Method for polarizing terahertz electromagnetic wave using polarizer, and polarizer

Abstract

A method for polarizing an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz using a polarizer includes steps (a) and (b). The step (a) includes preparing the polarizer. The polarizer includes: a sapphire single crystalline layer; and a CaxCoO2 crystalline layer. The CaxCoO2 crystalline layer is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer, a surface of the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a (100) plane orientation and the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers. The step (b) includes irradiating the polarizer with the electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz to output an output wave having only a component parallel to a c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for polarizing a terahertz electromagnetic wave using a polarizer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A terahertz electromagnetic wave is an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of 0.1 THz or more. Patent Literature 1, Non Patent Literature 1, and Non Patent Literature 2 disclose a method for polarizing a terahertz electromagnetic wave.

CITATION LIST

Patent Literature

• PTL 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2009-052920

Non Patent Literature

• NPTL 1: Itsunari Yamada et. al., “Terahertz wire-grid polarizers with micrometer-pitch Al gratings”, Optics Letters, (2009), Vol. 34, No. 3, p.p. 274-276
• NPTL 2: Lei Ren et. al., “Carbon Nanotube Terahetz Polarizer”, Nano Letters, (2009), Vol. 9, No. 7, p.p. 2610-2613
• NPTL 3: Brian. L. Cushing et. al., “Topotactic Routes to Layered Calcium Cobalt Oxides”, Journal of solid state chemistry, Vol. 141, pages 385-391 (1998)
• NPTL 4: H. X. Yang et. al, “Structural properties and cation ordering in layered hexagonal Ca_xCoO₂”, Physical Review, B, Vol. 73, 014109-1-014109-6 (2006)

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Technical Problem

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for polarizing a terahertz electromagnetic wave using a polarizer.

Solution to Problem

A method for polarizing an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz using a polarizer is disclose. The method includes steps (a) and (b). The step (a) includes preparing the polarizer. The polarizer includes a sapphire single crystalline layer and a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer. The Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer, a surface of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer has a (100) plane orientation, and the Ca_XCoO₂ crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers. The step (b) includes irradiating the polarizer with the electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz to output an output wave having only a component parallel to a c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer.

In the above method, the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer may have a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 9 micrometers.

In the above method, the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer may have a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 4 micrometers.

In the above method, in the step (b), the sapphire single crystalline layer may be irradiated with the electromagnetic wave and the output wave is output from the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer.

In the above method, in the step (b), the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer may be irradiated with the electromagnetic wave and the output wave is output from the sapphire single crystalline layer.

In the above method, in the step (b), the polarizer may be irradiated with the electromagnetic wave travelling along the normal direction of the polarizer.

In the above method, in the step (b), the output wave may be output from the polarizer along the normal direction of the polarizer.

A polarizer includes a sapphire single crystalline layer and a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer. The Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer, a surface of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer has a (100) plane orientation, and the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers.

In the above polarizer, the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer may have has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 9 micrometers.

In the above polarizer the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer may have a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 4 micrometers.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The present invention provides a novel method for polarizing a terahertz electromagnetic wave using a polarizer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a terahertz polarizer according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows schematically a method according to the embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 0.1 micrometer) formed on a sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 4 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 1 micrometer) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 5 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 2 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 6 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 4 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 7 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 6 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 8 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 9 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 9 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 12 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 10 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 16 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 11 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 20 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 12 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 25 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 13 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 30 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having an a-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 14 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 0.1 micrometer) formed on a sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 15 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 1 micrometer) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 16 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 2 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 17 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 4 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 18 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 6 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 19 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 9 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 20 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 12 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 21 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 16 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 22 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 20 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 23 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 25 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

FIG. 24 shows the transmittance spectrum of a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer (film thickness: 30 micrometers) formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer having a c-plane orientation on the surface thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

An embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to the drawings.

Embodiment

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a terahertz polarizer (hereinafter, referred to as “polarizer”) according to the embodiment. The polarizer has a shape of a plate. The polarizer comprises a sapphire single crystalline layer 11 and a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12. The Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer 11. It is preferable that no layer be interposed between the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 and the sapphire single crystalline layer 11.

FIG. 2 shows schematically a method for polarizing an electromagnetic wave using the polarizer in the embodiment.

The electromagnetic wave has a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz.

The polarizer is irradiated with an electromagnetic wave 14, i.e. an incident wave. In FIG. 2, the obverse surface of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 is irradiated with the electromagnetic wave 14.

The electromagnetic wave 14 which has passed through the polarizer is output from the polarizer as an output wave 15. In FIG. 2, the output wave 15 is output from the reverse surface of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11. Instead of this, the obverse surface of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 may be irradiated with the electromagnetic wave 14, and the output wave 15 may be output from the reverse surface of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12. The output wave 15 has only a component which is parallel to the c-axis direction (see an arrow 16 in FIG. 2) of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11. The output wave 15 does not have other components. An example of the other components is a component which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11.

It is preferable that the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 have a (11-20) plane orientation.

The surface of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 has a (100) plane orientation. When the surface has a (001) plane orientation, the incident light is not polarized, as demonstrated in comparative examples 5-15, which are described later.

The value of x is not limited as long as the crystallinity of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 is maintained. According to Non Patent Literature 3 and Non Patent Literature 4, the preferable value of x is not less than 0.15 and not more than 0.55.

The Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers. When the thickness is less than 2 micrometers, the incident light is not polarized sufficiently, as demonstrated in comparative examples 1 and 2, which are described later. In other words, when the thickness is less than 2 micrometers, the component which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 is not removed sufficiently. On the contrary, when the thickness is more than 20 micrometers, it is difficult for the electromagnetic wave to pass through the polarizer, as demonstrated in comparative examples 3 and 4, which are described later. Accordingly, the output wave 15 having a sufficient intensity is not obtained.

It is preferable that the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 have a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 9 micrometers, as demonstrated in examples 1-4. It is preferable that the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 have a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 4 micrometers, as demonstrated in examples 1-2. This is because the component which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 is removed sufficiently, and the transmittance of the component which is parallel to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 is high.

The angle formed between the obverse surface of the polarizer and the incident wave is not limited. It is preferable that the polarizer having a shape of a plate be irradiated with the incident wave travelling along the normal direction of the polarizer.

EXAMPLES

The following examples describe the present invention in more detail.

Example 1

Fabrication of a Polarizer

A Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer was formed by high frequency magnetron sputtering on a sapphire crystal substrate having a (11-20) plane orientation (namely, an a-plane orientation) on the surface thereof. This sapphire crystal substrate was used as the sapphire single crystalline layer 11.

More particularly, in this high frequency magnetron sputtering, a mixture target having a Ca:Co molar ratio of 1:1 was used.

First, the gas in a film formation chamber was exhausted so that the inside of the film formation chamber had a pressure of less than 1.0×10³.

Then, while a gas mixture of argon (volume ratio: 96%) and oxygen (volume ratio: 4%) was introduced, the sapphire single crystalline layer was heated by a heater. Then, a Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 having a thickness of 2 micrometers and having a (100) plane orientation on the surface thereof was formed on the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 by high frequency magnetron sputtering on the surface thereof. In this way, a polarizer according to the example 1 was obtained.

The condition of the high frequency magnetron sputtering is described below.

Pressure in the film formation chamber: 5 Pa

Temperature of the sapphire crystal substrate: 450 degrees Celsius

RF power: 100 W

After the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was formed, the polarizer was cooled to room temperature under a pressure of 5 Pa over 60 minutes.

The composition ratio of cations included in the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was measured using an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. As a result, the composition ratio of Ca:Co was about 1:2, namely x=0.5.

(Irradiation with the Incident Wave)

As shown in FIG. 2, the obtained polarizer was disposed between an electromagnetic wave emitting device 21 and an electromagnetic wave receiver 22.

The electromagnetic wave emitting device 21 is a dipole-type photoconductive antenna of low-temperature-grown GaAs (available from Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.). This photoconductive antenna was activated with a Ti:Sapphire laser.

The electromagnetic wave receiver 22 is a Bowtie-type photoconductive antenna of low-temperature-grown GaAs (available from Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.).

While the frequency was varied from 0.1 THz to 0.8 THz, an electromagnetic wave was emitted from the electromagnetic wave emitting device 21.

The emitted electromagnetic wave was a pulsed electromagnetic wave which was polarized linearly.

The obverse surface of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was irradiated with the electromagnetic wave from the normal direction of the polarizer.

The electromagnetic wave was output as an output wave 15 from the reverse surface of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11. The component of the light which is parallel to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 was received by the electromagnetic wave receiver 22. The component of the light was included in the output wave 15. Similarly, the component of the light which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 was also received by the electromagnetic wave receiver 22.

FIG. 5 shows a transmittance spectrum measured according to the example 1 by the electromagnetic wave receiver 22.

In FIG. 3-FIG. 13, the black square indicates the transmittance of the components of the light which are parallel to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 having a (11-20) plane orientation (namely, an a-plane orientation). In FIG. 3-FIG. 13, the white circle indicates the transmittance of the components of the light which are perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 having a (11-20) plane orientation (namely, an a-plane orientation).

The transmittance was calculated in accordance with the following formula:Transmittance=Intensity of the output wave received by the electromagnetic wave receiver 22/Intensity of the electromagnetic wave emitted from the electromagnetic wave emitting device 21.

Example 2

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 4 micrometers. FIG. 6 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the example 2.

Example 3

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 6 micrometers. FIG. 7 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the example 3.

Example 4

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 9 micrometers. FIG. 8 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the example 4.

Example 5

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 12 micrometers. FIG. 9 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the example 5.

Example 6

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 16 micrometers. FIG. 10 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the example 6.

Example 7

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 20 micrometers. FIG. 11 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the example 7.

Comparative Example 1

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 0.1 micrometer. FIG. 3 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the comparative example 1.

Comparative Example 2

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 1 micrometer. FIG. 4 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the comparative example 2.

Comparative Example 3

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 25 micrometers. FIG. 12 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the comparative example 3.

Comparative Example 4

An experiment similar to the example 1 was performed except that the thickness of the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 was 30 micrometers. FIG. 13 shows the transmittance spectrum measured in the comparative example 4.

The following Table 1 collectively shows the average transmittance in the examples 1-7 and in the comparative examples 1-4. In Table 1, the phrase “c-axis parallelism average transmittance” means an average value of the transmittance of the component of the light which is parallel to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11. In Table 1, the phrase “c-axis perpendicularity average transmittance” means an average value of the transmittance of the component of the light which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11.

	TABLE 1
	Thickness
	of CaxCoO2	C-axis	C-axis
	layer 12	parallelism	perpendicularity
	(Unit:	average	average
	micrometer)	transmittance	transmittance	FIG.
Comparative	0.1	0.99	0.88	FIG. 3
example 1
Comparative	1	0.93	0.28	FIG. 4
example 2
Example 1	2	0.87	0.08	FIG. 5
Example 2	4	0.76	0.01	FIG. 6
Example 3	6	0.66	0.00	FIG. 7
Example 4	9	0.54	0.00	FIG. 8
Example 5	12	0.45	0.00	FIG. 9
Example 6	16	0.35	0.00	FIG. 10
Example 7	20	0.27	0.00	FIG. 11
Comparative	25	0.20	0.00	FIG. 12
example 3
Comparative	30	0.16	0.00	FIG. 13
example 4

As is clear from Table 1, when the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers, the C-axis parallelism average transmittance is not less than 0.27 and the c-axis perpendicularity average transmittance is not more than 0.08. This means that the output wave 15 includes substantially only the component parallel to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11. In other words, the component which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 was removed sufficiently.

In order to increase the c-axis parallelism average transmittance, it is desirable that the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 have a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 9 micrometers. More preferably, the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 4 micrometers.

When the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 has a thickness of not more than 1 micrometer, the component which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 is not removed sufficiently.

When the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 has a thickness of more than 20 micrometers, not only the c-axis perpendicularity average transmittance but also the c-axis parallelism average transmittance are decreased.

Comparative Examples 5-15

In the comparative examples 5-15, instead of the sapphire crystal substrate having a (11-20) plane orientation (namely, an a-plane orientation) on the surface thereof, a sapphire crystal substrate having a (0001) plane orientation (namely, a c-plane orientation) on the surface thereof was used. In the comparative examples 5-15, experiments similar to the examples 1-7 and the comparative examples 1-4 were conducted except that the Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer 12 having a (001) plane orientation (namely, a c-plane orientation) on the surface thereof was formed.

In FIG. 14-FIG. 24, the black square indicates the transmittance of the components of the light which are parallel to the x-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 having a (0001) plane orientation (namely, a c-plane orientation). In FIG. 14-FIG. 24, the white circle indicates the transmittance of the components of the light which are perpendicular to the y-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 having a (0001) plane orientation (namely, a c-plane orientation). Note that the x-axis direction is perpendicular to the y-axis direction. Table 2 shows the results of the comparative examples 5-15.

	TABLE 2
	Thickness of	C-axis	C-axis
	CaxCoO2 layer	parallelism	perpendicularity
	12 (Unit:	average	average
	micrometer)	transmittance	transmittance	FIG.
Comparative	0.1	0.92	0.91	FIG. 14
example 12
Comparative	1	0.41	0.40	FIG. 15
example 13
Comparative	2	0.17	0.16	FIG. 16
example 5
Comparative	4	0.03	0.03	FIG. 17
example 6
Comparative	6	0.01	0.00	FIG. 18
example 7
Comparative	9	0.00	0.00	FIG. 19
example 8
Comparative	12	0.00	0.00	FIG. 20
example 9
Comparative	16	0.00	0.00	FIG. 21
example 10
Comparative	20	0.00	0.00	FIG. 22
example 11
Comparative	25	0.00	0.00	FIG. 23
example 14
Comparative	30	0.00	0.00	FIG. 24
example 15

As is clear from Table 2, the output wave 15 includes both of the component which is parallel to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 and the component which is perpendicular to the c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11 (see the comparative examples 5, 6, 12, and 13). This means that an incident wave was not polarized at all.

In the comparative examples 7-15, the output wave 15 itself was not output. This is because the Ca_xCoO₂ layer 12 was too thick.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention can be used in an optical device, a medical equipment, or a security device.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
11: sapphire single crystalline layer
12: CaxCoO2 crystalline layer
14: electromagnetic wave
15: output wave
16: c-axis direction of the sapphire
    single crystalline layer 11
21: electromagnetic wave emitting device
22: electromagnetic wave receiver

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

• 11: sapphire single crystalline layer
• 12: Ca_xCoO₂ crystalline layer
• 14: electromagnetic wave
• 15: output wave
• 16: c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer 11
• 21: electromagnetic wave emitting device
• 22: electromagnetic wave receiver

Claims

1. A method for polarizing an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz using a polarizer, the method comprising: a step (a) of preparing the polarizer, whereinthe polarizer comprises: a sapphire single crystalline layer; anda CaxCoO2 crystalline layer, where x is not less than 0.15 and not more than 0.55, the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer,a surface of the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a (100) plane orientation, andthe CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers; anda step (b) of irradiating the polarizer with the electromagnetic wave having a frequency of not less than 0.1 THz and not more than 0.8 THz to output an output wave having only a component parallel to a c-axis direction of the sapphire single crystalline layer.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 9 micrometers.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 4 micrometers.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (b), the sapphire single crystalline layer is irradiated with the electromagnetic wave and the output wave is output from the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (b), the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer is irradiated with the electromagnetic wave and the output wave is output from the sapphire single crystalline layer.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (b), the polarizer is irradiated with the electromagnetic wave travelling along a normal direction of the polarizer.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein in the step (b), the output wave is output from the polarizer along the normal direction of the polarizer.

8. A polarizer comprising: a sapphire single crystalline layer; anda CaxCoO2 crystalline layer, where x is not less than 0.15 and not more than 0.55, wherein:the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer is stacked on the sapphire single crystalline layer,a surface of the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a (100) plane orientation, andthe CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 20 micrometers.

9. The polarizer according to claim 8, wherein the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 9 micrometers.

10. The polarizer according to claim 8, wherein the CaxCoO2 crystalline layer has a thickness of not less than 2 micrometers and not more than 4 micrometers.