Patent Application
20120273098
This application claims the priority of German Patent Application, Serial No. 10 2011 002 267.8, filed Apr. 26, 2011, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d), the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein.
The present invention relates to a method for producing a structural sheet metal component for a motor vehicle. The present invention also relates to a structural sheet metal component for a motor vehicle.
The following discussion of related art is provided to assist the reader in understanding the advantages of the invention, and is not to be construed as an admission that this related art is prior art to this invention.
Various forming techniques for producing structural sheet metal components are known in the art. The attainable forming limits are hereby defined by the forming process and the employed material and can be expanded by corresponding heat treatment processes.
For this purpose, heat pre-treatment processes, intermediate heat treatment processes as well as heat post-treatment processes are known, with which on one hand the forming characteristic of the employed material can be expanded, and, on the other hand, the mechanical properties can be specifically reestablished or adjusted after the forming operation. The structural sheet metal components can be produced with particular ease when they are formed directly after solution annealing of the initial state of the aluminum alloy or at a temperature of at least 400° C.
However, the excellent forming characteristic is associated with correspondingly diminished mechanical strength values of the component after forming.
In particular in the construction of the body of motor vehicles, substantial design flexibility in their shape is desired, so that complex formed components representing at least a component of a self-supporting motor vehicle body can be created commensurate with the function or the design requirement. In addition, a large portion of the self-supporting motor vehicle body forms the passenger safety compartment, which in turn requires a high strength in the event of a potential vehicle crash.
It would therefore be desirable and advantageous to obviate prior art shortcomings and to provide an improved method for producing structural sheet metal components made of an aluminum alloy having substantial design flexibility in their shape, without significant deterioration of the strength parameters of the produced structural sheet metal component. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a corresponding structural sheet metal component.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for producing a structural sheet metal component made from an aluminum alloy for a motor vehicle includes providing an aluminum sheet blank in a state T4 or T5 or T6 or T7, heating the aluminum sheet blank to a heating temperature between 100° C. and 450° C., forming the aluminum sheet blank to a structural sheet metal component, and heat post-treatment of the formed structural sheet metal component.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, the structural sheet metal component may be formed of a precipitation-hardenable aluminum alloy
Forming may initially take place directly after heating to the heating temperature. However, the sheet metal blank may also be heated in the tool itself and formed directly. Alternatively, the aluminum sheet metal blank is after being heated to the heating temperature first cooled down in air or quenched with a medium, and is subsequently cold-formed in a tool.
The designation T4, T5, T6 or T7 refers to heat-treated states of an aluminum alloy according to DIN EN 515. The state T4 hereby indicates that the aluminum sheet metal blank is solution-annealed and naturally aged. The state 15 indicates that the aluminum sheet metal blank is quenched from the hot-forming temperature and tempered. T6 indicates that the sheet metal blank is solution-annealed and tempered, and T7 indicates that the sheet metal blank is solution-annealed and over-aged.
The method according to the invention allows the production of parts with a complex shape, which could not be produced without heating the blank, because an increase in the temperature significantly improves the forming characteristic of hardenable wrought aluminum alloys. The mechanical properties, in particular the strength characteristics at the end of the method according to the invention, are approximately equal to the mechanical strength characteristics of the aluminum sheet metal blanks in their initial state. According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, the heat post-treatment of the formed structural sheet metal component does not include a solution-annealing treatment, i.e. no heat post-treatment above 450° C., which in turn additionally saves energy and time in the production of a structural sheet metal component according to the invention. According to another advantageous feature of the present invention, distortion of the component is prevented or the use of an additional holding device becomes unnecessary by eliminating a solution annealing treatment with subsequent quenching.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, heating to the heating temperature may be performed in less than 60 minutes, preferably in less than 30 minutes, and in particular preferred embodiment in less than 10 minutes, so that very short cycle times in the production of the structural sheet metal components according to the invention can be selected. In addition, considerable energy savings are achieved with the very short heat pre-treatment. This makes the entire production process significantly more cost-effective.
At least with the alloys in the state T4, heating is advantageously performed to more than 250° C., and with the alloys in the state T6 to more than 300° C.; comparison experiments have demonstrated that mechanical parameters for these alloys comparable with the initial state could otherwise not be obtained.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, heating may be performed resistively, convectively, conductively and/or inductively and/or with heat radiation and/or with heat conduction. For example, heating may be performed in an oven with a combination of convection and heat radiation. Inductive heating can be performed with induction heat generators. For example, partial heating may be performed with inductive heating or completely in an oven, depending on the requirement. The heating method in turn depends on the size of the employed sheet metal blank.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, heating may be performed for less than 10 minutes, in particular for less than 1 minute and in a particularly preferred embodiment within less than 15 seconds. However, heating may at least be performed for a fraction of a second, for example in 0.1 seconds, in particular in 0.5 seconds, and most particular in 1 second or less. According to another advantageous feature of the present invention, a holding time of the temperature may follow after the heating time. Advantageously, the component may be held at the heating temperature for less than 5 minutes, in particular for less than 3 minutes, before being transferred to the forming tool. With heating being performed relatively slowly over about 5 to 10 minutes, a holding time before transfer to the forming tool may be completely eliminated. Advantageously, this type of heating may be performed in a continuous oven, wherein a substitution for holding already occurs during passage through the continuous oven due to the slow heating.
According to another advantageous feature of the present invention, heating may also be performed by thermal radiation, for example with infrared heating or heating with a heat jet, for example by a hot air blower or a microwave heating. Within the context of the invention, heating by heat conduction would also be feasible, whereby heating may be performed by heat conduction through direct contact with a hot plate or with a heater, for example in a forming tool or in a pre-heating tool.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, the aluminum sheet metal blank may be formed without active cooling after heating. The heating temperature is hereby only marginally reduced through cooling in air during the intermediate transfer from the heating station to the forming tool. The heat loss is hereby preferably less than 50° C., in particular less than 40° C. and particularly preferred less than 30° C. Eliminating the cooling process again saves energy and production time.
According to yet another advantageous feature of the present invention, the aluminum sheet metal blank, after being heated to the heating temperature, may be passively cooled by the ambient air at room temperature and/or the heated aluminum sheet metal blank may be actively cooled, wherein active cooling may advantageously be performed through contact with a medium and forming is performed after cooling. Forming in the forming tool itself may, for example, be performed as cold-forming. Advantageously, forming may take place at a component temperature of less than 150° C., in particular less of than 120° C. and in a particularly preferred embodiment of less than 100° C. Alternatively or in addition, quenching may be performed exclusively or additionally by blowing with gas, in particular air.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, active cooling may performed by quenching, preferably by quenching in and/or with water. Within the context of the invention, the heated aluminum sheet metal blank may be fully immersed in a cooling basin or wetted and/or sprayed with water. Quenching generally refers to direct contact with the water or with an aqueous solution.
Rapid cooling may be necessary with aluminum alloys having an increased copper fraction to ensure that the (partially) oversaturated structure of the preceding heat treatment is frozen. Advantageously, cooling speeds may be set to more than 100° C./s, preferably to more than 250° C./s, and in a particularly preferred embodiment to more than 400° C./s.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, the heat treatment of the formed structural sheet metal component may be performed as precipitation hardening. Precipitation hardening is a heat treatment for increasing the hardness and strength of alloys. The method is based on precipitating metastable phases in finely distributed form, so that these phases form an effective barrier against the movement of dislocations. The yield strength of metals can hereby be significantly increased. Precipitation hardening represents the most important approach for increasing the strength of hardenable aluminum alloys, because aluminum alloys cannot be hardened through the formation of martensite.
Precipitation hardening within the context of the invention refers to natural aging or tempering or a combination of natural aging and tempering. In the course of experiments, the applicant observed the surprising result that the initial strength can be obtained by entirely eliminating solution annealing through specific control of the aging processes according to the characterizing part of the method claim, without a significant deterioration of the mechanical properties compared to normal process of precipitation hardening.
Natural aging with aluminum alloys may be performed, for example, by subsequent quenching following a heat treatment. Quenching suppresses the typical precipitation of alloy elements during slow cooling. The alloy elements are in an oversaturated environment.
Quenching may be followed by natural aging, preferably at room temperature. The process is based on the fact that the aluminum lattice attempts to precipitate the alloy element in solution. This produces zones rich of the alloy element, which more strongly block the slip plane of the structure. Natural aging is normally terminated only after several weeks or even months. By increasing the temperature above room temperature, preferably 30° C. to 40° C., in particular 35° C., this process may be accelerated, whereby cooling below room temperature delays natural aging.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, natural aging may be performed after forming and quenching preferably at room temperature for less than 251 hrs, and a heat treatment is performed at 70° C. to 120° C. for 5 to 15 hours.
According to another advantageous feature of the present invention, the combination of natural aging and tempering may be performed in multiple steps; in particular the tempering may be performed in two steps. The heat treatment following the natural aging is performed in two steps, wherein a second heat treatment between 12 and 24 hours at 100° C. to 200° C. is performed after the aforementioned first heat post-treatment for 5 to 15 hours at 70° C. to 120° C.
According to another advantageous feature of the present invention, only tempering may be performed, wherein a first step is performed starting at room temperature for 5 to 15 hours between 70° C. to 120° C., and thereafter a second step for 12 to 24 hours at 100° C. to 200° C.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, the method according to the invention may be used with metal sheets having a sheet thickness between 0.1 and 15 mm, preferably between 0.5 and 10 mm. In this way, the various heat treatment steps fully penetrate the employed material, thus adjusting a fully homogeneous desired structure.
According to an advantageous feature of the present invention, an aluminum alloy is used, wherein the aluminum alloy may have at least the following alloy elements, expressed in weight-percent;
A structural sheet metal component for a motor vehicle can be produced with the method of the invention, wherein the sheet metal component with excellent design degrees of freedom and simultaneously high strength values is produced from a hardenable aluminum alloy.
Advantageously, with the method according to the invention, components may be produced having a tensile strength of at least 300 MPa and a yield strength of at least 250 MPa at an elongation at break of at least 12%; preferably, a yield strength of more than 300 MPa at an elongation at break of more than 14% may be attained.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent upon reading the following description of currently preferred exemplified embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
Throughout all the figures, same or corresponding elements may generally be indicated by same reference numerals. These depicted embodiments are to be understood as illustrative of the invention and not as limiting in any way. It should also be understood that the figures are not necessarily to scale and that the embodiments are sometimes illustrated by graphic symbols, phantom lines, diagrammatic representations and fragmentary views. In certain instances, details which are not necessary for an understanding of the present invention or which render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted.
Turning now to the drawing, and in particular to
Thereafter, another transfer to a forming station 13 takes place, which is illustrated at the position C in
The workpiece is then removed from the forming tool at the position C and transported to the position D. This corresponds to storage at room temperature RT, so that the formed sheet metal blanks can be naturally aged. This is preferably done at room temperature RT, in particular for duration of about 80 hours. The component is then transferred from the storage position D to the position E. The position E includes a first oven 14 in which an active aging process is performed, in particular in the illustrated example at about 90° C. for a duration of 10 hours. Following the first oven 14 at the position E, the workpiece is transferred to a second oven 15 in the region of the position F, where a second tempering step at a particularly preferred temperature of about 150° C. takes place for a particularly preferred duration of 18 hours. The first and the second oven 14, 16 may also be a dual-zone oven through which the component passes for the duration of the tempering. The illustration of the method according to the invention of
The process variants described above with reference to the figures, in particular the process variants illustrated in
In addition, the components have an elongation at break of at least 12%. Particularly preferred, a yield strength of more than 300 MPa at an elongation at break of more than 14% is attained. The aforementioned values have limit values of 500 MPa and 20%.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in connection with currently preferred embodiments shown and described in detail, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and practical application to thereby enable a person skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims and includes equivalents of the elements recited therein:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2011 002 267.8 | Apr 2011 | DE | national |
