Patent Application
20090187016
The present invention describes a process for preparing cellulose acetals by reacting cellulose with a vinyl ether in an ionic liquid, and also novel cellulose acetals.
Cellulose is the most important renewable raw material and represents an important starting material for, for example, the textile, paper and nonwovens industries. It also serves as raw material for derivatives and modifications of cellulose, including cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose esters based on organic acids, e.g. cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, and cellulose esters based on inorganic acids, e.g. cellulose nitrate, and others. These derivatives and modifications have many uses, for example in the textile, food, building and surface coatings industry. Cellulose acetate is of particular interest here. It is still desirable to provide further derivatives of cellulose in order to satisfy the requirements of the above industries.
It is known from J. Polymer Science, 51 173 (1961) (T. Fujimura et al.) that cellulose fibers can be treated with glyoxal or glutaraldehyde to form hemiacetals and acetals. In this method, the cellulose fibers are introduced into a bath comprising the dialdehyde. This process is thus a heterogeneous reaction which is greatly affected by the quality of the cellulose fibers used and increased hemiacetal and acetal formation occurs at the surface of the cellulose compared to the core of the fiber, if any hemiacetalization/acetalization takes place there at all.
It is, however, desirable to provide “homogeneous” acetalized cellulose which is not crosslinked and is soluble in customary organic solvents such as ethers, esters, ketones, alcohols or hydrocarbons.
This object is achieved by dissolving cellulose in an ionic liquid and reacting it with a vinyl ether. Furthermore, novel cellulose acetals have been found.
For the purposes of the present invention, ionic liquids are preferably
(A) salts of the general formula (I)
[A]n+[Y]n− (I),
[A1]+[A2]+[Y]n− (IIa), where n=2;
[A1]+[A2]+[A3]+[Y]n− (IIb), where n=3; or
[A1]+[A2]+[A3]+[A4]+[Y]n− (IIc), where n=4,
The ionic liquids preferably have a melting point of less than 180° C. The melting point is particularly preferably in the range from −50° C. to 150° C., in particular in the range from −20° C. to 120° C. and extraordinarily preferably below 100° C.
The ionic liquids used according to the invention are organic compounds, i.e. at least one cation or anion of the ionic liquid comprises an organic radical.
Compounds suitable for the formation of the cation [A]+ of ionic liquids are known, for example, from DE 102 02 838 A1. Thus, such compounds can comprise oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur or in particular nitrogen atoms, for example at least one nitrogen atom, preferably from 1 to 10 nitrogen atoms, particularly preferably from 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, very particularly preferably from 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms and in particular 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms. If appropriate, further heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atoms can also be comprised. The nitrogen atom is a suitable carrier of the positive charge in the cation of the ionic liquid, from which a proton or an alkyl radical can then go over in equilibrium to the anion to produce an electrically neutral molecule.
If the nitrogen atom is the carrier of the positive charge in the cation of the ionic liquid, a cation can firstly be produced by quaternization of the nitrogen atom of, for instance, an amine or nitrogen heterocycle in the synthesis of the ionic liquids. Quaternization can be effected by alkylation of the nitrogen atom. Depending on the alkylation reagent used, salts having different anions are obtained. In cases in which it is not possible to form the desired anion in the quaternization itself, this can be brought about in a further step of the synthesis. Starting from, for example, an ammonium halide, the halide can be reacted with a Lewis acid, forming a complex anion from the halide and Lewis acid. As an alternative, replacement of a halide ion by the desired anion is possible. This can be achieved by addition of a metal salt with precipitation of the metal halide formed, by means of an ion exchanger or by displacement of the halide ion by a strong acid (with liberation of the hydrogen halide). Suitable methods are described, for example, in Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, pp. 3926-3945, and the references cited therein.
Suitable alkyl radicals by means of which the nitrogen atom in the amines or nitrogen heterocycles can, for example, be quaternized are C1-C18alkyl, preferably C1-C10-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C6-alkyl and very particularly preferably methyl. The alkyl group can be unsubstituted or have one or more identical or different substituents.
Preference is given to compounds which comprise at least one five- or six-membered heterocycle, in particular a five-membered heterocycle, which has at least one nitrogen atom and also, if appropriate, an oxygen or sulfur atom. Particular preference is likewise given to compounds which comprise at least one five- or six-membered heterocycle which has one, two or three nitrogen atoms and a sulfur or oxygen atom, very particularly preferably compounds having two nitrogen atoms. Further preference is given to aromatic heterocycles.
Particularly preferred compounds have a molecular weight below 1000 g/mol, very particularly preferably below 500 g/mol and in particular below 350 g/mol.
Furthermore, preference is given to cations selected from among the compounds of the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIw),
and oligomers comprising these structures.
Further suitable cations are compounds of the general formulae (IIIx) and (IIIy)
and oligomers comprising these structures.
In the abovementioned formulae (IIIa) to (IIIy),
In the definitions of the radicals R and R1 to R9, possible heteroatoms are in principle all heteroatoms which are able to formally replace a —CH2— group, a —CH═ group, a —C≡ group or a ═C═ group. If the carbon-comprising radical comprises heteroatoms, then oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and silicon are preferred. Preferred groups are, in particular, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2—, —NR′—, —N═, —PR′—, —PR′3 and —SiR′2—, where the radicals R′ are the remaining part of the carbon-comprising radical. In the cases in which the radicals R1 to R9 are bound to a carbon atom (and not a heteroatom) in the abovementioned formulae (III), they can also be bound directly via the heteroatom.
Suitable functional groups are in principle all functional groups which can be bound to a carbon atom or a heteroatom and do not react with vinyl ethers. Suitable examples are ═O (in particular as carbonyl group), —NR2′, ═NR′, and —CN (cyano). Functional groups and heteroatoms can also be directly adjacent, so that combinations of a plurality of adjacent atoms, for instance —O— (ether), —S-(thioether), —COO— (ester) or —CONR′-(tertiary amide), are also comprised, for example di-(C1-C4-alkyl)amino, C1-C4-alkyloxycarbonyl or C1-C4-alkyloxy. The radicals R′ are the remaining part of the carbon-comprising radical.
As halogens, mention may be made of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
The radical R is preferably
The radical R is particularly preferably unbranched and unsubstituted C1-C18-alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-octadecyl, 1-propen-3-yl, in particular methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl and 1-octyl, or CH3O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2— and CH3CH2O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2— where m is 0 to 3.
Preference is given to the radicals R1 to R9 each being, independently of one another,
C1-C18-alkyl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is preferably methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-2-propyl (tert-butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethyl-pentyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-nonyl, 1-decyl, 1-undecyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tridecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-pentadecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-heptadecyl, 1-octadecyl, cyclopentyl-methyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl, 3-cyclopentylpropyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 2-cyclohexylethyl, 3-cyclohexylpropyl, benzyl (phenylmethyl), diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl), triphenyl-methyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, p-tolyl-methyl, 1-(p-butylphenyl)ethyl, p-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, m-ethoxybenzyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanopropyl, 2-methoxycarbonylethyl, 2-ethoxy-carbonylethyl, 2-butoxycarbonylpropyl, 1,2-di-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, formyl, 1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, 6-dimethylaminohexyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 2-phenoxypropyl, 3-phenoxypropyl, 4-phenoxybutyl, 6-phenoxyhexyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 6-methoxyhexyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl, 6-ethoxyhexyl, acetyl, CmF2(m−a)+(1−b)H2a+b where m is from 1 to 30, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1 (for example CF3, C2F5, CH2CH2—C(m−2)F2(m−2)+1, C6F13, C8F17, C10F21, C12F25), chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, trichloromethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl, methoxymethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, diethoxymethyl, diethoxyethyl, 2-isopropoxyethyl, 2-butoxypropyl, 2-octyloxyethyl, 2-methoxyisopropyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(n-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, butylthiomethyl, 2-dodecylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-methoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-dioxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.
C2-C18-alkenyl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles and/or be interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups is preferably vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, cis-2-butenyl, trans-2-butenyl or CmF2(m−a)−(1−b)H2a−b where m≦30, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1.
C6-C12-aryl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is preferably phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, β-naphthyl, α-naphthyl, 4-diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichloro-phenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, isopropylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chloronaphthyl, ethoxynaphthyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl, ethoxymethylphenyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl or C6F(5−a)Ha where 0≦a≦5.
C5-C12-cycloalkyl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthiocyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl, CmF2(m−a)−(1−b)H2a−b where m≦30, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1, or a saturated or unsaturated bicyclic system such as norbornyl or norbornenyl.
C5- to C12-cycloalkenyl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is preferably 3-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, 2,5-cyclohexadienyl or CnF2(m−a)−3(1−b)H2a−3b where m≦30, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1.
A five- or six-membered, oxygen-, nitrogen- and/or sulfur-comprising heterocycle which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is preferably furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl or difluoropyridyl.
If two adjacent radicals together form an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic ring which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles and may optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, they preferably form 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,5-pentylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propenylene, 3-oxa-1,5-pentylene, 1-aza-1,3-propenylene, 1-C1-C4-alkyl-1-aza-1,3-propenylene, 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene, 1-aza-1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene or 2-aza-1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene.
If the abovementioned radicals comprise oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, the number of oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or imino groups is not subject to any restrictions. In general, there will be no more than 5 in the radical, preferably no more than 4 and very particularly preferably no more than 3.
If the abovementioned radicals comprise heteroatoms, there is generally at least one carbon atom, preferably at least two carbon atoms, between any two heteroatoms.
Particular preference is given to the radicals R1 to R9 each being, independently of one another,
Very particular preference is given to the radicals R1 to R9 each being, independently of one another, hydrogen or C1-C18-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, phenyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-(n-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, chlorine or CH3O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2— and CH3CH2O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2— where m is from 0 to 3.
Very particularly preferred pyridinium ions (IIIa) are those in which
As very particularly preferred pyridinium ions (IIIa), mention may be made of 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)pyridinium, 1,2-dimethylpyridinium, 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethylpyridinium, 1,2-diethylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1,2-dimethyl-5-ethylpyridinium, 1,5-diethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium and 1-(1-octyl)-2-methyl-3-ethyl-pyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium and 1-(1-hexadecyl)-2-methyl-3-ethyl-pyridinium.
Very particularly preferred pyridazinium ions (IIIb) are those in which
Very particularly preferred pyridinium ions (IIIc) are those in which
Very particularly preferred pyrazinium ions (IIId) are those in which
Very particularly preferred imidazolium ions (Ille) are those in which
As very particularly preferred imidazolium ions (IIIe), mention may be made of 1-methylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)imidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-butylimidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)-3-butylimidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-3-butylimidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-3-octylimidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-3-butylimidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-3-octylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-3-butylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-3-octylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethylimidazolium, 1,3,4-trimethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-octylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethylimidazolium, 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-butylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-octylimidazolium and 1-(prop-1-en-3-yl)-3-methylimidazolium.
Very particularly preferred pyrazolium ions (IIIf), (IIIg) and (IIIg′) are those in which
Very particularly preferred pyrazolium ions (IIIh) are those in which
Very particularly preferred 1-pyrazolinium ions (IIIi) are those in which
Very particularly preferred 2-pyrazolinium ions (IIIj) and (IIIj′) are those in which
Very particularly preferred 3-pyrazolinium ions (IIIk) and (IIIk′) are those in which
Very particularly preferred imidazolinium ions (IIIl) are those in which
Very particularly preferred imidazolinium ions (IIIm) and (IIIm′) are those in which
Very particularly preferred imidazolinium ions (IIIn) and (IIIn′) are those in which
Very particularly preferred thiazolium ions (IIIo) and (IIIo′) and oxazolium ions (IIIp) are those in which
Very particularly preferred 1,2,4-triazolium ions (IIIq), (IIIq′) and (IIIq″) are those in which
Very particularly preferred 1,2,3-triazolium ions (IIIr), (IIIr′) and (IIIr″) are those in which
Very particularly preferred pyrrolidinium ions (IIIs) are those in which
Very particularly preferred imidazolidinium ions (IIIt) are those in which
Very particularly preferred ammonium ions (IIIu) are those in which
As very particularly preferred ammonium ions (IIIu), mention may be made of methyl-tri-(1-butyl)ammonium, N,N-dimethylpiperidinium and N,N-dimethylmorpholinium.
Examples of tertiary amines from which the quaternary ammonium ions of the general formula (IIIu) are derived by quaternization with the radicals R mentioned are diethyl-n-butylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diethyl-n-pentylamine, diethyl-hexylamine, diethyloctylamine, diethyl(2-ethylhexyl)amine, di-n-propylbutylamine, di-n-propyl-n-pentylamine, di-n-propylhexylamine, di-n-propyloctylamine, di-n-propyl(2-ethylhexyl)amine, diisopropylethylamine, diisopropyl-n-propylamine, diisopropyl-butylamine, diisopropylpentylamine, diisopropylhexylamine, diisopropyloctylamine, diisopropyl(2-ethylhexyl)amine, di-n-butylethylamine, di-n-butyl-n-propylamine, di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine, di-n-butylhexylamine, di-n-butyloctylamine, di-n-butyl(2-ethyl-hexyl)amine, N-n-butylpyrrolidine, N-sec-butylpyrrolidine, N-tert-butylpyrrolidine, N-n-pentylpyrrolidine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, N,N-diethylcyclohexylamine, N,N-di-n-butylcyclohexylamine, N-n-propylpiperidine, N-isopropylpiperidine, N-n-butylpiperidine, N-sec-butylpiperidine, N-tert-butylpiperidine, N-n-pentylpiperidine, N-n-butylmorpholine, N-sec-butylmorpholine, N-tert-butylmorpholine, N-n-pentylmorpholine, N-benzyl-N-ethylaniline, N-benzyl-N-n-propylaniline, N-benzyl-N-isopropylaniline, N-benzyl-N-n-butylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-p-toluidine, N,N-di-n-butyl-p-toluidine, diethylbenzylamine, di-n-propylbenzylamine, di-n-butylbenzylamine, diethylphenylamine, di-n-Propylphenylamine and di-n-butylphenylamine.
Preferred quaternary ammonium ions of the general formula (IIIu) are those which can be derived from the following tertiary amines by quaternization by means of the radicals R mentioned, e.g. diisopropylethylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diisopropylbutylamine, di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine, N,N-di-n-butylcyclohexylamine and tertiary amines derived from pentyl isomers.
Particularly preferred tertiary amines are di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine and tertiary amines derived from pentyl isomers. A further preferred tertiary amine which has three identical radicals is triallylamine.
Very particularly preferred guanidinium ions (IIIv)′ are those in which
As a very particularly preferred guanidinium ion (IIIv), mention may be made of N,N,N′,N′, N″, N″-hexamethylguanidinium.
Very particularly preferred cholinium ions (IIIw) are those in which
Particularly preferred cholinium ions (IIIw) are those in which R3 is selected from among methyl, ethyl, acetyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-methoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl and 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.
Very particularly preferred phosphonium ions (IIIx) are those in which
Among the abovementioned heterocyclic cations, preference is given to the pyridinium ions, pyrazolinium ions, pyrazolium ions and the imidazolinium ions and the imidazolium ions. Preference is also given to ammonium ions.
Particular preference is given to 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexa-decyl)pyridinium, 1,2-dimethylpyridinium, 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethylpyridinium, 1,2-diethylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-2-ethylpyridinium, 1,2-dimethyl-5-ethylpyridinium, 1,5-diethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-methylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-imidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)-imidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-imidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)imidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium and 1-(1-octyl)-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethylimidazolium, 1,3,4-trimethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 3-butylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-octylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethylimidazolium, 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-butylimidazolium, 1,4,5-trimethyl-3-octylimidazolium and 1-(prop-1-en-3-yl)-3-methylimidazolium.
As anions, it is in principle possible to use all anions.
The anions [Y]n− of the ionic liquid is, for example, selected from among
Here, Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, C1-C30-alkyl, C2-C18-alkyl which may optionally be interrupted by one or more nonadjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, C6-C14-aryl, C5-C12-cycloalkyl or a five- or six-membered, oxygen-, nitrogen- and/or sulfur-comprising heterocycle, where two of them may also together form an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic ring which may optionally be interrupted by one or more oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more unsubstituted or substituted imino groups, where the radicals mentioned may each be additionally substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles.
Here, C1-C18-alkyl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hetadecyl, octadecyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, benzhydryl, p-tolylmethyl, 1-(p-butylphenyl)ethyl, p-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, m-ethoxybenzyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanopropyl, 2-methoxycarbonylethyl, 2-ethoxycarbonylethyl, 2-butoxycarbonylpropyl, 1,2-di-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, diethoxymethyl, diethoxyethyl, 1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 2-isopropoxyethyl, 2-butoxypropyl, 2-octyloxyethyl, chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl, 2-methoxyisopropyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, butylthiomethyl, 2-dodecylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, 6-dimethylaminohexyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 2-phenoxypropyl, 3-phenoxypropyl, 4-phenoxybutyl, 6-phenoxyhexyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 6-methoxyhexyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl or 6-ethoxyhexyl.
C2-C18-alkyl which may optionally be interrupted by one or more nonadjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups is, for example, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxa-octyl, 11-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-methoxy-4,8-dioxa-undecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.
If two radicals form a ring, these radicals can together form as fused-on building block, for example, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propenylene, 1-aza-1,3-propenylene, 1-C1-C4-alkyl-1-aza-1,3-propenylene, 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene, 1-aza-1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene or 2-aza-1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene.
The number of nonadjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or imino groups is in principle not subject to any restrictions or is automatically restricted by the size of the radical or the cyclic building block. In general, there will be no more than 5 in the respective radical, preferably no more than 4 and very particularly preferably no more than 3. Furthermore, there is generally at least one carbon atom, preferably at least two carbon atoms, between any two heteroatoms.
Substituted and unsubstituted imino groups can be, for example, imino, methylimino, isopropylamino, n-butylimino or tert-butylimino.
The term “functional groups” refers, for example, to the following: N,N-di(C1-C4-alkyl) carboxamide, di-(C1-C4-alkyl)amino, C1-C4-alkyloxycarbonyl, cyano or C1-C4-alkoxy. Here, C1-C4-alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
C6-C14-aryl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is, for example, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, 4-diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, isopropylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chloronaphthyl, ethoxynaphthyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2- or 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4- or 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl or ethoxymethylphenyl.
C5-C12-cycloalkyl which may optionally be substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles is, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthiocyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl or a saturated or unsaturated bicyclic system such as norbornyl or norbornenyl.
A five- or six-membered, oxygen-, nitrogen- and/or sulfur-comprising heterocycle is, for example, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl.
Preferred anions are selected from the group of halides and halogen-comprising compounds, the group of sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates, the group of phosphates and the group of carboxylic acids, in particular from the group of halides and halogen-comprising compounds, the group of carboxylic acids, the group consisting of SO42—, SO32—, RaOSO3— and RaSO3— and the group consisting of PO43— and RaRbPO4—, especially preferably from the group of halides and halogen-comprising compounds.
Preferred anions are, in particular, halides such as chloride, bromide, iodide, SCN—, OCN—, CN—, acetate, propionate, benzoate, C1-C4-alkylsulfates, Ra—COO—, RaSO3—, RaRbPO4—, methanesulfonate, tosylate or di(C1-C4-alkyl)phosphates.
Particularly preferred anions are Cl—, CH3COO—, C2H5COO—, C6H5COO—, CH3SO3—, (CH3O)2PO2— and (C2H5O)2PO2—.
An especially preferred anion is chloride.
In a further preferred embodiment, ionic liquids of the formula I in which
In a further preferred embodiment, ionic liquids whose anions are selected from the group consisting of HSO4—, HPO42—, H2PO4— and HRaPO4—; in particular HSO4—, are used.
In particular, ionic liquids of the formula I in which
In the process of the invention, use is made of one ionic liquid of the formula I or a mixture of ionic liquids of the formula I. Preference is given to using one ionic liquid of the formula I.
In a further embodiment of the invention, it is possible to use one ionic liquid of the formula II or a mixture of ionic liquids of the formula II. Preference is given to using one ionic liquid of the formula II.
In a further embodiment of the invention, it is possible to use a mixture of ionic liquids of the formulae I and II.
For the purposes of the present invention, vinyl ethers are vinyl ethers of the formula IV,
where the radicals have the following meanings:
RX and RZ together form an optionally substituted —(CH2)r—Ys—(CH2)t— chain, where
Optionally substituted C1-C30-alkyl radicals RX, RY and RZ are, in particular, unsubstituted C1-C30-alkyl radicals or C1-C30-alkyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles,
preferably C1-C30-alkyl radicals, for example methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-nonyl, 1-decyl, 1-undecyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tridecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-pentadecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-heptadecyl, 1-octadecyl and 1-eicosanyl, particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl or 1-hexadecyl;
or
preferably C1-C30-alkyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, for example cyanomethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanopropyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, 2-methoxycarbonylethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, 2-ethoxycarbonylethyl, 2-(butoxycarbonyl)ethyl, 2-butoxycarbonylpropyl, 1,2-di-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl, formyl, dimethylaminomethyl, (2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, 6-dimethylaminohexyl)phenoxymethyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 2-phenoxypropyl, 3-phenoxypropyl, 4-phenoxybutyl, 6-phenoxyhexyl, methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 6-methoxyhexyl, ethoxymethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl, 6-ethoxyhexyl, 2-butoxyethyl, 2-isopropoxyethyl, 2-butoxypropyl, 2-octyloxyethyl, 2-methoxyisopropyl, dimethoxymethyl, diethoxymethyl, 2,2-diethoxymethyl, 2,2-diethoxyethyl, acetyl, propionyl, CmF2(m−a)+(1−b)H2a+b where m is from 1 to 30, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1 (for example CF3, C2F5, CH2CH2—C(m−2)F2(m−2)+1, C6F13, C8F17, C10F21, C12F25), chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, trichloromethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl, methylthiomethyl, ethylthiomethyl, butylthiomethyl, 2-dodecylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-methoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-dioxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 11-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.
Optionally substituted C2-C30-alkenyl radicals RX, RY and RZ are, in particular, unsubstituted C2-C30-alkenyl radicals or C2-C30-alkenyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles,
Optionally substituted C2-C30-alkynyl radicals RX, RY and RZ are, in particular, unsubstituted C2-C30-alkynyl radicals or C2-C30-alkynyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles;
preferably C2-C30-alkynyl radicals such as ethynyl, 1-propyn-3-yl, 1-propyn-1-yl or 3-methyl-1-propyn-3-yl, particularly preferably ethynyl or 1-propyn-3-yl.
Optionally substituted C3-C12-cycloalkyl radicals RX, RY and RZ are, in particular, unsubstituted C3-C8-cycloalkyl radicals or C3-C12-cycloalkyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles,
preferably C3-C12-cycloalkyl radicals, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl or butylcyclohexyl, and also bicyclic systems such as norbornyl, preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl;
or
preferably C3-C12-cycloalkyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, for example methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthiocyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl, CmF2(m−a)−(1−b)H2a−b where m≦30, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1.
Optionally substituted C5-C12-cycloalkenyl radicals RX, RY and RZ are, in particular unsubstituted C3-C8-cycloalkenyl radicals or C3-C8-cycloalkenyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles,
preferably C3-C8-cycloalkenyl radicals, for example 3-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, 2,5-cyclohexadienyl, and also bicyclic systems such as norbornyl, particularly preferably 3-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl or 3-cyclohexenyl;
or
preferably C3-C8-cycloalkenyl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, for example CnF2(m−a)−3(1−b)H2a−3b where m≦12, 0≦a≦m and b=0 or 1.
Optionally substituted aryl radicals RX, RY and RZ are, in particular, unsubstituted C6-C12-aryl radicals or C6-C12-aryl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, preferably C6-C12-aryl radicals, for example phenyl, α-naphthyl or β-naphthyl, particularly preferably phenyl;
or
preferably C6-C12-aryl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, e.g. tolyl, xylyl, 4-diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, isopropylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chloronaphthyl, ethoxynaphthyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl, ethoxymethylphenyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl or C6F(5−a)Ha where 0≦a≦5, particularly preferably 4-tolyl.
Optionally substituted heterocyclyl radicals are, in particular, unsubstituted heteroaryl radicals or heteroaryl radicals substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, preferably 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl radicals comprising oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur atoms, e.g. furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxyl, benzimidazolyl or benzthiazolyl;
or
preferably 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl radicals which comprise oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur atoms and are substituted by suitable functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles, e.g. methylpyridyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl, chloropyridyl or difluoropyridyl.
If RX and RY together form an optionally substituted —(CH2)o−Xp—(CH2)q— or —CH═CH—CH═CH— chain, preference is given to a —(CH2)o—Xp−(CH2)q— or —CH═CH—CH═CH— chain, in particular a —(CH2)o—(CH2)q— chain, in particular —(CH2)5— or —(CH2)6—,
or
a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)o−Xp—(CH2)q— or C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —CH═CH—CH═CH— chain, in particular a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)o—(CH2)q— chain, in particular a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)5— or —(CH2)6— chain.
If RX and RZ together form an optionally substituted —(CH2)r—Ys—(CH2)t— chain, preference is given to a —(CH2)r—Xs—(CH2)t— chain, particularly preferably a —(CH2)r—(CH2)t— chain, in particular —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —(CH2)4—, especially preferably —(CH2)3—,
or
a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)r—Ys—(CH2)t— chain, particularly preferably a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)r—(CH2)t— chain, in particular a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —(CH2)4— chain, especially preferably a C1-C4-alkyl-substituted —(CH2)3— chain.
In an embodiment of the present invention, vinyl ethers of the formula IV in which the radicals have the following meanings:
In a further embodiment, vinyl ethers of the formula IV in which the radicals have the following meanings:
In a further embodiment, vinyl ethers of the formula IV in which the radicals have the following meanings:
In the acetalization according to the invention of cellulose, it is possible to use celluloses from a wide variety of sources, e.g. from cotton, flax, Ramie, straw, bacteria, etc., or from wood or Bagasse, in the cellulose-enriched form.
However, the process of the invention can be used not only for preparing cellulose acetals but also generally for preparing polysaccharide, oligosaccharide and disaccharide acetals and also derivatives thereof. Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose and hemicellulose and also starch, glycogen, dextran and tunicin. Further examples are the polycondensates of D-fructose, e.g. inulin, and also, inter alia, chitin, chitosan and alginic acid. Sucrose is an example of a disaccharide. Suitable cellulose derivatives are those whose DS is <3, including cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose silyl ethers such as cellulose trimethylsilyl ether, and cellulose nitrate, in each case with a DS of <3. The corresponding statements apply analogously here.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a polysaccharide such as cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, glycogen, dextran, tunicin, inulin, chitin or alginic acid, preferably cellulose, is reacted by the process of the invention.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a disaccharide such as sucrose is reacted by the process of the invention.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, a cellulose derivative whose DS is <3, e.g. a cellulose ether such as methylcellulose or carboxymethylcellulose, a cellulose ester such as cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, a cellulose silyl ether such as cellulose trimethylsilyl ether, or cellulose nitrate, in each case having a DS of <3, is reacted by the process of the invention. Preference is given here to using cellulose ethers such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate and cellulose nitrate.
The reaction of cellulose with a vinyl ether of the formula IV to form corresponding cellulose acetals, which will for the purposes of the present invention also be referred to as “acetalization of cellulose”, can be shown schematically as follows, with “OH” being a hydroxyfunction of the cellulose and “Cell” being the remaining part of the cellulose molecule.
In the process of the invention, a solution of cellulose in an ionic liquid is prepared. The concentration of cellulose here can be varied within a wide range. It is usually in the range from 0.1 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the solution, preferably from 0.2 to 40% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.3 to 30% by weight and very particularly preferably from 0.5 to 20% by weight.
This dissolution procedure can be carried out at room temperature or with heating, but above the melting point or softening temperature of the ionic liquid, usually at a temperature of from 0 to 200° C., preferably from 20 to 180° C., particularly preferably from 50 to 150° C. However, it is also possible to accelerate dissolution by intensive stirring or mixing or by introduction of microwave or ultrasonic energy or by a combination of these.
The vinyl ether of the formula IV is then added to the resulting solution. The vinyl ether of the formula IV can be added as such or as a solution in an ionic liquid or a suitable solvent. Suitable solvents are, for example, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or ketones such as dimethyl ketone, or halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, trichloromethane or dichloroethane. The amount of solvent used to dissolve the vinyl ether of the formula IV should be such that no precipitation of the cellulose occurs when the addition is carried out. Ionic liquids used are preferably those in which cellulose itself, as described above, is dissolved.
If the vinyl ether of the formula IV is gaseous, it can be introduced as gas into the solution of cellulose in the ionic liquid.
In a particular embodiment, the vinyl ether of the formula IV is added as such.
In a further particular embodiment, the vinyl ether of the formula IV is added as a solution in an ionic liquid, with particular preference being given to using the ionic liquid which is also used for dissolving the cellulose.
In another embodiment, the ionic liquid and the vinyl ether of the formula IV are premixed and the cellulose is dissolved in this mixture.
It is also possible for one or more further solvents to be added to the reaction mixture or be introduced together with the ionic liquid or the vinyl ether of the formula IV. Possible solvents here are solvents which do not adversely affect the solubility of the cellulose, for example aprotic dipolar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide or sulfolane. Furthermore, nitrogen-comprising bases such as pyridine, etc., can be additionally added.
In a particular embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises, apart from the ionic liquid and any solvent in which the vinyl ether of the formula IV has been dissolved, less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 2% by weight, in particular less than 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture, of further solvents and/or additional nitrogen-comprising bases.
It is also possible to carry out the process of the invention in the presence of a catalyst. Suitable catalysts here are, for example, mercury(II) salts such as mercury(II) acetate, propionate, benzoate, chloride, sulfate and nitrate, or palladium(II) salts such as palladium(II) acetate, propionate, chloride, nitrate and benzoate and palladium(II) salts in admixture with 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate. The catalyst is usually used in amounts of up to 20 mol %, preferably up to 5 mol %, based on the vinyl ether of the formula IV.
The reaction is, depending on the ionic liquid used and the reactivity of the vinyl ether of the formula IV used, usually carried out at a temperature from the melting point of the ionic liquid up to 200° C., preferably from 20 to 180° C., in particular from 50 to 150° C.
In the case of vinyl ethers of the formula IV which are liquid or solid at the reaction temperature, the reaction is usually carried out at ambient pressure. However, it can sometimes also be advantageous to carry it out under superatmospheric pressure, particularly when a volatile vinyl ether of the formula IV is used. In general, the reaction is carried out in air. However, it is also possible to carry it out under an inert gas, i.e., for example, under N2, a noble gas or mixtures thereof.
In the case of vinyl ethers of the formula IV which are gaseous at the reaction temperature, it can be advantageous to carry out the reaction under the autogenous pressure of the reaction mixture at the desired reaction temperature or at a pressure which is higher than the autogenous pressure of the reaction system.
However, it can also be advantageous to carry out the reaction with a vinyl ether of the formula IV which is gaseous at the reaction temperature under ambient pressure and to use the gaseous vinyl ether of the formula IV in excess.
The amount of vinyl ether used, in each case relative to the cellulose used, the reaction time and, if appropriate, the reaction temperature are set as a function of the desired degree of substitution of the cellulose.
For example, if the cellulose which is made up of an average of u anhydroglucose units is to be completely acetalated, then 3 u equivalents of vinyl ether of the formula IV are required. Preference is here given to using the stoichiometric amount of vinyl ether of the formula IV (nvinyl ether/nanhydroglucose units=3) or an excess, preferably an excess of up to 1000 mol % based on u.
If the cellulose which is made up of an average of u anhydroglucose units is to be partially acetalated, then the amount of vinyl ether of the formula IV used is usually adapted accordingly (nvinyl ether/nanhydroglucose units<3). The smaller the ratio nvinyl ether/nanhydroglucose units, the smaller the average degree of substitution of the acetalated cellulose under otherwise identical conditions and identical reaction time.
Furthermore, it is possible to stop the acetalization reaction when the desired degree of acetalization has been reached by separating off the acetalated cellulose from the reaction mixture. This can be effected, for example, by addition of an excess of water or another suitable solvent in which the acetalated cellulose is not soluble but the ionic liquid is readily soluble, e.g. a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol, or a ketone, for example diethyl ketone, etc., or mixtures thereof. The choice of suitable solvent is also determined by the respective degree of substitution and the substituents on the cellulose. Preference is given to using an excess of water or methanol.
The reaction mixture is usually worked up by precipitating the acetalated cellulose as described above and filtering off the acetalated cellulose. The ionic liquid can be recovered from the filtrate by conventional methods, by distilling off the volatile components, e.g. the precipitant or excess vinyl ether of the formula IV or its hydrolysis products, etc. The ionic liquid which remains can be reused in the process of the invention. If a catalyst is used in the reaction, this usually remains in the liquid phase and is recycled together with the ionic liquid. In a further embodiment, excess vinyl ether of the formula IV can also remain in the ionic liquid and be reused in the process of the invention.
However, it is also possible to introduce the reaction mixture into water or into another suitable solvent in which the acetalated cellulose is not soluble but the ionic liquid is readily soluble, e.g. a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol, or a ketone, for example diethyl ketone, etc., or mixtures thereof and, depending on the embodiment, obtain, for example, fibers, films of acetalated cellulose. The choice of suitable solvent is also determined by the respective degree of substitution and the substituents of the cellulose. The filtrate is worked up as described above.
Furthermore, it is also possible to stop the acetalization reaction when the desired degree of acetalization has been reached by cooling the reaction mixture and working it up. The work-up can be carried out by the methods indicated above.
The acetalization reaction can also be stopped by removing vinyl ether of the formula IV still present from the reaction mixture by distillation, stripping or extraction with a solvent which forms two phases with the ionic liquid at a given point in time.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, two or more vinyl ethers of the formula IV ar reacted. In this case, it is possible to use a mixture of two (or more) vinyl ethers of the formula IV in a manner analogous to the above procedure. However, it is also possible firstly to carry out the reaction to a DS=a (<3) using the first vinyl ether of the formula IV and then carry out the reaction to a DS=b, where a<b≦3, using a second vinyl ether of the formula IV.
In this embodiment, acetalated celluloses in which OH groups of the cellulose have been replaced by two (or more) different O—CH(ORZ)(CHCRXRY) groups (as a function of the vinyl ethers of the formula IV used).
If the ionic liquid is circulated, the ionic liquid can comprise up to 15% by weight, preferably up to 10% by weight, in particular up to 5% by weight, of precipitant(s) as described above. However, it can then be necessary, as the case may be, to use an appropriate excess of vinyl ethers of the formula IV.
The process can be carried out batchwise, semicontinuously or continuously.
The present invention also provides acetalated polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides or derivatives thereof, in particular acetalated cellulose, which can be obtained by reaction of a polysaccharide, oligosaccharide or disaccharide or a derivative thereof, in particular cellulose, with a vinyl ether of the formula IV in which RX and RZ together form an optionally substituted —(CH2)r—Ys—(CH2)t— chain, where
The acetalated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, in particular acetalated cellulose, which can be obtained by the process of the invention by acetalization of polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, in particular cellulose, by means of a vinyl ether of the formula IV are suitable, for example, for producing moldings, fibers and films and also coatings. It is particularly advantageous that the products can be processed in dissolved form and subsequently be converted into an insoluble, crosslinked form.
It is also possible to crosslink the acetalated polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, in particular acetalated celluloses, obtained by the abovementioned process by treating the acetalated polysaccharide or oligosaccharide, in particular the acetalated cellulose, with acid. As acids, it is possible to use inorganic or organic acids or mixtures thereof.
In one particular embodiment, this crosslinking utilizes acetalated cellulose obtained as described above by reaction of cellulose with a vinyl ether of the formula IV,
where the radicals have the following meanings:
In one particular embodiment, this crosslinking utilizes acetalated cellulose obtained by reaction of cellulose with a vinyl ether of the formula IV, where the radicals have the following meanings:
In a further particular embodiment, this crosslinking utilizes acetalated cellulose obtained by reaction of cellulose with a vinyl ether of the formula IV, where the radicals have the following meanings:
Examples of inorganic acids are hydrohalic acids such as HF, HCl, HBr or HI, perhalic acids such as HClO4, halic acids such as HClO3, sulfur-comprising acids such as H2SO4, polysulfuric acid or H2SO3, nitrogen-comprising acids such as HNO3, or phosphorus-comprising acids such as H3PO4, polyphosphoric acid or H3PO3. Preference is given to using hydrohalic acids such as HCl or HBr, H2SO4,HNO3 or H3PO4, in particular HCl, H2SO4 or H3PO4.
Examples of organic acids are carboxylic acids such as
As organic acids, preference is given to using C1-C6-alkanecarboxylic acids, for example acetic acid or propionic acid, halogenated carboxylic acids for example C1-C6-haloalkanecarboxylic acids, e.g. fluoroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, chlorofluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid or perfluoropropionic acid, or sulfonic acids such as C1-C6-alkanesulfonic acids, for example methanesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid, halogenated sulfonic acids, for example C1-C6-haloalkanesulfonic acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or arylsulfonic acids such as benzenesulfonic acid or 4-methylphenylsulfonic acid. Preference is given to using acetic acid, chlorofluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, perfluoropropionic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or 4-methylphenylsulfonic acid.
Crosslinking can be effected in various ways.
In one embodiment, the cellulose acetal is applied as such to an inert surface, e.g. as a film, and then treated with the vapor of an appropriate acid by allowing, for example, vapors of acetic acid, HCl gas, etc., to flow over this surface coated with cellulose acetal. The concentration of the acid and the treatment time and the treatment temperature are set as a function of the desired degree of crosslinking. When the desired degree of crosslinking has been reached, the resulting crosslinked cellulose is rinsed with a solvent in which it is not soluble. Water or, for example, a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol or a ketone, for example diethyl ketone, etc., or mixtures thereof are suitable for this purpose. This rinsing procedure can be carried out on the inert surface used at the beginning, but it is also possible to take the shaped body obtained off from the inert surface and then to rinse the shaped body.
In another embodiment, the cellulose acetal is dissolved in a solvent in which it is soluble. Solvents suitable for this purpose are ionic liquids in general as described at the outset. However, depending on the type of acetal, the DS and the DP of the acetalated cellulose, it can also be possible to use solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, ketones such as acetone, diethyl ketone or ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane. The acid is then added as such or as a solution to this solution. The crosslinked cellulose usually precipitates here. Should this not be the case, a solvent in which the crosslinked cellulose is not soluble is added. Solvents suitable for this purpose are, in particular, water and lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol, in particular methanol.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the reaction mixture obtained in the reaction of cellulose with a vinyl ether of the formula VI is treated with acid as described above.
In a further embodiment, the cellulose acetal is dissolved in a solvent in which it is soluble, as described above. This solution is then introduced into water or into another suitable solvent in which the crosslinked cellulose is not soluble but the solvent is readily soluble, e.g. a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol or a ketone, for example diethyl ketone, etc., or mixtures thereof and to which acid has been added, and, depending on the embodiment, obtained, for example, fibers, films, etc., of crosslinked cellulose.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the reaction mixture obtained in the reaction of cellulose with a vinyl ether of the formula IV is treated with acid as described above.
The amount of acid used is in the range from 0.001 to 10 mol %, based on the number of anhydroglucose units of the cellulose acetal used. Preference is given to using catalytic amounts, in particular from 0.1 to 0.001 mol %.
This crosslinking is usually carried out at a temperature up to 200° C., preferably in the range from 0 to 150° C., in particular in the range from 10 to 100° C. In a particular embodiment, this crosslinking is carried out at room temperature.
The crosslinked cellulose obtained by this process is novel and is likewise provided by the present invention.
The crosslinking of the acetalated cellulose, as described above, can lead to the formation of (a) intermolecular acetals, which accordingly bond various “cellulose chains” together, and/or to the formation of (b) intramolecular acetals, i.e. the formation of acetals between various anhydroglucose units of a “cellulose chain”. This may be illustrated by the diagram below, where R represents H or CH(ORz)—CHRxRy and where the intermolecular or intramolecular bridging is not fixed to the exemplified positions, but can also take place at other positions of the particular anhydroglucose unit:
The following examples illustrate the invention.
Avicel PH 101 (microcrystalline cellulose; DP=463) was dried overnight at 105° C. and 0.05 mbar.
The ionic liquid was dried overnight at 120° C. and 0.05 mbar while stirring.
All examples were carried out in an atmosphere of water-free argon.
The average degree of substitution DS of the acetalated cellulose was determined by means of elemental analysis.
BMIM Cl 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
BMMIM Cl 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride
DHP 3,4-dihydro(2H)pyran
AGU anhydroglucose unit
DS average degree of substitution
From 5 to 15 ml of BMIM Cl were placed in a 25 ml flask and Avicel PH 101 was added at the temperature reported in table 1 while stirring. After a clear solution had been obtained, vinyl ether and, if appropriate, catalyst were added at this temperature. After the reaction mixture had been stirred at this temperature for the time reported in table 1, the mixture was cooled and methanol was introduced while stirring vigorously. The precipitate which formed was filtered off with suction and dried at 70° C. and 0.05 mbar.
a)5 mol % based on AGUs of Pd(II) acetate + 5 mol % based on AGUs of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate
b)5 mol % based on AGUs of Hg(II) acetate
c)DS determined by NMR spectroscopy
d)In this example, the work-up was carried out using water instead of methanol.
0.5 g of the product from example 1, experiment 6 (last line of table 1) was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol at room temperature. 0.01 g of 96% strength sulfuric acid was added at this temperature. During stirring, a white precipitate was immediately formed. After 2 hours, this was filtered off with suction, washed three times with 20 ml each time of methanol and dried to constant weight at 60° C. and 0.05 mbar. The product is insoluble in all customary solvents (tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, toluene, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, etc.). According to elemental analysis, the product is cellulose having 1.5 (>CH—CH3) bridges per AGU.
A round-bottom flask was charged with BMMIM Cl and Avicel PH 101 was added at 120° C. while stirring. After a clear solution had been obtained, 16.55 mmol of DHP were added at 120° C. (n(AGU): n(vinyl ether)[mol/mol]=1:5) and also 5 mol %, based on AGU, of Pd(II) acetate and 5 mol %, based on AGU, of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate. After the reaction mixture had been stirred at 120° C. for 4 hours, the mixture was cooled and methanol was introduced while stirring vigorously. The precipitate which formed was filtered off with suction and dried at 70° C. and 0.05 mbar. The cellulose acetal thus obtained has a DS (determined by NMR spectroscopy) of 0.6 and is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2006 031 810.2 | Jul 2006 | DE | national |
| 10 2006 054 213.4 | Nov 2006 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP07/56518 | 6/28/2007 | WO | 00 | 1/2/2009 |
