. Silicon sample 10 is ready to undergo the laser writing process.
At step S3, the device triggers a laser double-pulse on the basis of the laser writing parameters described above. Prior the laser writing itself (including a permanent change of the refractive index), an ultrashort and powerful laser pre-pulse is generated by the source 20 to irradiate Silicon sample 10 to pre-condition it before the main laser pulse. The laser pre-pulse is configured to cause a local and transient refractive index-change such that the material is in optimized conditions for writing. After that the predetermined time T is elapsed, the main laser pulse then irradiates Silicon sample 10 to form a (permanent) laser inscription at writing point WPi.
As shown in
In addition, it has to be established that a laser pre-pulse PP configured to form an Airy light spot focused in the volume of the semiconductor material (Silicon notably) allows to ensure a pre-writing transitory state appropriate and helpful for writing performance. Rigorously, an Airy light spot is the Fraunhofer diffraction solution for a truncated spherical wave corresponding to focused light from a perfect lens with a limiting circular aperture. In the focal plane, the diffraction pattern has a bright central region, known as the Airy disk surrounded by a series of concentric rings so-called the Airy pattern. The longitudinal intensity distribution exhibit also zeros and local maxima around the main intense region at focus. These profiles deviate from those obtain by Gaussian focusing conditions leading, in all directions, to a spot with smooth, progressively and monotonically decreasing intensities as function of distance to the focus point.
To obtain these conditions, a microscope objective lens, of a numerical aperture equal to 0.7 (or NA comprised between 0.7 and 1.5), is used to focus the laser pre-pulse PP in the volume of Silicon in the form of an Airy disk. The laser source, head writing and optical arrangement are arranged so that the laser pre-pulse overfills the entrance aperture of the microscope objective lens to create, by effect of light diffraction, the Airy light spot at focus point. The main laser pulse MP can be focused using a focusing lens with a same numerical aperture or with a numerical aperture lower than used for laser pre-pulse PP.
This a particular example of laser writing conditions suited for Silicon and working wavelength of 1.5 μm, and other values are possible without departing from the invention. More broadly:
In this particular embodiment, laser pre-pulse PP and laser main-pulse MP are both generated by only one laser source. Alternatively, two distinct synchronized laser sources may be used, namely a first one intended for emitting laser pre-pulse PP and the other one for emitting laser main-pulse MP.
Alternatively, as shown in
But more broadly, the laser pre-pulse and main laser pulse shall be designed such that the laser pre-pulse has characteristics leading to conditions above threshold for inducing transient change (without permanent modification) and the main pulse characteristics are above threshold for permanent modification with the implemented conditions.
For the implemented case where the pre-pulse induces a plasma inside the material to induce the localization of the main pulse,
For the main laser pulse, it is not necessary to configure the main-pulse to produce an Airy light disk at focus like the laser pre-pulse.
While the irradiation in the sample 10 by main laser pulse constitutes the step of laser writing itself (by laser-induced permanent material change), the role of the laser pre-pulse is to induce a localized transient change of the refractive index of the material in order to prepare the laser writing step. Indeed, as shown in
In this respect, rather than to use the same focalization parameter for both pre-pulse and main laser pulse (parameters used F1=F2), the inventors observed that the fact of the main pulse is focused in the pre-focal zone (PFZ) of the pre-pulse can further enhance writing quality in the material. Therefore, according to this particularly advantageous embodiment, the main laser pulse MP being intended to be focused at writing point WPi, laser pre-pulse PP is configured to be focused in a (post-focal) zone so that the pre-focal region of pre-pulse coincides with writing point WPI.
It should be noted that transiently changing the refractive index can be achieved by different manners, such as by plasma effect, Kerr effect or thermal effect for example, as a function of the type of material used for writing and laser writing parameters.
After laser irradiation, Silicon sample 10 is marked from a permanent laser inscription at writing point WPi. Typically, as shown in
The algorithm is then reiterated (i+1) and goes back to step S1 for taking into account another writing point among the plurality of points of the 3D pattern set beforehand.
In an optimized implementation, laser continuous writing along trajectories of the predefined 3D pattern can be also carried out (by focal point translation in at least one of three directions of space) without departing from the scope of the invention.
Optical writing shall mean within the meaning of the invention not only the process of permanent inscription in a material but also the process of erasure of such a permanent inscription.
Indeed, according to another aspect of the invention, the method provides for the possibility of erasing one or more laser inscriptions contained in volume of semiconductors, like the Silicon sample of example. The erasure process according to the invention relies on a thermal process of the laser inscription to be removed taking into account the melting point of the semiconductor used as support for laser writing.
According to a first exemplary embodiment, the thermal process comprises irradiating the laser inscription using a train of ultra-short laser pulses (duration typically less than 10 ps) at high-repetition rate, such a train of pulses being configured to produce by energy accumulation (pulse-to-pulse) an apparently long thermal stimulation (typically greater than 1 ns) to the laser inscription. Typically, a train of 3×104 pulses at a repetition rate upper than 300 kHz and preferentially in the range comprised between 1 MHz and 10 THz, showed positive results in silicon.
According to a second exemplary embodiment, the thermal process comprises irradiating the laser inscription using an apparently long laser pulse of duration greater than 10 ps and preferentially greater than 1 ns to induce a thermal stimulation to the laser inscription. In a particular implementation a pulse duration of 3.5 ns showed positive results. The laser parameters are set with respect to the melting threshold (1414° C. for Silicon) for a softening of the lattice and subsequent relaxation (or suppression by recrystallization) of the crystalline defects that constitutes the laser modifications in semiconductor.
According to a third exemplary embodiment, the thermal process comprises irradiating the laser inscription using a modulated continuous laser configured with respect to the melting threshold of the semiconductor.
In order to simplify the optical writing system and reduce costs, the thermal process and irradiation steps can be performed using one single laser source (e.g. the source 20). In other words, the same laser source can be used for writing, modifying (or reconfiguring) and erasing. Of course, allocating two different laser sources to each of both steps could be also envisaged without departing from the scope of the invention.
Furthermore, in case that all laser inscriptions of a sample are to be erased, the thermal process may consist in treating thermally the semiconductor sample as whole, for instance by heating.
Upon initialization, the aforementioned program code instructions are transferred from the non-volatile memory 110 to the volatile memory 111 so as to be executed by the processor 112. The volatile memory 111 likewise includes registers for storing the variables and parameters required for this execution.
All the steps of the above writing method can be implemented equally well:
As a conclusion, the claimed invention relates to a laser methodology for writing, correcting and erasing changes in three-dimensional space within semiconductors. It allows to reach a level of precision (micrometric) and flexibility (arbitrary 3D) without technological alternative. Potential applications have been identified in the microelectronics industry.
The inventors have unambiguously demonstrated the writing of modified “voxels” of micrometer size (i.e. 1 micron×1 micron×1 micron). For comparison, the best technological results in the literature known to date on silicon hardly reach resolutions of a few microns in lateral resolution and about 10 microns in axial resolution (i.e. about 5 microns×5 microns×10 microns).
The claimed method offers an unmatched flexibility with application perspectives from optical memories for silicon photonics to the fabrication of MEMS structures with complex architectures.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21184898.1 | Jul 2021 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/068835 | 7/7/2022 | WO |
