The field of the invention is that of the treatment of organic wastes, especially those produced during water treatment.
More specifically, the invention pertains to a process for treating sludge from the treatment of municipal and industrial water, especially with a view to producing energy, for example electricity.
Municipal or industrial wastewater contains a certain proportion of soluble and particulate organic pollution.
The particulate portion of the pollution can be partly removed by simple decantation. The decantation of the water is accompanied by the formation of sludge, known as “primary sludge” consisting of a mix of particles and water that constitutes organic waste.
The soluble organic portion of the pollution, at least a major part of it, can be treated by the application of biological treatment processes.
The biological treatment of water consists in placing the water to be treated in contact with microorganisms which, in order to ensure their own growth, consume the organic pollution dissolved in this water.
The biological treatment of water is accompanied by the formation of sludge, known as “biological sludge” or “secondary sludge”, constituting organic wastes.
The mix of primary sludges and secondary sludges constitutes “mixed sludges”. To treat these mixed sludges in order to break them down and make them non-putrescible and inoffensive, various techniques have been proposed.
The digestion, or methanation, of organic wastes is a natural process for breaking down organic wastes biologically by subjecting them to anaerobic fermentation.
Digestion is particularly efficient in that it leads to the combined production of:
However, the digestates thus obtained contain a unreadily biodegradable fraction, i.e. difficult to degrade biologically.
In order to overcome this drawback, the technique has been developed for implementing a thermal hydrolysis of sludges prior to the implementation of a digestion.
This technique is particularly advantageous inasmuch as thermal hydrolysis enables the degradation, at least to a great extent, of the unreadily fermentable (i.e. difficult to ferment) fraction of the sludge.
However, although thermal hydrolysis provides for an appreciable improvement in the elimination of the unreadily fermentable fraction of the sludge, the trade-off is that it entails a greater production of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds (with high COD or chemical oxygen demand) than is the case in classic digestion. This dictates limits on the quantity of sludges at entry into the digester in order to ensure efficient digestion.
Besides, the conditions needed for obtaining efficient thermal hydrolysis entail high energy consumption.
The energy consumption is such that half of the biogas coming from the digestion is used to feed a classic boiler in order to produce the steam needed for hydrolysis. The rest of the biogas feeds a co-generation motor connected to an alternator in order to produce electricity. It may also for example be used to directly heat buildings.
Thus, this technique, which of course enables the production of digestates with a relatively small concentration of unreadily fermentable fractions gives rise to the following:
it leads to the production of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds;
It is an aim of the invention in particular to overcome these drawbacks of the prior art.
More specifically, it is a goal of the invention, in at least one embodiment, to provide a technique of this kind that requires low energy consumption.
In particular, the invention is aimed at procuring, in at least one embodiment, a technique of this kind whose implementation leads to restricting the consumption of biogas needed to achieve conditions of hydrolysis, and to increasing the share of the biogas that can be used to produce excess energy that can be used for purposes other than that of the implementation of the sludge treatment process.
It is another goal of the invention, in at least one embodiment, to provide a technique for the treatment of sludge coming from the treatment of water, that enables the unreadily fermentable fraction to be eliminated from it, at least to a major extent.
In particular, it is a goal of the invention to implement a technique of this kind, in at least one embodiment of the invention, enabling the production of wastes containing a unreadily fermentable residual fraction that is reduced as compared with the prior art techniques.
The invention, in at least one embodiment of the invention, is also aimed at limiting the production of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds.
It is yet another goal of the invention, in at least one embodiment of the invention, to provide a technique of this kind for the treatment of large quantities of sludges.
The invention is also aimed, in at least one embodiment of the invention, at providing a technique of this kind that is reliable, simple to implement and relatively economical.
These goals, as well as others that shall appear here below are achieved by means of a method for producing essentially non-putrescible sludge and energy, said method comprising the following steps:
said process further comprising:
It will be noted that, as understood in the present invention, the term “thermal hydrolysis” shall be understood to refer to a mode of hydrolysis that is expressly non-biological.
Thus, the invention relies on an original approach combining the successive implementation of a first digestion, a (non-biological) thermal hydrolysis and a second digestion of sludge.
The first digestion (or primary digestion) is used to degrade the readily fermentable fraction of the sludge, at least in major part, and to produce a unreadily fermentable digestate.
The implementation of the separation step enables the discharge of an effluent containing the low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable organic matter produced during the digestion. The quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable organic matter at entry into the hydrolysis step is thus reduced. This ultimately diminishes the quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable organic matter produced during hydrolysis. In addition, it reduces the size of the equipment placed downstream and reduces the energy consumption needed to carry out the thermal hydrolysis.
The thermal hydrolysis is implemented only to treat the unreadily fermentable fraction of the sludge. The result of this is that the energy needed to implement thermal hydrolysis according to the invention is lower than that needed for thermal hydrolysis in the prior art. Indeed, in the prior art, thermal hydrolysis is carried out to treat all the sludges, i.e. both their fermentable part and their unreadily fermentable part. This calls for a greater input of energy.
Thermal hydrolysis enables the degradation of the unreadily fermentable digestate into an readily fermentable hydrolyzed digestate.
These fermentable sludges are then digested during the second digestion which leads to the production of a digestate free, at least in major part, of a fermentable fraction, the digestate however containing a very unreadily fermentable portion which is also called a refractory or hard fraction.
Furthermore, since the thermal hydrolysis is done only on the unreadily fermentable fraction of the sludges, its implementation leads to the production of a smaller quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds than in the prior art.
A process according to the invention enables the production of a major quantity of biogas. In addition, the energy needed to carry out the hydrolysis is relatively small since it is done only on the unreadily fermentable part of the sludges. The use of the technique of the invention therefore enables the production firstly of the energy needed to achieve especially the conditions of pressure and temperature for hydrolysis and secondly of a substantial part of surplus energy that can be used for purposes other than those of implementing the process of treating sludges in itself (electricity for example to power a plant or else to be resold to a power supply company, heat (heated fluid (liquid or gas)) to heat buildings etc.
According to one advantageous characteristic, a process according to the invention comprises a step for reconverting said biogases, said reconverting step comprising a step for feeding a co-generation system with biogas in order to produce the energy needed to implement said step of hydrolysis and in order to produce surplus energy.
The feeding of biogas to a co-generation system therefore makes it possible firstly to produce the energy needed to attain especially the conditions of pressure and temperature for hydrolysis and secondly to produce a major part of surplus energy which can be used for purposes other than those of implementing the sludge-treatment process in itself (electricity for example to power a plant or else to be resold to a power supply company, heat (heated fluid (liquid or gas)) to heat buildings etc.
According to another advantageous characteristic, said reconversion step comprises a step for feeding biogas to a motor linked to electricity production means and a step for recovering the heat released by said motor in order to attain the conditions of temperature and pressure for said hydrolysis step.
The entirety of the biogas formed during digestion feeds the cogeneration motor which is connected to electricity production means such as an alternator. The recovery of the heat released by the motor (for example recovered from the exhaust gases and/or oil and/or cooling fluid) enables the production of all the thermal fluid needed to carry out thermal hydrolysis. Thus, according to the invention, the entirely of the biogas is used to produce electricity unlike in prior art techniques where at least 50% of the biogas is used to produce electricity by the implementing of a co-generation motor, the remaining gas feeding a classic boiler to produce, in major part, the thermal fluid used to obtain conditions of pressure and temperature needed to carry out hydrolysis.
Preferably, a process according to the invention comprises a step for obtaining a second aqueous effluent and treated sludges by a second liquid-solid separation of the sludges obtained at said step (iv).
The implementation of this separation step enables the discharge of an effluent containing the low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable organic matter produced during digestion and dehydrated, digested sludges free of readily fermentable organic matter.
Advantageously, said thermal hydrolysis is performed at a pressure of 1 to 20 bars, at a temperature of 50° C. to 200° C., and preferably of 120° C. to 180° C., for a duration of 20 to 120 minutes.
Conditions of thermal hydrolysis chosen in these intervals enable the efficient reduction of the unreadily fermentable portion of the sludges.
According to one valuable variant, said thermal hydrolysis is preferably carried out at a pressure equal to the saturation vapour pressure, at a temperature of 165° C., for a duration of 30 minutes.
These particular conditions of thermal hydrolysis enable optimal reduction of the unreadily fermentable portion of the sludges.
According to one advantageous characteristic, said primary digestion and/or said digestion are of a mesophilic anaerobic type.
In this case, the digestion operation or operations are carried out at a temperature ranging from 32 to 38° C. from 5 to 15 days.
According to another advantageous characteristic, said primary digestion and/or said digestion are of a thermophilic anaerobic type.
In this case, the digestion operation or operations are carried out at a temperature ranging from 52 to 58° C. for 5 to 15 days.
The concentration of matter in suspension at entry into the primary digestion operation ranges from 25 to 65 grams of MIS (Matter In Suspension)/1 of sludges.
The concentration of matter in suspension at entry into the digestion operation ranges from 100 to 150 grams of MIS/1 of sludges.
According to one advantageous characteristic, said step of liquid-solid separation is preceded by a step for defibrating said sludges after primary digestion.
In one variant, the defibrating step can be performed before the primary digestion step.
The defibration makes it possible especially to:
The invention also covers a sludge-treatment plant to implement a method according to the invention, said plant comprising means of thermal hydrolysis having an inlet and an outlet and means for digesting said sludges.
According to the invention, said digestion means communicate with means for bringing in sludges and said inlet and said outlet of said hydrolysis means communicate with said digestion means, said plant also comprising first liquid-solid separation means positioned at the outlet of said digestion means and means for recovering biogas coming from said digestion means.
Again according to the invention, said digestion means are connected to biogas recovery means which include a collector linked to means for producing steam and electricity comprising a co-generation motor linked to an alternator producing electricity, an exhaust line of which leads into the inlet of an air-water heat exchanger producing steam and a piping used to convey steam to said thermal hydrolysis means.
Such a plant enables the implementing of a process according to the invention, the principle of which relies on the combined implementation of a first digestion, a thermal hydrolysis and a second digestion of the sludges.
The implementation of separation means enables the discharge of an effluent containing low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable organic matter produced during the digestion. The quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic matter at entry into the hydrolysis step is thus reduced, thus ultimately tending to reduce the quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable organic matter produced during this hydrolysis.
A plant according to the invention includes a system of co-generation, said biogas recovery means communicating with said co-generation system.
The feeding of biogas to a co-generation system enables the production of the energy needed to attain especially the conditions of pressure and temperature for hydrolysis and to produce a substantial portion of surplus energy (for example in the form of electricity and/or heat (hot fluid (air and/or water)) which can be used for purposes other than those of implementing the sludge-treatment process per se.
Preferably, said co-generation system includes a co-generation motor, said biogas recovery means leading into said motor, said co-generation motor being linked to electricity production means and having means to transfer the heat released by said motor into water in order to produce steam.
The entirety of the biogas formed during the digestion operations feeds the co-generation motor which is linked to electricity production means such as an alternator. The recovery of the heat released by the motor (for example recovered from the exhaust gases and/or oil and/or cooling liquid) enables the production of all the thermal fluid (for example steam) needed to perform thermal hydrolysis. Thus, according to the invention, the entirety of the biogas is used to produce electricity unlike in the prior art technique in which at least 50% of the biogas is used to produce electricity by the implementation of a co-generation motor, the remaining biogas feeding a classic boiler to produce, in major part, the thermal fluid used to obtain the conditions of pressure and temperature needed to perform hydrolysis.
According to an advantageous characteristic, said digestion means comprise a digester having at least one inlet and one outlet, said outlet communicating with said inlet of said hydrolysis means and said inlet communicating with said outlet of said hydrolysis means.
According to another advantageous characteristic, said digestion means comprise a primary digester and a secondary digester, said primary and secondary digesters each having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of said primary digester communicating with said means for bringing in sludges, the outlet of said primary digester communicating with the inlet of said hydrolysis means, the inlet of said secondary digester communicating with the outlet of said hydrolysis means.
Preferably, said first liquid-solid separation means are configured to make it possible to attain a dryness level equal to or greater than 12%.
Advantageously, a plant according to the invention comprises second liquid-solid separation means positioned at the outlet of said secondary digester.
The implementation of these second separation means enables the discharge of an effluent containing low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic matter produced during the digestion and dehydrated, digested sludges free of fermentable organic matter.
According to a preferred characteristic, a plant according to the invention includes defibration means positioned between said digester and said separation means or between said primary digester and said first separation means.
In one variant, the defibration means are placed upstream to said digester or primary digester.
The implementation of such defibration means makes it possible especially to:
Advantageously, said co-generation motor has an exhaust line leading into an air-water heat exchanger with a steam discharge outlet connected to said thermal hydrolysis means. This implementation enables the simple and efficient production of the steam needed to carry out the thermal analysis.
Other features and advantages of the invention shall appear more clearly from the following description of preferred embodiments, given by way of simple illustratory and non-exhaustive examples and from the appended drawings, of which:
The invention pertains to a process of sludge treatment. As understood in the invention, the term “sludges” includes primary sludges, secondary sludges and especially mixed sludges.
The general principle of the invention relies on the combined implementation of a first digestion, a thermal hydrolysis and a second digestion of the sludges.
The first digestion enables the degradation, at least in major part, of the readily fermentable fraction of the sludge and the production of a unreadily fermentable digestate.
The thermal hydrolysis is then implemented only to treat the unreadily fermentable fraction of the sludges.
On the contrary, in the prior art, thermal hydrolysis is conducted in order to treat all the sludges, i.e. both the fermentable part and the unreadily fermentable part.
The result of this is that the energy needed to implement the thermal hydrolysis according to the invention is smaller than that needed to carry out the thermal hydrolysis according to the prior art.
Thermal hydrolysis enables the degradation of the digestate coming from the primary digester which is constituted by the unreadily fermentable fraction of the sludges and the production of a hydrolyzed digestate consisting of readily fermentable sludges.
The second digestion then enables the digestion of these fermentable sludges and the production of a digestate which is free, at least in major part, of any fermentable fraction and contains only a small refractory non-fermentable portion.
Referring to
As shown in this
The primary digester 10 has an inlet and an outlet. The inlet is connected to sludge conveying means for leading in sludges to be treated, constituted by a piping 12. The outlet leads into the first liquid-solid separation means 13 and enables a first digestate to be poured therein.
The first liquid-solid separation means 13 include a centrifuge used to obtain a dryness greater than or equal to 12%. In one variant, any other equivalent means could be implemented for this purpose, for example membranes. These first separation means 13 have means for discharging a first effluent comprising a piping 14 and means to discharge the first dehydrated digestate comprising a piping 15. This piping 15 leads into thermal hydrolysis means 16.
The thermal hydrolysis means 16 include a reactor working under controlled conditions of pressure and temperature so as to attain the conditions for carrying out thermal hydrolysis. The thermal hydrolysis means implemented can be those described in the international patent application bearing the number WO-A1-02064516 filed on behalf of the present applicant.
The thermal hydrolysis means 16 have an outlet for discharging a hydrolyzed digestate which leads into the secondary digester 11.
The secondary digester 11 has an inlet and an outlet. The inlet is connected to the outlet of the thermal hydrolysis means 16. The outlet leads into the second liquid-solid separation means 17 and enables the hydrolyzed digestate to be poured therein.
The second separation means 17 are advantageously similar to the first separation means 13. They have means for discharging a second effluent comprising a piping 18 and means for discharging dehydrated digestate comprising a piping 19.
In one variant, these second separation means could be replaced by means for the treatment of sludges, for example by wet oxidation.
In other variants, the first and second separation means could be constituted by belt filters, filtering membranes, electro-osmotic means etc without being necessarily identical.
The primary digester 10 and the secondary digester 11 are linked to biogas recovery means. These biogas recovery means include a collector 20. The collector 20 is connected to steam and electricity producing means.
The steam production means include a co-generation motor 21. This motor is linked to an alternator which is capable of driving it in order to produce electricity.
This motor has an exhaust line 22 which leads into the inlet of an air-water heat exchanger 23.
The heat exchanger 23 has two inlets:
It also has two outlets:
The steam discharge outlet 25 is connected through a piping 27 to the thermal hydrolysis means 16.
In one variant, this installation comprises defibration means 28 positioned between the primary digester 10 and the first liquid-solid separation means 13. These defibration means 28 include a mechanical crusher. In one variant, the defibration mans 28 may include any other equivalent means for mechanically degrading (.e. removing the non-biodegradable fibrous fraction from) the first digestate coming from the first digester 10. Defibration means known to those skilled in the art are described in the international patent application number US2007/0051677. In another variant, the defibration means 28 could be positioned upstream to the primary digester.
In one variant, an exchanger will be provided between the hydrolysis means 16 and the secondary digester 11 so as to cool the sludge which exits from the hydrolysis means in order to attain the temperature conditions necessary for the secondary digestion.
Referring to
As shown in
The liquid solid separation means 33 have a structure identical to that of the liquid-solid separation means implemented in the first embodiment. These separation means 33 have means for discharging an effluent which include a piping 34 and means for discharging a dehydrated digestate which include a piping 35. This piping 35 leads into thermal hydrolysis means 36.
The thermal hydrolysis means 36 are similar to the hydrolysis means implemented in the first embodiment. They have an outlet for discharging hydrolyzed digestate which is connected by a piping 37 to a second inlet of the digester 30.
The digester 30 is connected to biogas recovery means. These biogas recovery means include a piping 38. This piping 38 is connected to means for producing steam and electricity.
The piping 35 communicates with a treated sludge discharge piping 47.
The steam production means include a co-generation motor 39. This motor is connected to an alternator which is capable of driving the motor in order to produce electricity.
This motor has an exhaust line 40 which leads into the inlet of an air-water heat exchanger 41.
The heat exchanger 41 has two inlets:
The steam discharge outlet 43 is connected through a piping 45 to the thermal hydrolysis means 36.
In one variant, the plant according to this second embodiment includes defibration means 46 which are positioned between the digester 30 and the liquid-solid separation means 33. These defibration means 46 include a mechanical crusher or any other equivalent means for mechanically degrading the digestate. In other variant, they could be placed upstream to the digester.
In one variant, an exchanger is provided between the hydrolysis means 36 and the digester 30 so as to cool the sludges which exit from the hydrolysis means in order to attain the conditions of temperature necessary for the secondary digestion. It is thus possible to recover hot water by cooling the sludges.
Referring to
In this process, sludges to be treated are conveyed in a primary digester 10 so that they undergo a step of primary digestion. In this embodiment, the duration of this digestion is about 10 days. In alternative embodiments, it could range from 5 to 15 days.
During this digestion, there is:
At the end of this digestion process, the fermentable fraction of the sludges has been digested so that the first digestate discharged at exit from the primary digester 10 is essentially constituted by the non-fermentable fraction of the sludges.
This first digestate is conveyed to the first liquid-solid separation means 13. The activation of the separation means enables the implementation of a liquid-solid separation step which leads to the production of the following:
The dryness of the sludge corresponds to its dry matter content calculated by deducting the percentage of humidity of the sludge from 100%.
The first effluent is rich in low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds formed during the primary digestion. These compounds may be:
Given the dryness attained during the liquid-solid separation, the dehydrated digestate is more concentrated so that its subsequent treatment requires the implementation of smaller-sized equipment and gives rise to a lower consumption of energy. All this tends to reduce the cost of treatment of the sludges.
The first dehydrated digestate is conveyed into the thermal hydrolysis means 16 in order to be subjected therein to a step of thermal hydrolysis using steam. The thermal hydrolysis is done at a temperature of 165° C., under saturation vapour pressure, for 30 minutes. In other embodiments, the hydrolysis will be done at pressure of 1 to 20 bars, a temperature ranging from 120° C. to 180° C., for 20 to 120 minutes.
Since the first dehydrated digestate comprises essentially the non-fermentable fraction of the sludge, the fermentable fraction having been digested preliminarily within the primary digester 10, the volume of the hydrolysis means is reduced by about 20 to 50% and most often by about 40% as compared with that of the hydrolysis means implemented in the prior art technique.
Furthermore, only the non-fermentable part undergoes the thermal hydrolysis treatment. The result of this is that the quantity of energy needed to make it is also substantially reduced.
Furthermore, given the fact that the liquid-solid separation undergone by the first digestate enables the discharge into the first effluent of the low biodegradable or non-biodegradable products biologically solubilized during the primary digestion, the quantity of these products that is treated during the thermal hydrolysis is reduced.
The reduction of the quantity of sugars in the hydrolyzed sludges by means of the first digestion step reduces the production of Maillard compounds, contributing to the production of hard COD material in the thermal hydrolysis step. Indeed, the Maillard reaction brings into play reduction sugars and proteins at a temperature of over 120° C. involving the formation inter alia of unreadily biodegradable soluble compounds.
Thus, although thermal hydrolysis leads to the production of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds, these compounds are produced in relatively small quantities. The successful implementation of a primary digestion, separation and thermal hydrolysis therefore leads to the production of a smaller quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds than that produced during the successive implementation of thermal hydrolysis and digestion according to the prior art technique.
The first dehydrated digestate, made fermentable by the thermal hydrolysis treatment, is conveyed to the secondary digester 11 in order to undergo a second digestive step for 10 days. In variants, this duration could vary from 7 to 15 days.
The low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds produced during the primary digestion tend to disfavor against the second digestion. Thus, the preliminary elimination of these products, which limits the quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds produced during the hydrolysis, makes it possible to further increase the efficiency of the first digestion.
The second digestion leads to the production of a second digestate which, at least in major part, is free of the fermentable fraction and contains a unreadily biodegradable refractory part as well as a small quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds.
This mixture is conveyed to the second separation means in order to undergo a step of liquid-solid separation 17 so as to produce:
The second digestate, which is free of any fermentable fraction, at least in major part, can be re-utilized.
The digested sludges constituted by this second digestate can for example be dehydrated and then discharged or sent to another treatment step such as a wet oxidation step.
The processes of thermal hydrolysis have been implemented to improve the dehydratability of the sludges by thermal pre-treatment. The thermal hydrolysis of the digestate coming from the first digestion step also improves the dehydratability of the sludge. The implementation of an additional digestion improves the dehydratability of the digested sludges relatively to that of the raw sludges by 1 to 2%. Thus, the level of dehydration that can be attained:
The second effluent is rich in low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds produced during the secondary digestion.
The first and second effluents can also be revalued or recyled at the starting point of a water treatment plant whose implementation leads to the production of sludges treated by the process according to the invention. Since the unreadily biodegradable soluble compounds are produced during the implementation of the process in small quantities as compared with the prior art technique, this recycling has a limited impact on the treated water produced.
The application of the first and second digestion steps is accompanied by the production of biogases. A recovery step enables the collection of these biogases in order to subject them to a conversion step in order to produce the steam needed to carry out the hydrolysis step and produce electricity. To this end, the biogases are conveyed into the co-generation motor 21. The application of this motor drives the alternator to which it is connected so as to produce electricity. The exhaust gases from this motor are conveyed to the exchanger 23 within which water circulates in order to produce steam. The steam thus produced is conveyed to the thermal hydrolysis means 16 through the piping 17 so as to enable the performance of the step of thermal hydrolysis of the first dehydrated digestate.
The fumes produced in the exchanger 23 are discharged through the piping 26.
Referring to
In this process, sludges to be treated are conveyed into a digester 30 so that they undergo a step of primary digestion for about 10 days. In alternative embodiments, the step could range from 5 to 15 days.
During this primary digestion, there is:
At the end of this digestion process, the fermentable fraction of the sludges has been digested so that the digestate discharged at exit from the digester 30 is essentially constituted by the non-fermentable fraction of the sludges.
This digestate is then conveyed to the separation means 33 in order to be subjected to a liquid-solid separation step. The implementation of these separation means enables the production of:
The effluent is rich in low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds produced during the primary digestion. These compounds may be:
Given the dryness attained during the liquid-solid separation, the dehydrated digestate is more concentrated so that its subsequent treatment requires the implementation of smaller-sized equipment and gives rise to lower energy consumption. All this tends to reduce the cost of treatment of the sludges.
The dehydrated digestate is conveyed into the thermal hydrolysis means 36 in order to be subjected therein to a step of thermal hydrolysis under steam. The thermal hydrolysis is performed at a temperature of 165° C., at saturation vapour pressure for 30 minutes. In alternative embodiments, the hydrolysis will be done at a pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bars, a temperature of 120° C. to 180° C., for 20 to 120 minutes.
Since the dehydrated digestate comprises essentially the non-fermentable fraction of the sludges, the fermentable fraction having been preliminarily digested within the digester 30, the volume of the hydrolysis means is reduced by about 20% to 50% and most often by about 40% as compared with that of the hydrolysis means implemented in the prior art technique.
Furthermore, only the non-fermentable part of the initial sludge undergoes thermal hydrolysis treatment. The result of this is that the quantity of energy needed to carry out this treatment is also substantially reduced.
Furthermore, since the liquid-solid separation undergone by the digestate enables the discharge into the effluent of the low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble compounds formed during the primary digestion, the quantity of these products that is treated during the thermal hydrolysis is reduced.
The reduction of the quantity of sugar in the hydrolyzed sludge through the first digestion step diminishes the production of Maillard compounds contributing to the production of hard COD content in the thermal hydrolysis step. Indeed, the Maillard reaction brings into play reduction sugars and proteins at a temperature of over 120° C. involving the formation, inter alia, of unreadily biodegradable soluble compounds.
Thus, although the thermal hydrolysis leads to the production of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds, these compounds are produced in relatively small quantities. The successive implementation of primary digestion, separation and thermal hydrolysis therefore leads to the production of a smaller quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds than that produced during the successive implementation of thermal hydrolysis and digestion according to the prior art technique.
The dehydrated digestate, made fermentable by the thermal hydrolysis treatment, is recirculated in the digester 30 in which it is mixed with fresh sludge in order to make it undergo another step of digestion.
The digestion that then takes place is in fact the combination of a first digestion of fresh sludge and a second digestion of preliminarily digested and hydrolyzed sludges, this combination reducing the fermentable part of the mixture of sludges and digested sludges and leading to the production of a mix of digestates that is free, at least in major part, of fermentable fraction and contains a refractory unreadily fermentable part as well as a small quantity of low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds.
It must be noted that the portion of digestate introduced into the hydrolysis means is 100%. In other words, the entire digestate obtained at the outlet of the digester undergoes the hydrolysis treatment. In variants, the rate of recirculation of the digestate in the hydrolysis means could vary between 30% and 300%.
This mix of digestates is conveyed to the separation means 33 in order to make them undergo a step of liquid-solid separation so as to produce, as described further above:
The method is accomplished by setting up at least one loop, i.e. carrying out a digestion of preliminarily digested and hydrolyzed sludges.
A portion of the digestate obtained after treatment, i.e. after the setting up of at least one loop, is discharged through the piping 47 in order to be re-utilized.
This digestate may be for example dehydrated and then discharged or sent to another treatment step such as a wet oxidation step.
The methods of thermal hydrolysis have been implemented to improve the dehydratability of the sludges by thermal pretreatment. The thermal hydrolysis of the digestate coming from the first digestion step also improves the dehydratability of the sludges. The implementation of an additional digestion improves the dehydratability of the digested sludges by 1% to 2% as compared with that of raw sludges. Thus, the level of dehydration that can be attained:
The collected effluent is rich in low-biodegradable or non-biodegradable soluble organic compounds produced during the secondary digestion. It can also be revalued or recirculated to the head of a water treatment plant whose implementation leads to the production of sludges which are treated by the method according to the invention. Since the unreadily biodegradable soluble compounds are produced during the implementation of the method in small quantities as compared with the prior art technique, this recycling has a reduced impact on the treated water produced.
The implementation of the first and second digestion steps is accompanied by the production of biogases. A step of recovery enables these biogases to be collected in order to subject them to a conversion step with the aim of producing the steam needed to perform the hydrolysis step and of producing electricity. To this end, the biogases are conveyed into the co-generation motor 39. The application of this motor drives the alternator to which it is connected so as to produce electricity. The exhaust gases from this motor are conveyed into the exchanger 41 within which water circulates in order to produce steam. The steam thus produced is conveyed to the thermal hydrolysis means 36 through the piping 45 so as to enable the performance of the step of thermal hydrolysis of the first dehydrated digestate.
The fumes produced in the exchanger 41 are discharged through the piping 44.
The operations of digestion implemented in the technique of the invention are operations of anaerobic digestion. Depending on the characteristics of the sludge to be treated, the operations of anaerobic digestion could be mesophilic or thermophilic. The temperature at which a mesophilic digestion is performed ranges from 32 to 38° C. The temperature at which a thermophilic digestion is performed ranges from 52 to 58° C. The concentration at entry of a first digester advantageously ranges from 25 grams to 65 grams of matter in suspension (MIS) per liter of sludge. The concentration at entry of a second digester advantageously ranges from 100 grams to 150 grams of matter in suspension (MIS) per liter of sludge. Should both these operations of digestion be implemented in different digesters, the characteristics of each of these digestion operations can be different. In variants, it can be planned that one or more of the operations of digestion implemented will be of the aerobic type. In variants, the digestions implemented could be of the aerobic type.
In variants, the methods of the invention described here above may include a step for subjecting the sludge, before its first entry into a digester (the first or the sole digester) or the first digestate, to a step of defibration by using the defibrator 28 or 46.
The sludge comprises a fibrous fraction that is very unreadily biodegradable in conditions of classic anaerobic digestion. At exit from the digester, this fraction may range from 30% to 60% of the organic matter present in the digestate. This fraction is almost not attacked by thermal hydrolysis. The implementation of the defibration makes it possible especially to reduce the viscosity of the sludges which advantageously have a dryness of more than 30% after defibration.
The defibration therefore makes it possible to:
In one variant of the first and second embodiments, the first liquid-solid separation could be implemented between the thermal hydrolysis and the second digestion.
In one technique of the prior art, the biogas produced during the digestion that follows the thermal hydrolysis is used as follows:
The heat of the exhaust gases from the co-generation motor can be recovered in order to produce a part of the steam needed for the thermal hydrolysis. This reduces the share of biogas used to produce steam by the implementation of a classic boiler to about 35 to 40%.
The heat released by the co-generation motor can also be recovered to pre-heat the water needed to produce steam. This reduces the share of the biogas used to produce this steam by implementing a classic boiler to 30 to 35%.
Thus, an optimal implementation of the prior art technique enables the use of 65% to 70% of the biogas produced by the digestion to produce energy likely to be used for purposes other than that of the implementation of the sludge treatment method.
According to the invention, the digestate coming from the primary digestion contains only 60% to 80% of the dry matter contained in the initial sludge. Furthermore, the digested sludges have a viscosity lower than that of raw sludge for equal dry matter content. This makes it easier to increase the dryness of the digestate obtained after the first liquid-solid separation step. The result of this is that the quantity of sludges treated by thermal hydrolysis according to the invention is appreciably smaller than that treated by thermal hydrolysis according to the prior art. Since the thermal requirements for hydrolysis are proportional to the quantity of dry matter to be hydrolyzed, the implementation of the invention reduces these thermal requirements by 30% to 40%.
Furthermore, the application of the invention increases the quantity of biogas formed during the two digestion operations by up to 20% depending on the type of sludges taken in and their residence time in the digesters.
Furthermore, the temperature of the digestate feeding the hydrolysis means is equal to about 35° C. or 55° C. depending on whether the digestion process from which it is derived is mesophilic or thermophilic.
Ultimately, the application of the invention reduces the requirements in steam needed for thermal hydrolysis by about 40% to 55% as compared with the technique of the prior art. This requirement may therefore be entirely covered by the steam obtained from the heat recovered from the exhaust gases of the motor of the co-generator. Thus, almost all the biogas produced during the digestion operations can enable the production of electrical energy that can be used for purposes other than that of the simple application of the sludge treatment method. A small quantity of the biogas produced can however be used to produce steam for starting the treatment.
However, if the requirements in steam is not entirely covered in this way in the first embodiment, then:
Furthermore, the sludges fed into the second digester could be mixed with water in order to obtain optimum dryness in order to improve the performance of the second digestion operation.
In the prior art, the MIS concentration of sludge at entry into the digester is limited to 100 to 130 g/l. Indeed, the nitrogen present in the sludges gets converted into NH3 during the digestion, NH3 being an inhibiting compound for the digestion. It is therefore necessary to restrict the MIS concentration of the sludges at entry into the digester so as to optimize the digestion. The first digestion according to the invention substantially reduces the quantity of nitrogen contained in the sludge. Since the thermal hydrolysis of the sludges tends to reduce their viscosity the MIS concentration of the sludges at entry into the secondary digester can be increased to values ranging from 110 to 160 g/l. These sludges could therefore be mixed with water in order to attain a similar concentration of MIS.
If however the steam requirement is not entirely covered in this way in the second embodiment, then:
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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0951443 | Mar 2009 | FR | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/EP2010/052900 | 3/8/2010 | WO | 00 | 12/20/2011 |