Patent Application
20180065205
This application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2016 217 024.4, filed on Sep. 7, 2016, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The invention at hand relates to a method for producing a camshaft. The invention furthermore relates to a camshaft produced according to this method.
When welding drive elements to camshaft tubes, a friction welding method is typically used, which, however, can lead to unwanted welding beads, which necessitate a post-processing. There are many variations of friction welding methods, but they are all based on the same principle, namely that dynamic friction is used in order to convert kinetic energy (commonly rotational movement) into heat. None of the metals is melted at any time during the process, which is why this process falls under the category, which is known as solid state welding. Due to the fact that a liquefying does not occur, these welding processes are resistant to fusion welding defects, such as porosity, slag inclusions, incomplete fusion, insufficient penetration, undercuts, etc.
A solid state welding method for pipelines is known from DE 699 20 770 T2, which combines the respective advantages of induction welding and friction welding.
A welding of two piston parts is known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,620 B2.
The invention at hand deals with the problem of specifying an improved or at least an alternative embodiment, which overcomes in particular the disadvantages known from the prior art, for a production method of a camshaft of the generic type.
According to the invention, this problem is solved by means of the subject matter of the independent claim(s). Advantageous embodiments are the subject matter of the dependent claims.
The invention at hand is based on the general idea of using a combined induction/friction welding method for the first time in a production method of a camshaft comprising at least two metallic components, in order to connect the metallic components of the camshaft to one another. In particular the welding beads, which typically appear in response to the friction welding, can thus be avoided, whereby the post-processing effort resulting therefrom can at least be reduced as well. In addition, the combined induction/friction welding method according to the invention provides the large advantage that, compared to the laser welding, the material selection is not limited to such a large extent.
In the case of an advantageous further development of the invention, a camshaft tube and a drive element, which is arranged on the longitudinal end thereof, are used as components. The method according to the invention thus provides for a quick, cost-efficient and simultaneously high-quality production of camshafts for the first time.
In an advantageous further development of the invention, the combined induction/friction welding method comprises the steps of:
In the alternative, it is also conceivable to apply the induction heater on the outside, so that it encompasses the opposite surfaces, which are to be welded to one another, or surrounds them in a ring-shaped manner, respectively.
The method according to the invention thus comprises a quick heating of the opposite surfaces of the components by means of an induction heater and further a continuous moving of at least one of the components relative to the other component parallel to the opposite planar surfaces, such as, e.g. by rotating one of the components. Finally, the welding method, which is now used for the first time for producing camshafts, comprises a quick bringing together of the opposite component surfaces by means of an axial force, which is significantly lower than the compressing force in response to the common friction welding, while the one component is still moved relative to the other component, in order to solid state weld the opposite surfaces of the components.
In the case of an advantageous further development of the method according to the invention, the latter comprises a heating of the opposite surfaces of the components, which are to be welded, to the hot work temperature by means of an induction heater in less than 30 seconds, in order to limit the heating of the component to the first 1.5 mm or less of the opposite surfaces of the components, which are to be welded. The frequency of the induction heater is preferably 3 kHz or more and more preferably approximately 25 kHz or more.
In the preferred solid state welding method of this invention, the components can be welded to one another in approximately one second, following the heating, wherein the axial force is maintained for approximately five additional seconds. The solid state welding of this invention is thus quicker and much more efficient than friction welding or induction heating and produces reproducible welded connections comprising a high integrity at very low rotational speeds.
In the case of a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the heating and welding steps are carried out in a non-oxidizing atmosphere by flooding the components with a non-oxidizing gas, such as nitrogen, e.g., which significantly improves the resulting welded connection.
As specified above, the improved solid state welding method according to the invention produces an improved welded connection with significant reduction of a loss flash. Where tube-like components are welded to one another by means of common friction welding, the large internal flash, which is produced by means of common friction welding, can also impact the flow of fluids through the components. This invention thus comprises a component, such as, e.g. a camshaft tube and a drive element, comprising opposite planar surfaces, which are welded to one another, comprising a relatively small planar flash, which extends radially from the contact plane of the opposite planar welded surfaces. The flash volume corresponds to a combined loss of length of less than 1.0 axial millimeters per mm of wall thickness. In particular an oil flow can thus be flow-optimized inside the camshaft, for example for lubricating bearing points.
The method of this invention preferably also comprises the enclosing of the welding area and insertion of a protective gas around the surfaces. As specified above, the heating and welding steps are preferably carried out in a non-reactive atmosphere, in order to avoid chemical reaction of the heated abutting surfaces with any of the gases, which are typically present in the earth's atmosphere: Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc., e.g., steel quickly connects to oxygen at elevated temperatures, whereby oxides are produced, which produce defects in the welded connection. Vice versa, nitrogen reacts only slowly with steel and is thus a very useful protective gas. It goes without saying that other protective gases are also conceivable, such as, for example, argon or helium.
In the alternative, harmful gases in the atmosphere can be ruled out for all types of metals by carrying out this solid state welding method in a vacuum. For special metals, harmful gases can be ruled out by precoating the opposite surfaces with a very thin layer of a metallurgically compatible solid barrier substance, which will also not react with the normal components of the earth's atmosphere.
Even though argon is the most logical selection of a protective gas, experimentation has shown that argon causes flashovers in the vicinity of the end of the heating cycle, which can be avoided by using nitrogen.
When the temperature of metals is increased, the mechanical properties thereof gradually become less elastic (and brittle) and more malleable (and viscous), until the melting point is reached, at which any mechanical stability has been lost. The yield strength also decreases as temperatures increase. A material-specific temperature is generally identified as the hot work temperature (THW), which is generally identified as a temperature above the re-crystallization point or as a temperature, which is high enough to avoid cold work hardening. It is assumed that THW for a given metal has every temperature between approximately 50% and 90% of the melting temperature, expressed in absolute terms (i.e. Kelvin or degrees Rankine). Common friction welding uses mechanical friction in order to increase the temperature of two adjoining components to THW, whereby the gliding movement can cause a controlled level of connection between the two components, which results in a strong welded connection. The solid state welding method of this invention uses induction heating in order to increase the abutting surfaces of the components to the hot work temperature.
The method of this invention can be carried out on the basis of any type of friction welding, including flywheel, continuous, orbital and oscillating friction welding.
Further important features and advantages of the invention follow from the subclaims, form the drawings and from the corresponding figure description by means of the drawings.
It goes without saying that the above-mentioned features and the features, which will be discussed below, cannot only be used in the respectively specified combination, but also in other combinations or alone, without leaving the scope of the invention at hand.
Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and will be discussed in detail in the following description, whereby the same reference numerals refer to the same or to similar or functionally identical components.
In each case schematically:
In particular in the case of camshafts 111, this welding burr detail F1 must be removed, which is associated with additional effort or which is disadvantageous, respectively, with regard to notching effect, dirt trap or increased corrosion risk (inner side), respectively. As specified above, the large welding burr volume results from the loss of length in the welding interface as a deterioration of the welded connection strength due to concentration of non-metallic inclusions. The solid state welding method according to the invention thus does not only reduce the material loss and the length during the welding cycle, but also improves the structural integrity.
In
The combined induction/friction welding method according to the invention thereby comprises the following steps:
It is a particular advantage of the production method according to the invention that only a fraction of the axial length is used, whereby a much smaller volume of welded connection burr is generated. In contrast to the previous friction welding methods, the welding method according to the invention does in fact start before the two matching components come into contact. The induction heating phase, which provides the majority of the required welding energy, runs together with the acceleration of the rotating component 10, 11 and ends a few tenth of a second before the contact of the two components 10, 11 takes place. This is necessary in order to ensure retraction of the induction coil 9 between the components 10, 11 and the subsequent closing of the axial gap to the contact.
In the example of the bringing together of two components 10, 11, which are embodied with clean, smooth, straight-cut parallel ends, the induction coil 9 can be arranged between opposite longitudinal ends of the two components 10 and 11, which leaves a small gap 12 and 13 on each side. The induction coil 9 is normally a coil, which is wound once and is formed of hollow rectangular copper pipe in order to allow cooling water to circulate during the induction-heating cycle.
In the alternative, it is also conceivable to attach the induction heater 40 on the outside, so that it encompasses the opposite surfaces, which are to be welded to one another, or surrounds them in a ring-shaped manner, respectively. The induction coil 9 thereby forms a ring, which surrounds the camshaft 111.
The induction coil 9 is connected to a high frequency power supply either by means of flexible power supply cables or in the alternative by means of rotary or sliding joints. The size of the gap 12 and 13 is normally adjusted to the possible minimum value prior to the beginning of the physical contact and/or prior to the flashover between the induction coil 9 and one of the components 10 and 11, either during the heating phase or during the retraction. If the two components 10 and 11 have the same diameter, wall thickness and metallurgy, the induction coil 9 is arranged at the same distance between the opposite ends of the components 10, 11. In uses, where one or a plurality of these three parameters between the two components 10, 11 of the camshaft 111 are different, the equalization of the heat supply to the two components 10, 11 is attained by moving the induction coil 9 closer to the component 10 or 11, which requires the extra heat supply. It is the primary goal of the gap adjustment to ensure that both components 10, 11 reach their respective hot work temperature at the same time. The gap 12, 13 can either be determined and adjusted prior to the start of the induction heating phase or, in the alternative, continuously during the induction heating by means of a non-contact temperature sensor.
The gaps 12 and 13 serve two purposes. First of all, they avoid physical contact between the induction coils 9 and one of the components 10 and 11, which would lead to a contamination of the component surface and an electrical short-circuit of the induction coil 9. In addition, they represent a path for the flow of a protective gas 14, which avoids an unwanted oxidation of the heated ends of the components 10 and 11. Even though nitrogen is preferred in many uses for the above-specified reason, the protective gas can be nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon or other non-oxidizing gases or mixtures thereof, chosen according to the metallurgical requirements and availability at the workplace. On the outer side, the gas is surrounded by a flexible curtain 15, which abuts closely around the outer circumference of each component 10, 11, whereby the gas 14 is forced to flow radially inwards and thus continuously displaces any oxygen away from the released component ends. Provision is furthermore made for allowing a retraction of the induction coil 9, while the flexible curtain 15 is held in position.
The selection of a suitable protective gas 14 depends primarily on the metallurgy of the components 10, 11 and on the high temperature ionization properties of the gas 14. Nitrogen is sufficient for most of the uses, which relate to ferrous compounds and nickel-based alloys. For certain metallurgies, however, a different gas may be necessary, e.g. in the case of titanium compounds. Even though it is preferred to use a suitable protective gas 14, it should be recognized that the components 10, 11 can be protected against harmful gases by alternative and additional methods, such as, e.g. precoating. For this purpose, the opposite surfaces of the components 10, 11 can be precoated directly with a protective barrier substance, such as, e.g., a chloride-based flux material, which preferably rules out hydrogen.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016217024.4 | Sep 2016 | DE | national |
