Method for producing alkoxylated phosphoric acid triesters

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing phosphoric acid triesters of formula (I). According to said method, phosphoric acid or a phosphoric acid derivative selected from orthophosphoric acid, tetraphosphoric decaoxide and polyphosphoric acid is reacted with alkoxylated alcohols of formulae (II) R1—(OA1)x—OH, (III) R2—(OA2)y—OH, and (IV) R3—(OA3)z—OH, in the molar ratio phosphoric acid or phosphoric acid derivative to alkoxylated alcohol of 1:2.5 to 1:3.3, at between 200 and 240° C.

Description

The invention relates to a process for preparing phosphoric triesters from phosphoric acid or chlorine-free phosphoric acid derivatives and alkoxylated fatty alcohols.

Phosphoric triesters are unobjectionable from the standpoints of toxicology and ecotoxicology, are skin-kind by virtue of their neutral pH levels, and are highly suitable for use as thickeners in cosmetic formulations.

Alkyl- and alkenylphosphoric esters are typically prepared by condensing fatty alcohols with diphosphorus pentoxide or orthophosphoric acid, giving mixtures of mono-/di-/triester, with a major fraction of monoester and diester.

JP 09-268193 describes a method of preparing phosphoric triesters by reacting phosphorus oxychloride with a fatty alcohol or an alkoxylated fatty alcohol in the presence of a catalyst selected from TiCl₄, MgCl₂ or AlCl₃. The disadvantage of this preparation process is that HCl is formed, which is removable only with great effort. Phosphoric triesters with chlorine-containing impurities, however, are unsuitable for use in cosmetic formulations.

The object was therefore to provide a process for preparing phosphoric triesters that allows access to chlorine-free phosphoric triesters, preferably with a triester fraction of more than 80% by weight.

It has been found, surprisingly, that this object is achieved by means of a process for preparing phosphoric triesters, distinguished by the reaction of phosphoric acid or chlorine-free phosphoric acid derivatives, more particularly with the exception of phosphorus oxychlorides, with alkoxylated fatty alcohols at temperatures in the range from 200 to 240° C.

The present invention accordingly provides a process for preparing phosphoric triesters of the formula (I)

in which

R₁, R₂ and R₃ may be alike or different and are a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having 6 to 30, preferably 8 to 22, and more preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a linear or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl group having 6 to 30, preferably 8 to 22 and more preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aryl group, more particularly a phenyl group, which may be substituted by 1 to 3 branched alkyl groups each independently of one another containing 3 to 18 and preferably 4 to 12 carbon atoms,

the individual groups (OA₁)_x, (A₂O)_y and (A₃O)_z in each case independently of one another are composed of units selected from CH₂CH₂O, C₃H₆O and C₄H₈O it being possible for the units CH₂CH₂O, C₃H₆O and C₄H₈O within the individual groups (OA₁)_x, (A₂O)_y and (A₃O)_z to be in blockwise or randomly distributed arrangement, and

x, y and z each independently of one another are a number from 10 to 150, preferably from 25 to 120, more preferably from 40 to 120, and with particular preference from 51 to 100,

which comprises

• a) reacting phosphoric acid or a phosphoric acid derivative selected from orthophosphoric acid, tetraphosphorus decaoxide, and polyphosphoric acid with alkoxylated alcohols of the formula (II), (III) and (IV)R₁—(OA₁)_x—OH  formula (II)R₂—(OA₂)_y—OH  formula (III)R₃—(OA₃)_z—OH  formula (IV)
  • where R₁, R₂, R₃, (OA₁)_x, (A₂O)_y and (A₃O)_z possess the definitions stated in formula (I),
• b) in a molar ratio of phosphoric acid or phosphoric acid derivative to alkoxylated alcohol of 1:2.5 to 1:3.3,
• c) at 200 to 240° C., preferably at 220 to 230° C.

The alkoxylated alcohols of the formulae (II), (III) and (IV) may be alike or different.

It is preferred to use orthophosphoric acid as reactant.

With further preference use is made as alkoxylated alcohols of the formulae (II), (III) and (IV), which may be alike or different, of fatty alcohol ethoxylates, preferably fatty alcohol ethoxylates having 25 to 150 EO units (EO=CH₂CH₂O), more preferably having 40 to 120 EO units, and with particular preference having 51 to 100 EO units, the respective fatty alcohol residue R₁O—, R₂O— and R₃O— being derived from alcohols selected from octanol, decanol, dodecanol, tetradecanol, hexadecanol, octadecanol, eicosanol, behenyl alcohol, fatty alcohols with C-chain cuts between 8 and 22, preferably C₁₀/C₁₂ fatty alcohol, C₁₂/C₁₄ fatty alcohol, C₁₂/C₁₅ fatty alcohol, and C₁₆/C₁₈ fatty alcohol, branched fatty alcohols, preferably Guerbet alcohols, and monounsaturated fatty alcohols, preferably delta-9-cis-hexadecanol, delta-9-cis-octadecanol, trans-9-octadecanol and cis-delta-11-octadecanol.

With particular preference the alkoxylated alcohols of the formulae (II), (III) and (IV) are alike or different and are selected from C_16/18 fatty alcohol ethoxylates having 10 to 150 ethylene oxide units, preferably having 25 to 120 ethylene oxide units, more preferably C_16/18 fatty alcohol ethoxylate having 25 ethylene oxide units, C_16/18 fatty alcohol ethoxylate having 50 ethylene oxide units or C_16/18 fatty alcohol ethoxylate having 80 ethylene oxide units.

Further-preferred alkoxylated alcohols of the formulae (II), (III) and (IV), which may be alike or different, are fatty alcohol ethoxypropoxylates, preferably fatty alcohol ethoxypropoxylates having 25 to 149 CH₂CH₂O units (EO) and 1 to 20 C₃H₆O units (PO), more preferably having 40 to 120 EO and 2 to 10 PO units, and with particular preference having 51 to 100 EO and 2 to 5 PO units, the fatty alcohol residues being derived from the abovementioned fatty alcohols.

With further preference the process of the invention is performed such that the molar ratio of phosphoric acid or phosphoric acid derivative to alkoxylated alcohol is 1:3.

With further preference, the process of the invention is carried out without use of a solvent.

With further preference the process of the invention is carried out in the absence of a catalyst.

The phosphoric triesters of the formula (I) are pale in color and have iodine color numbers of <5, preferably <2.

Further provided by the present invention are phosphoric esters of the formula (I) obtainable by the process of the invention.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention the phosphoric esters of the formula (I) that are obtainable by the process of the invention are chlorine-free. This means in particular that these phosphoric esters of the formula (I) obtainable by the process of the invention contain no chlorine impurities.

The degree of conversion in the esterification is preferably >80.0%, i.e. more than 80.0% of all the esterifiable functions of the phosphoric acid or of the phosphoric acid derivatives are esterified. Particular preference is given to a degree of conversion >90.0%, with particular preference >95.0%.

Accordingly, the reaction products obtained by the process of the invention are, in particular, mixtures of phosphoric esters, the fraction of phosphoric triester being preferably more than 80.0% by weight and more preferably ±85.0% by weight, based on the phosphoric ester mixture.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the phosphoric esters of the formula (I) that are obtainable by the process of the invention are present in a mixture of one or more phosphoric esters of the formula (V)

in which

R₁ is a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having 6 to 30, preferably 8 to 22, and more preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, a linear or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl group having 6 to 30, preferably 8 to 22 and more preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aryl group, more particularly a phenyl group, which may be substituted by 1 to 3 branched alkyl groups, each independently of one another containing 3 to 18 and preferably 4 to 12 carbon atoms,

R₄ is H, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Al⁺⁺⁺, NH₄⁺ or quaternary ammonium ions [HNR^aR^bR^c]⁺ in which R^a, R^b and R^c independently of one another are hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, a linear or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl group having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, a linear mono-hydroxy alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably a mono-hydroxyethyl or mono-hydroxypropyl group, or a linear or branched di-hydroxyalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

R₅ possesses the definition of R₁ or R₄,

the individual groups (OA₁)_x and (A₂O)_w in each case independently of one another are composed of units selected from CH₂CH₂O, C₃H₆O and C₄H₈O it being possible for the units CH₂CH₂O, C₃H₆O and C₄H₈O within the individual groups (OA₁)_x and (A₂O)_w to be in blockwise or randomly distributed arrangement,

x is a number from 10 to 150, preferably from 25 to 120, more preferably from 40 to 120 and with particular preference from 51 to 100,

w is 0 or a number from 10 to 150, preferably from 25 to 120, more preferably from 40 to 120 and with particular preference from 51 to 100, and

the amount of the phosphoric triesters of the formula (I) is greater than 80.0% by weight and preferably ≧85.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the phosphoric esters of formula (I) and formula (V), and the degree of neutralization of the unesterified phosphorus valences (P—OH) in the phosphoric esters of formula (V) can be between 0 and 100%.

The remaining free valences on the phosphorus atom may be acid groups, or else counterions, selected from Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Al⁺⁺⁺, NH₄⁺, or quaternary ammonium ions [HNR^aR^bR^c]⁺ in which R^a, R^b and R^c independently of one another are hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, a linear or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl group having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, a linear mono-hydroxy alkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably a mono-hydroxyethyl or mono-hydroxypropyl group, and a linear or branched di-hydroxyalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

The degree of neutralization of the unsubstituted phosphorus valences (P—OH) may be between 0% and 100%.

In one preferred embodiment the phosphoric esters of the formula (V) are neutralized, with a degree of neutralization of 0-20.0%.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the phosphoric esters of the formula (V) are neutralized, with a degree of neutralization of 20.1-100%.

According to the process of the invention it is possible, in addition to the phosphoric triesters of the formula (I) to obtain one or more phosphoric esters of the formula (V) in which R⁵ possesses the definition of R⁴, and w is 0. These compounds are mono-phosphoric esters, which are present preferably in amounts <3.0%, more preferably <1.0%, and with particular preference <0.1%, by weight, based on the total weight of the phosphoric esters of formula (I) and (V). In the mono-phosphoric esters it is possible for R⁴ and R⁵ to be alike or different.

According to the process of the invention it is possible, in addition to the phosphoric triesters of the formula (I) to obtain phosphoric esters of the formula (V) in which R₅ possesses the definition of R₁, and w is a number from 10 to 150, preferably from 25 to 120, more preferably from 40 to 120, and with particular preference from 51 to 100. These compounds are di-phosphoric esters, which are present preferably in amounts from 5.0% to 19.0%, more preferably from 10.0% to 17.0%, and with particular preference from 11.0% to 15.0%, by weight based on the total weight of the phosphoric esters of formula (I) and (V). In the di-phosphoric esters the radicals R¹ and R⁵ may be alike or different.

The following examples and applications are intended to elucidate the invention in more detail, but without restricting it to them. All percentages are weight % (% by weight).

Preparation Examples, General Operational Instructions

In the preparation of the phosphoric esters of the invention, phosphoric acid (85% strength), and fatty alcohol ethoxylate are used in a defined molar ratio. For this purpose, all of the reactants are charged to a stirred apparatus with heating mantle, water separator with condenser, and vacuum connection. The mixture is heated to 100° C., evacuated three times to 100 mbar and then re-ventilated with nitrogen. After a further four hours of inertizing (introduction of nitrogen 20 liters/hour) at 100° C., the batch is heated, with introduction of nitrogen, to 230° C. and esterified (water discharge). The reaction times are 24 to 42 hours (reckoned for an esterification temperature of 230° C. upward), more particularly 40 hours. The residual acid number at this point is <3 mg KOH/g. This corresponds to a conversion of approximately 93% to 96% (based on initial acid number). After the end of the reaction, the product is cooled to 80° C., poured out into a tray, and the solidified melt is comminuted.

EXAMPLE 1

Ester formed from 17.3 g of phosphoric acid and 666.0 g of ceteareth-25 (C_16/18 fatty alcohol+25 mol of ethylene oxide) in a molar ratio of 1:3, residual acid number 1.7 mg KOH/g (95% conversion), ³¹P-NMR: diester/triester=11/89 mol %

EXAMPLE 2

Ester formed from 12.7 g of phosphoric acid and 701.3 g of ceteareth-50 (C_16/18 fatty alcohol+50 mol of ethylene oxide) in a molar ratio of 1:3, residual acid number 0.8 mg KOH/g (97% conversion), ³¹P-NMR: diester/triester=13/87 mol %

EXAMPLE 3

Ester formed from 11.4 g of phosphoric acid and 935.1 g of ceteareth-80 (C_16/18 fatty alcohol+80 mol of ethylene oxide) in a molar ratio of 1:3, residual acid number 0.8 mg KOH/g (96% conversion), ³¹P-NMR: diester/triester=15/85 mol %

Claims

1. A phosphoric ester of the formula (I)

2. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, which is chlorine-free.

3. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 may be alike or different and are a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having 8 to 22 carbon atoms.

4. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 may be alike or different and are a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms.

5. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 may be alike or different and are a linear or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl group having 8 to 22 carbon atoms.

6. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1, R2 and R3 may be alike or different and are a linear or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl group having 12 to 18 carbon atoms.

7. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, wherein x, y and z each independently of one another are a number from 40 to 120.

8. The phosphoric ester as claimed in claim 1, wherein x, y and z each independently of one another are a number from 51 to 100.