Patent Application
20050185280
The invention relates to a method for producing a grating image by means of a writing apparatus, which has at least one grating field recognizable with the naked eye, in which are disposed grating elements. The invention further relates to an apparatus for preparing and carrying out this method as well as a grating image and a security document with such a grating image.
Optically variable elements, such as holograms or diffraction grating images, due to their optical properties varying with the viewing angle are frequently used as protection from forgery or copy for documents of value, such as credit cards, bank notes or the like, but also for product securing on any product packagings. For the mass production of such security elements, usually, so-called “master structures” are produced, which have the respective phase information about the optically variable element in the form of a spatial relief structure. This, typically, is a glass substrate with a photoresist coating, in which the diffraction structure is preserved in the form of peaks and valleys. Starting out from this master structure, by duplicating and molding the relief structure embossing tools of any desired form are produced, with the help of which the diffraction structures reproduced by the relief structure can be transferred in large quantities to suitable substrates.
The master structure can represent the complete diffraction structure of a real hologram, or of a grating image composed of different diffraction gratings. The diffraction gratings differ from each other regarding the grating constant and/or the azimuth angle and/or the profile structure of the grating lines as well as the contour or the outline of the image area covered with the respective diffraction grating.
The grating constant corresponds to the distance between the grating lines and is of essential importance for the colour of the image area in the grating image recognizable when viewed from a certain viewing angle. The azimuth angle describes the inclination of the grating lines concerning a reference direction and is responsible for the visibility of these image fields viewed from certain viewing directions. The line profile generally is responsible for the intensity and plays a particular role in grating images of zero order. On the basis of this technique, therefore, optically variable images, e.g. moving images or also plastically appearing images, can be produced.
The individual diffraction gratings can be produced either holographically or by means of electron beam lithography. When holographically recording the diffraction gratings, in an appropriate substrate light beams consisting of spatially expanding, uniform wave fields are overlapped. For this purpose, usually, laser radiation is used. With electron beam lithography the diffracting grating lines are exposed directly to an appropriate substrate, the exposure operation frequently also being referred to as writing operation. For this method in general a glass plate is used as a substrate, which is coated with a layer sensitive to the respective particle radiation or light radiation (“photoresist”). When exposing, substrate and electron beam can be moved relative to each other. Here it is possible, to hold the substrate motionless and to electromagnetically deflect the electron beam. The deflection range of the electron beam lies within a range of a few tenths of a millimeter. In case of large-scale deflections, so-called “lens errors” of electron optics will disturb, that are noticeable also in the finished diffraction grating. Alternatively, the substrate can be moved by means of an x-y-table, while the electron beam is held motionless. For this purpose, however, a high-precision guiding of the table is required.
As to be able to produce grating images of the above-mentioned kind with the help of the electron beam lithography, the entire grating image is divided into a multitude of small fields of an edge length of up to some tenths of a millimeter. I.e. the grating image independent of the depicted motif is divided into individual “screen elements”, which by means of the electron beam are inscribed with grating lines. Here the grating lines are written into the individual small fields via the deflection of the electron beam, while the movement from field to field is effected by shifting the table. In this way large surfaces can be inscribed. This kind of electron beam exposure in general is referred to as “stitching mode”. This proceeding, however, has the disadvantage, that the image is composed of many pieces of small surfaces, which upon closer viewing are visually recognizable, coarsen the image, and lead to colour errors. In the case of larger image surfaces, such as e.g. lines, which when viewed from one viewing angle are to show a uniform colour, the surface is not provided with an appropriate, uniform diffraction grating. Instead this diffraction grating is made up of many small elements. Due to the tolerances when putting together the small surface elements, the grating lines extending across the image surface have kinks or gaps, which leads to visible errors.
In the “CPC mode” (Continuous Path Control, product of the company Leica Microsystems Ltd.), however, the electron beam is mounted stationary, while the table is moved according to the structures to be exposed. But this mode is less suitable for the production of finely structured grating images, such as for example guilloche images, or images or microwriting divided into fine lines, because these finely structured images have a predominant number of short grating lines. For that reason for each grating image a number of stop and start operations of the table has to be effected which reaches the millions. This represents a load for the table mechanism and consumes very much time.
The invention therefore is based on the problem of creating a method which enables the production of finely structured grating images with the help of electron beam lithography, and which thereby avoids the aforementioned disadvantages.
The problem is solved by the features disclosed herein.
The invention is based on the finding, that as to avoid optical errors in grating images, the grating elements producing the optically variable effect and preferably designed as grating lines, have to be produced continuously in one procedure step. Therefore, according to the inventive method only those grating lines are exposed according to this mode, which along their entire length lie within the reach of the electromagnetic deflection of the electron beam. As to be able to compose grating images in this way, working fields are defined, towards which the table can be moved. Within the individual working fields the grating lines are exposed along their entire length by deflecting the electron beam into an appropriate substrate.
According to the inventive method in a first step those grating elements are determined, the starting points and end points of which (and optionally intermediate points as well) are lying within the motion area of the writing apparatus. Then the working fields are defined, in which the writing apparatus is moved relative to a carrier, on which a substrate to be inscribed is located. Finally, the motion path of the carrier is defined, so as to be able to move the carrier towards the working fields one after the other and produce the grating elements lying in the respective working field.
The determination of the grating elements preferably is effected with the help of a data record, which contains information about starting points and end points and optionally also intermediate points of the grating elements forming the grating field, in the form of position coordinates.
Within the framework of this invention, grating image preferably means an image motif recognizable with the naked eye or an alphanumeric information with diffractive or reflecting effects. Alphanumeric information also includes a microwriting. The grating image has at least one grating field recognizable with the naked eye, which can be of any outline contour, in which a grating pattern consisting of grating elements of any form is disposed. Preferably, these grating elements consist of grating lines, which can be straight, curved or of any other design.
The diffractive grating images preferably are composed of different diffraction gratings. With the inventive method any complicated diffraction structures up to computer-generated holograms can be produced.
The inventive method preferably is suitable for producing finely structured grating images or grating images, which have grating fields, the length and/or width of which lies within a range of 5 μm to 500 μm and preferably amounts to 20 μm to 100 μm.
The grating fields in the case of diffractive grating images are provided with grating elements, preferably grating lines, with a grating constant of about 0.1 to 10 μm, preferably 0.5 to 2 μm.
As a writing apparatus the inventive method preferably uses a particle beam, in particular an electron beam, because therewith resolutions up to the nanometer range are possible. If grating images are to be produced, which do not require such a high resolution, for example grating images which are based only on reflecting effects, also other lithography instruments are possible so as to produce the grating elements in an appropriate substrate. This can be, for example, a focussing UV laser or a precision milling apparatus. For the milling operation preferably metal plates are used as a substrate. The term “photoresist” within the framework of this invention comprises any substrate, into which information in the form of a relief structure can be incorporated.
The inventive principle of dividing the writing operation into a high-precision only-transport operation and a high-precision moving and writing operation, which is optimized regarding the writing apparatus used, here again can be advantageously applied.
According to a first embodiment, for example, the working fields can be moved to via a table, which is adapted to be controlled via a high-precision mechanism, such as a high-precision spindle. With this technique longer distances can be covered relatively fast and very precise. For the actual writing operation on the table can be disposed a further smaller table, which is moved, for example, in a piezoelectric fashion. Alternatively, the small table can be moved by other means, e.g. via magnetostriction. In such a way short distances in the micrometer range can be covered in a fast and exact fashion. I.e., during the writing operation the substrate to be inscribed is moved relatively to the stationary writing apparatus by means of the piezoelectric table, until all elements of the entire motif, accessible with the piezoelectric table, are written. Then both the substrate and the piezoelectric table with the help of the mechanically movable table are transported to the next working field, in the area of which the substrate again is inscribed. This proceeding is suitable preferably for milling apparatuses, but can be used with all other mentioned writing apparatuses. In case an electron beam is used, alternatively it is expedient, as already mentioned above, to move to the working fields via a movement of the table, while the grating elements lying in the working field are produced by electromagnetic deflection of the electron beam.
For illustrating the inventive method one starts out from a grating image, which consists of merely one straight, linear grating field with a width of the above-mentioned range between 0.02 and 0.2 millimeter. The line can have any length. The grating elements of the linear grating field are straight grating lines, which extend across the width of the grating field and thus have a length, which corresponds to the width of the grating field. This grating image is to be exposed to a suitable photoresist with the help of an electron beam. The photoresist is located on a substrate, preferably a glass plate, which is disposed on an x-y-table mounted to be movable.
For producing this grating image a data record is provided, which contains information about the starting points and end points of the grating lines. This data record, for example, can date from the draft phase of the grating image, in particular when the design of the grating image was created in a computer-aided fashion with the help of special programs. With the help of these data it is determined, which of the grating lines lie within the electromagnetic deflection area of the electron beam. Since the starting points and end points of all grating lines lie in the area, which can be reached via an electromagnetic deflection of the electron beam, all grating lines can be written continuously without interruption along their entire length. Finally a motion path for the table is determined, on which the photoresist is located. Having determined all necessary data required for the control of the individual apparatuses, the first working field is moved to by moving the table. Within this working field the grating lines are produced by deflecting the electron beam. The individual grating lines are produced by continuously deflecting the electron beam and do not have any interruptions or undesired kinks. Having written all grating lines lying within the area of the first working field, the table is moved again and the next working field is brought in a position to be exposed. This operation is repeated as long as the entire linear grating field is exposed to the photoresist.
The inventive method has the advantage that the individual grating elements are uniform within themselves in as large as possible areas, and within these areas are not composed of several partial segments. Moreover, by dividing the grating field into working areas the number of time-intensive stop and start operations of the table are reduced to a minimum.
When the grating fields are to have complicated outline contours, such as e.g. guilloche lines, it can occur, that the grating elements have starting points and end points, which lie outside the deflection area of the writing apparatus. Such too large grating elements can either be produced by moving only the substrate while the writing apparatus remains stationary, or by dividing the grating elements into smaller pieces accessible for the writing apparatus, which are put together.
The inventive apparatus for carrying out the inventive method comprises a transport apparatus, with which the writing apparatus and the substrate can be moved relative to each other along a longer distance, a motion apparatus, with which the writing apparatus and the substrate can be moved relative to each other during the actual writing operation, as well as apparatuses for controlling the above-mentioned. The motion apparatus can be, for example, the already mentioned piezoelectric table or an apparatus for deflecting a particle beam or light beam. The motion apparatus enables a fast and precise relative of substrate and writing apparatus in the micrometer range.
In the event of an exposure by electron beam, the apparatus preferably has a table mounted to be movable and used only for the transport operation, as well as an electromagnetic apparatus for deflecting the electron beam during the writing operation. Additionally, the inventive apparatus can also contain a processing unit, in which the above-described motion sequences of the writing apparatus and the carrier are calculated.
As to have not to spend too much time with calculations during the writing operation, the preparation and the decision, how the grating image in detail is composed, or the calculation of the control data for the writing apparatus and the carrier preferably take place in a computer simulation before the actual writing operation. In this phase is decided, which grating elements lie within the deflection area of the writing apparatus, how the working fields have to be designed, which grating elements lie in which working field, how the carrier has to be moved so as to be able to move to all working fields in an economical fashion, whether, and if so, which grating elements are to be produced according to a different method.
The inventive method of course can also be used for grating images, which have both finely structured grating image parts and large-surface grating image parts. In this case while preparing the writing operation it is determined, which parts of the grating image are to be produced with the inventive method and which parts are to be produced according to a different method.
The writing paths within the working fields can be designed in different fashions. For example, the writing apparatus can be guided along a meandering or a zigzag path. In the event an electron beam or a laser is used, the meandering guidance has the advantage that the beam does not have to be turned off along the short connecting sections. In the case of a zigzag-shaped writing path the beam is turned off while returning, or the retreats are covered so fast, that a relevant exposure does not take place.
According to an alternative method variant in each working field only one line or one grating element is written. I.e., the writing apparatus produces one grating element at a time, which lies in its working area. At the same time or while retreating the carrier step-by-step or continuously is moved from grating element to grating element. The individual grating elements can be straight or bent in any fashion. In the simplest case the grating elements succeeding each other have an identical form. But when the writing apparatus is appropriately programmed any grating elements can be produced.
The substrate produced according to the inventive method after a possible developing step forms a master structure, which can be transferred to any embossing tool. So as to produce these embossing tools, for example, the relief structure of the grating image is rendered electrically conductive, e.g. by spraying on a metal layer, and then is galvanically molded into a nickel foil. Starting out from this nickel foil further nickel foils are molded, which, for example, are used for embossing a large number of copies into a thermoplastic plastic plate, e.g. acrylic glass. This plastic plate, too, is galvanically molded and the molded metal foil is used as an embossing mold for a multitude of copies of the original grating image. For this purpose the metal foil preferably is welded to form a cylindrical embossing mold and is mounted to a mounting cylinder.
With these embossing tools any layers, such as for example a thermoplastic layer or a lacquer layer, in particular a UV curable lacquer layer, can be embossed. The embossable layer is preferably located on a carrier material, such as a plastic foil. Depending on the intended use the plastic foil can have additional layers or security features. Thus the plastic foil can be used as a security thread or a security label. Alternatively, the plastic foil can be designed as a transfer material, such as for example in the form of a hot stamping foil, which serves for the transfer of individual security elements to the objects to be secured.
The grating images preferably are used for protecting documents of value, such as bank notes, ID cards, passports, and the like. Of course they can be also employed for other goods to be secured, such as CDs, books, bottles etc.
According to the invention it is not necessarily required to compose the entire grating image out of grating fields. In fact only parts of a whole image can be realized in the form of grating fields, in particular inventive grating fields, while other image parts are designed with the help of other methods, such as for example holographic gratings, real holograms or prints.
Further advantages of the invention are explained with reference to the figures.
a-3c show the production of a grating field according to the inventive method,
a-6d show variants for writing paths within the working fields,
a-7c show a variant of the inventive method,
a-8c show a further variant of the inventive method,
In
In
For the production of the grating field 4 in a first step a data record is provided, which contains information about the form and position of the grating elements 5, which preferably exist in the form of coordinates in a certain coordinate system. In case the grating lines are straight, the coordinates of the starting points and end points of the individual grating elements 5 will be sufficient. This is schematically outlined in
If the grating lines are not straight, the data record will contain the coordinates of many intermediate points lying close to each other, which describe the form of the grating elements as a polygonal curve. Alternatively, the form of the grating elements can be described as a Bezier curve, in which the coordinates of merely a few intermediate points and additionally a tangential direction with respect to the further path of the curve are stored.
The coordinates of a grating element, therefore, can only consist of the coordinates of the starting point and end point of the grating element, or of the coordinates of a certain number of intermediate points and optionally can comprise information on direction.
With the help of the coordinates of the individual grating elements 5 to be produced it is determined, which of the grating elements can be continuously written by deflection of an electron beam. A window of the size of the working field is defined. Starting out from a defined starting point this coordinate window is put over the coordinates of the grating elements and determines, which grating elements succeeding each other completely lie in the area of this coordinate window. The coordinates of the grating lines 5, which lie within a coordinate window, are now sorted and arranged in such a way, that polygonal curves A1B1, A2B2 and A3B3 are the result. This procedure step is shown in
In
For determining the working field 9 the coordinate window, due to the inclination of the grating field 4 in y-direction, is set on the end point B2 of the following grating element 101 and again is adjusted as long as the maximum possible complete number of grating elements is lying within the coordinate window. This operation is carried out computer-aided and repeated as long as all grating elements are allocated to a working field. As appearing from
The size of the working fields 8, 9, 10 here corresponds to the size of the electromagnetic deflection area of the electron beam. For exposing the substrate, at first the table is brought in such a position, that the working field 8 comes to lie under the electron beam. The electron beam is electromagnetically deflected and moved along the polygonal curve A1B1, and the respective grating lines 5 are written. As it will be explained in still more detail in another passage, here the short connecting sections 11 between the grating lines 5 within a polygonal curve A1B1, A2B2, A3B3 can be exposed too or not. Then the table is shifted in such a way, that the working field 9 comes to lie under the electron beam. The electron beam covers, by means of electromagnetic deflection, the polygonal curve A2B2 and exposes the respective grating lines 5 to the substrate. The working field 10 and the polygonal curve A3B3 are treated analogously. This operation is carried out as long as the entire grating field 4, in the present case the guilloche line 2, with the help of the electron beam is exposed to the substrate. The other grating fields of the grating image 1 are treated analogously.
In this case, too, inventive working fields 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 are defined, in which are disposed the respective, according to the already described method, writable polygonal curves A1,B1, A2B2, A4B4, A5B5 and A6B6. The intermediate area, consisting of the polygonal curve A3B3, however, cannot be written according to the inventive method. Having exposed the working field 15 to the substrate according to the inventive method, for a short term another writing mode is used. In the shown example the polygonal curve A3B3, too, is written continuously merely by moving the table. I.e., the electron beam is not deflected and is mounted stationary, while the table and the substrate to be exposed located thereon are moved relative to the electron beam corresponding to the polygonal curve A3B3.
As already mentioned above, those polygonal curves lying in one working field can be exposed exactly in this form to the substrate. However, there are further possibilities for designing the writing paths within the respective working fields. The different possibilities for guiding the writing apparatus are described by way of example with the help of a polygonal curve, which is worked through within a working field.
In
Since the short-term turn-off of the electron beam on the connecting sections 11 consumes time and disturbs the course of procedure, the connecting sections can also be exposed, so that in the substrate indeed a meandering polygonal curve with the starting point A1 and the end point B1 does exist. This small written edge sections due to their shortness do not spoil the optical impression of the entire grating image.
The connecting sections 11 do not have to be of a straight design, but can also be rounded, with the help of which the writing speed of the electron beam can be further increased. This embodiment is shown in
The meandering writing paths as shown in
a to 7c show a special embodiment of the inventive method, in which in the working area, i.e. in the deflection area of an electron beam, only one line is written. In
In
If the electron beam motion after each writing operation or after each travelling back is separately programmed, also any other grating structures along a motion path of the carrier can be written. Such a variant is schematically shown in
In the event the grating lines do not lie completely in the deflection area of the electron beam, they can either be divided into smaller pieces or a different writing mode (e.g. CPC) is applied.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10226112.1 | Jun 2002 | DE | national |
| 10243413.1 | Sep 2002 | DE | national |
This application is a National Phase of International Application Serial No. PCT/EP03/06082, filed Jun. 10, 2003.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP03/06082 | 6/10/2003 | WO |
